1 · Web viewBy December, 1914, the Russian Army had 6,553,000 men. However, they only had 4,652,000 rifles. Untrained troops were ordered into battle without adequate arms or ammunition.

GRADE 11 HISTORY ADDENDUM JUNE 2019

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GRADE 11 HISTORYPLC PAPERJUNE 2019

ADDENDUM


SECTION A: SOURCE-BASED QUESTIONS

QUESTION 1: COMMUNISM IN RUSSIA, 1900–1940

HOW DID RUSSIA’S PARTICIPATION IN THE FIRST WORLD WAR LEAD TO THE ABDICATION OF THE TSAR?

SOURCE 1A This source deals with Russia’s participation in the First World War.

Thousands of Russian troops were sent to the front without proper equipment. They lacked everything: weapons, ammunition, boots or bedding. As many as a third of Russian soldiers were not issued with a rifle. In late 1914 Russia’s general headquarters reported that 100,000 new rifles were needed each month, but that Russian factories were capable of producing less than half this number (42,000 per month). The soldiers, however, were well armed with prayers, as Russian Orthodox bishops and priests worked diligently to bless those about to go into battle, showering them generously with holy water from a bucket ... By December, 1914, the Russian Army had 6,553,000 men. However, they only had 4,652,000 rifles. Untrained troops were ordered into battle without adequate arms or ammunition. And because the Russian Army had about one surgeon for every 10,000 men, many wounded of its soldiers died from wounds that would have been treated on the Western Front. With medical staff spread out across a 500-mile front, the likelihood of any Russian soldier receiving any medical treatment was close to zero.

[From: Alan Woods, Tsarist Russia and the War]

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SOURCE 1B This source explains the relationship between Rasputin and the Tsarina and the impact it had on Russia.

The Tsarina’s blind faith in Rasputin led her to seek his counsel not only in personal matters but also on questions of state policy. General Alekseyev, held in high esteem by Nicholas II, tried to talk to the Tsarina about Rasputin, but only succeeded in making an implacable enemy of her. General Alekseyev told me later about his profound concern on learning that a secret map of military operations had found its way into the Tsarina's hands. But like many others, he was powerless to take any action. On January 19, Goremykin was replaced by Sturmer, an extreme reactionary who hated the very idea of any form of popular representation or local self-government. Even more important, he was undoubtedly a believer in the need for an immediate cessation of the war with Germany. During his first few months in office, Sturmer was also Minister of Interior, but the post of Minister of Foreign Affairs was still held by Sazonov, who firmly advocated honouring the alliance with Britain and France and carrying on the war to the bitter end, and who recognised the Cabinet's obligation to pursue a policy in tune with the sentiments of the majority in the Duma. On August 9, however, Sazonov was suddenly dismissed. His portfolio was taken over by Sturmer, and on September 16, Protopopov was appointed acting Minister of the Interior. The official government of the Russian Empire was now entirely in the hands of the Tsarina and her advisers.

[From Russia and History’s Turning Point]

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SOURCE 1C

This source explains the role of the Provisional Government after the abdication of the Tsar.

The policy of the Provisional Government alternated between ineffective reforms and stern repressive measures. An edict from the Socialist Minister of Labour ordered all the Workers' Committees henceforth to meet only after working hours. Among the troops at the front, ‘agitators’ of opposition political parties were arrested, radical newspapers closed down, and capital punishment applied – to revolutionary propagandists. Attempts were made to disarm the Red Guard. Cossacks were sent to keep order in the provinces. In September 1917, matters reached a crisis. Against the overwhelming sentiment of the country, Kerensky and the ‘moderate’ Socialists succeeded in establishing a Government of Coalition with the propertied classes; and as a result, the Mensheviks and Socialist Revolutionaries lost the confidence of the people forever. Week by week food became scarcer. The daily allowance of bread fell from a pound and a half to a pound, then three-quarters, half, and a quarter-pound. Towards the end there was a week without any bread at all. Sugar one was entitled to at the rate of two pounds a month – if one could get it at all, which was seldom. A bar of chocolate or a pound of tasteless candy cost anywhere from seven to ten roubles - at least a dollar. For milk and bread and sugar and tobacco one had to stand in queue. Coming home from an all-night meeting I have seen the tail beginning to form before dawn, mostly women, some babies in their arms.

[From John Reed, Ten Days That Shook the World]

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SOURCE 1D

This source depicts the influence of Rasputin over the Aristocracy.

