1 The Management of Invasive Species in Marine & Coastal Environments Module 6 The International Response.

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The Management of Invasive Species The Management of Invasive Species in Marine & Coastal Environmentsin Marine & Coastal Environments

Module 6Module 6

The International ResponseThe International Response

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Module 6 ObjectivesModule 6 Objectives

• To describe the international To describe the international regulatory regime for invasive regulatory regime for invasive species, particularly those in species, particularly those in marine and coastal environmentsmarine and coastal environments

• To provide an overview of To provide an overview of international initiatives to promote international initiatives to promote information sharing and provide information sharing and provide support for invasive species support for invasive species managementmanagement

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Invasive Alien Species: An Invasive Alien Species: An

International ProblemInternational Problem

Invasive alien species are by definition a transboundary problem, and can therefore only be effectively addressed through international co-operation.

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The International Regulatory The International Regulatory

Framework & IAS IssuesFramework & IAS Issues

• Long-established agreementsLong-established agreements

• Biodiversity related treatiesBiodiversity related treaties

• Technical guidelinesTechnical guidelines

Three types:

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The Convention on Biological The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)Diversity (CBD)

Article 8(h) of the Convention requires Parties:

“As far as possible and as appropriate, (to) prevent the introduction of, control or eradicate those alien species which

threaten ecosystems, habitats or species.”

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CBD Marine and Coastal CBD Marine and Coastal Management ProvisionsManagement Provisions

• Integrated marine and coastal area Integrated marine and coastal area managementmanagement

• Marine and coastal protected areasMarine and coastal protected areas

• Sustainable use of marine and coastal Sustainable use of marine and coastal living resourcesliving resources

• MaricultureMariculture

• Alien speciesAlien species

Five thematic issues:

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Jakarta MandateJakarta Mandate

• Operational objective 5.1:Operational objective 5.1: To achieve better To achieve better understanding of the pathways and the causes of understanding of the pathways and the causes of the introduction of alien species and the impact of the introduction of alien species and the impact of such introductions on biological diversity. such introductions on biological diversity.

• Operational objective 5.2:Operational objective 5.2: To put in place To put in place mechanisms to control all pathways, mechanisms to control all pathways, including including shipping, trade and mariculture, for potential alien shipping, trade and mariculture, for potential alien invasive species in the marine and coastal invasive species in the marine and coastal environment. environment.

• Operational objective 5.3:Operational objective 5.3: To maintain an To maintain an incident list on introductions of alien species.incident list on introductions of alien species.

Programme of work:

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Ramsar ConventionRamsar Convention

• Address the problems posed by invasive species in Address the problems posed by invasive species in wetland ecosystems in a decisive and holistic mannerwetland ecosystems in a decisive and holistic manner

• Undertake risk assessments of alien species which may Undertake risk assessments of alien species which may

pose a threat to the ecological character of wetlandspose a threat to the ecological character of wetlands • Identify the presence of IAS in Ramsar sitesIdentify the presence of IAS in Ramsar sites

• Cooperate fully in the prevention, eradication and control Cooperate fully in the prevention, eradication and control

of invasive speciesof invasive species • Examine carefully the potential environmental impacts due Examine carefully the potential environmental impacts due

to invasive speciesto invasive species

• Ensure that prevention, eradication and control of such Ensure that prevention, eradication and control of such species are fully incorporated in national legislation and species are fully incorporated in national legislation and

national wetland and biodiversity policiesnational wetland and biodiversity policies

Parties of Convention urged to:

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The United Nations The United Nations Convention on Law of the Sea Convention on Law of the Sea

(UNCLOS)(UNCLOS) • comprehensive regime of law and order in the comprehensive regime of law and order in the

world's oceans and seas world's oceans and seas

• rules governing all uses of the oceans and rules governing all uses of the oceans and their resources their resources

• enshrines the notion that all problems of enshrines the notion that all problems of ocean space are closely interrelated and need ocean space are closely interrelated and need

to be addressed as a wholeto be addressed as a whole

Provides that:

“States shall take all measures necessary to prevent, reduce and control … the intentional or accidental introduction of species, alien or new, to a particular part of the marine environment, which may cause significant and harmful changes thereto”

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The IMO Ballast Water The IMO Ballast Water

ConventionConvention

• Flag State requirementsFlag State requirements

• Port State requirementsPort State requirements

• Ballast water exchange as interim Ballast water exchange as interim measuremeasure

• Focus on treatment of ballast waterFocus on treatment of ballast water– Standards setStandards set

• Multiple guidelines for Multiple guidelines for implementationimplementation

International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments - 2004

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Technical Guidance for Fisheries Technical Guidance for Fisheries

and Aquacultureand Aquaculture Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)

Code of ConductCode of Conduct- Responsible fisheriesResponsible fisheries- Aquaculture and maricultureAquaculture and mariculture