[Adapted from http://sfr-21.org/war-communism.html. Accessed on 05 April 2018.]

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QUESTION 2: WHAT IMPACT DID THE WALL STREET CRASH AND THE GREAT DEPRESSION HAVE ON AMERICANS?

SOURCE 2A

This source outlines causes of the Great Depression in 1929

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Economists, historians, and others generally agree that several factors, many of the interrelated, contributed to the collapse of the stock market.

Firstly, the American economy had weakened significantly during the 1920s. Had the economy of 1929 been stronger, it might have had a better chance of weathering the crash on Wall Street.

Secondly, the American business system was unbalanced, with a few industries carrying the weight of the economy.

Thirdly, poor distribution of purchasing power weakened the economy.

Fourthly, an enormous amount of debt threatened the country’s economic health. Farmers carried large mortgages on their land and were unable to pay up payments as their crop prices fell.

Finally, debt problems with the international community deepened the domestic credit crisis. All the nations of Europe owed large debts to the United States in the 1920s. To raise the necessary dollars, they needed to sell goods in the United States. In 1922, however the US Congress had passed the McCumber tariff, the highest in American history.

From: A History of the United States: 1865 to the Present – American Voices by C. Berkin et al.


SOURCE 2B

This source explains the findings of the California Unemployment Commission that were reported to the Governor on the hardships suffered by the unemployed as a result of the Great Depression.

SOURCE 2CThis picture taken in 1930, depicts of a shanty town, referred to as Hooverville, in Seattle, that arose as a result of the Great depression.

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‘Unemployment and loss of income have ravaged numerous homes. It has broken the spirits of their members, undermined their health, robbed them of self-respect, destroyed their efficiency and employability. Loss of income has created standards of living of which the country cannot be proud. Many households have been dissolved; little children parceled out to friends, relatives, or charitable homes; husbands and wives, parents and children separated, temporarily or permanently.

Numerous houses remain physically intact, but morally shattered. There is no security, no foothold, no future to sustain them. Savings are depleted and debts mount with no prospect of repayment. Economic make-shifts are adopted. Woman and child labour further undermine the stability of the home. The number of applicants for charitable aid increases seriously. Food rations are pared down, rents go unpaid, families are evicted.

From: Modern America by John Vick

http://www.tribbleagency.com/?attachment_id=4463


From: http://www.tribbleagency.com/?attachment_id=4463SOURCE 2DThis photograph, taken by Dorothy Lange*, shows a homeless family on the road from Idabel, Oklahoma, walking from town to town – after the husband had lost a farm and looking for work during the Great Depression.

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SOURCE 2E

This source highlights what Peggy Terry said when interviewed on her experiences when soup was dished out from one of the soup kitchens during the Great Depression

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Lining Up at Soup Kitchens:

People without jobs often went hungry. Whenever possible they joined bread lines to receive a free handout of food or lined up outside soup kitchens, which private charities set up to give poor people a meal. Peggy Terry, a young girl in Oklahoma City during the Depression, later told an interviewer how each day after school, her mother sent her to the soup kitchen: “If you happened to be one of the first ones in line, you didn’t get anything but water that was on top. So we’d ash the guy that was ladling out soup into the buckets – everybody had to bring their own bucket to get the soup – he’d dip the greasy, watery stuff off the top. So we’d ask him to please dip down to get some meat and potatoes from the bottom of the kettle. But he wouldn’t do it.

From www. Petoskeyschools.org/loe.cat/US%20History/…/chap17.pdf


QUESTION 3: HOW DID NAZI PROPAGANDA LEAD TO THE EXTERMINATION OF MINORITIES IN NAZI GERMANY?

SOURCE 3A

This source explains Hitler’s (and Nazi Party’s) views on race and the belief in thesuperiority of the German race.

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Soon after he took power, Hitler began introducing laws to create his racial state. Hitler’s ideas were built on his concept of race. He believed in the hierarchy of races and in the ideas of Social Darwinism; that life was about the ‘survival of the fittest’ in a constant struggle between races. Furthermore, he believed that it was critical to maintain racial purity so that the strong would not be undermined by the blood of the weak. The ‘Aryan race’ was at the top of Hitler’s hierarchy of races. They were the Herrenvolk or master race, made up of the peoples of northern Europe. Hitler’s perception of the ideal Aryan was that of blond, blue-eyed Germans, which to him were the finest examples of the Aryan race. Hitler believed that it was the task of the Aryans to remain pure and to subjugate (oppress) the inferior races. At the bottom of his racial hierarchy were Africans, Slavs, Roma and Sinti (Gypsies) and Jews. Hitlerparticularly hated the Jews, displaying a violent and irrational anti-Semitism. Hitler’s ideas were not unique – he drew from the research in scientific racism of the time. There were two main sources for Hitler’s thinking: the United State of America and German anthropologists researching in the German colonies.