International Council for the Exploration of International Council for the Exploration of the Seas (ICES) Code of Practicethe Seas (ICES) Code of Practice- Includes aquarium-related transfersIncludes aquarium-related transfers- Addresses GMO’sAddresses GMO’s- Includes annexes dealing with applications, risk Includes annexes dealing with applications, risk

assessment, quarantine, monitoringassessment, quarantine, monitoring

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Gaps in Existing Network of Gaps in Existing Network of

InstrumentsInstruments

• No internationally agreed prevention No internationally agreed prevention measures measures

• CBD Decision VI/23 §7 called on the CBD Decision VI/23 §7 called on the IMO to develop mechanisms to IMO to develop mechanisms to minimise this as a matter of urgencyminimise this as a matter of urgency

• IMO Antifouling Convention could IMO Antifouling Convention could lead to increase in biofouling related lead to increase in biofouling related invasionsinvasions

Biggest gap is Biofouling:

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Regional ConsiderationsRegional Considerations

• UNEP Regional Seas ProgrammesUNEP Regional Seas Programmes– 13 established regions13 established regions

• Regional economic bodiesRegional economic bodies– APEC / MERCOSURAPEC / MERCOSUR

• Other regional agreementsOther regional agreements– CCAMLRCCAMLR

• Regional strategies and Strategic Action Plans Regional strategies and Strategic Action Plans developingdeveloping– SPREPSPREP– MAPMAP

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Global Invasive Species Global Invasive Species Programme (GISP)Programme (GISP)

• building capacity at national, regional and international levels;building capacity at national, regional and international levels;

• sharing of relevant information, especially on best management sharing of relevant information, especially on best management practice;practice;

• provision of technical support to developing countries;provision of technical support to developing countries;

• the development of practical, science-based and up-to-date tools to the development of practical, science-based and up-to-date tools to guide decision-making and management;guide decision-making and management;

• promoting an integrated, holistic approach to IAS management, with an promoting an integrated, holistic approach to IAS management, with an emphasis on prevention;emphasis on prevention;

• promoting closer collaboration across sectors at national, regional and promoting closer collaboration across sectors at national, regional and global levels;global levels;

• building awareness of the serious economic, health and environmental building awareness of the serious economic, health and environmental threats posed by invasive species.threats posed by invasive species.

“GISP’s mission is to conserve biodiversity and sustain human livelihoods by minimising the spread and impact of invasive alien species”

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Sharing InformationSharing Information

• The countries within a region may share the same The countries within a region may share the same threatened biodiversity;threatened biodiversity;

• The countries may face similar problems so sharing new The countries may face similar problems so sharing new information or techniques can lead to a common information or techniques can lead to a common solution;solution;

• Control or eradication efforts in one country will be Control or eradication efforts in one country will be useless unless the neighbouring country is also involved;useless unless the neighbouring country is also involved;

• Avoiding duplication of effort in scientific studies, and Avoiding duplication of effort in scientific studies, and allowing for information on marine IAS to be expanded allowing for information on marine IAS to be expanded upon;upon;

• Aiding in identifying high-risk species and pathways Aiding in identifying high-risk species and pathways within specific regions.within specific regions.

Benefits include:

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Information Support Information Support SystemsSystems

A few helpful examples:

• The listserver Aliens-LThe listserver Aliens-L

• The Global Invasive Species The Global Invasive Species Information Network (GISIN) Information Network (GISIN)

• The Nature Conservancy (TNC) The Nature Conservancy (TNC) ListserverListserver

• http://globallast.imo.orghttp://globallast.imo.org

• http://crimp.marine.csiro.auhttp://crimp.marine.csiro.au

• http://invasions.si.edu/nemesis/  http://invasions.si.edu/nemesis/  

• http://www.issg.org/databasehttp://www.issg.org/database

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The GloBallast Programme

GEF / UNDP / IMO / 6 Pilot Countries - US$10.2M

Technical cooperation / institutional strengthening / capacity building

Pilot Phase: 1 March 2000 – 31 Dec 04

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Phase II currently developing“GloBallast Partnerships”

http://globallast.imo.org

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Quick ExerciseQuick ExerciseThere are a number of international conventions and There are a number of international conventions and

lawslawswhich govern Invasive Alien species. A ship has which govern Invasive Alien species. A ship has

releasedreleasedballast water within 5km of the harbour. An outbreak ofballast water within 5km of the harbour. An outbreak ofdisease has taken place costing human lives.disease has taken place costing human lives.• What is the obligation of the ship owners, the What is the obligation of the ship owners, the

national governments to the people.national governments to the people.• Are there existing Laws in the country governing this Are there existing Laws in the country governing this

introduction?if not, which international laws can be introduction?if not, which international laws can be applied?applied?

• Which stakeholders are authorised to carry out these Which stakeholders are authorised to carry out these laws?laws?

• Which stakeholders do you think should be well Which stakeholders do you think should be well versed and aware of these laws – national or versed and aware of these laws – national or international?international?

• How will these be enforced? How will these be enforced?