[From: Via Afrika History Grade 11 Learner’s Book, by S. Grove et al at page 134]


SOURCE 3B

The source contains an extract from Mein Kampf by Adolf Hitler in which he explainshis racial theories against the Jews. The source further exposes Hitler’s hatred of theJews.

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The Nazi philosophy by no means believes in equality of races, but along with their differences, it recognises their higher or lesser value and feels obligated to promote the victory of the better and stronger, and demands the subjugation (oppression) of the inferior and weaker in accordance with the eternal will that dominates this universe… All human culture that we see before us today, are almost exclusively the creative product of the Aryan… Subjugated peoples benefit from being conquered because they learn from the superior Aryan race who has to remain the absolute master and not to inter-marry inferior conquered peoples…But it is the Jews who are engaged in a conspiracy to keep the master race from assuming its rightful position as rulers of the world, by tainting it’s racial and cultural purity.The Jews lack… the idealistic spirit… The Jew is and remains a parasite… spreading his influence wider and wider… He poisons the blood of others but preserves his own blood… to mask his tactics and fool his victims, he talks of the equality of all men, no matter what their race or colour may be… He strives to [improve] the conditions under which the workers work, in reality his aim is to enslave and thereby annihilate the non-Jewish race… The Jew uses every possible means to undermine the racial foundations of a subjugated people… The Jews were responsible for bringing Negroes into the Rhineland, with ultimate idea of bastardising the white race which they hate; and thus lowering its cultural and political level so that the Jews might dominate.”

[Adapted from: Mein Kampf (My Struggle) by Adolf Hitler]


SOURCE 3CThis source gives details of the killing of Jews in various countries in Europe byNazi Germany.

SOURCE 3DEmancipated (freed) survivors of one of the largest Nazi concentration camps, atEbensee, Austria, entered by the 80th division, U.S. Third army on May 7, 1945.[From:www.history.com/topics/holocaust-concentration-camps, accessed on 20 January 2015]

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The goal of annihilating all of the Jews of Europe, as it was proclaimed at theconference in the villa Am Grossen Wannsee in January 1942, was not reached. Yet the six million murder victims make the holocaust a unique crime in the history of mankind. The number of victims – and with certainty the following represent the minimum number in each case – cannot express that adequately. Numbers are just too abstract. However they must be stated in order to make clear the dimension of the genocide: 165 000 Jews from Germany, 65 000 from Austria, 32 000 from France and Belgium, more than 100 000 from the Netherlands, 60 000 from Greece, the same number from Yugoslavia, more than 140 000 from Czechoslovakia, half a million from Hungary, 2,2 million from the Soviet Union, and 2,7 million from Poland. To these numbers must be added all those killed in the pogroms and massacres in Romania and Transitrien (over 200 000) and the deported and murdered Jews from Albania and Norway, Denmark and Italy, from Luxembourg and Bulgaria.

[From: Benz, Wolfgang, The Holocaust: A German Historian Examines the Genocide]


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Extracts and visual sources used in the addendum were taken or adapted from the following publications.

Tames, R. – Last of the Tsars, London: Pan Macmillan

Alan Woods, Tsarist Russia and the War

John J. Raskob, Everybody Ought to be Rich www.spartacushistory.com. Accessed

on 05 April 2018.

Curtiss, JS, The Russian Revolutions of 1917. Princeton; Anvil Von Nostrand

Adapted from http://sfr-21.org/war-communism.html. Accessed on 05 April 2018.

www.sahistory.org.za/article/great-depression-usa-grade-11. Accessed on 11 April 2018. http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/uhic. Accessed on 10 April 2018.

www.sahistory.org.za/article/great-depression-usa-grade-11. Accessed on 13 April 2018.

Making History Grade 11 by Defterios, R et al, Heinemann, 2006

Via Afrika History Grade 11 Learner’s Book, by S. Grove et al at page 134

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1 · Web viewBy December, 1914, the Russian Army had 6,553,000 men. However, they only had 4,652,000 rifles. Untrained troops were ordered into battle without adequate arms or ammunition.

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