1 The Hydropower Workers’ Song Heave! Ho! Heave! Heave, ah Heave! Ho! Heave! Heave, ah Cut the mount, split the ridge, 1000 mountains, 10,000 rivers Our footprints, the iron dragon rolls, transmitting light; Let burning ambition illuminate Heaven and Earth, cherish the majestic hydropower! Man, winds, and rains, how many springtimes of lofty sentiment Written on the great Earth; ‘tis the springtime of hydropower The heavens ablaze with color, la! la! We’re a new generation, a new generation of hydropower workers, a new generation Our achievements endure a thousand years, good for the country, good for the people Morning is coming Bringing the people an undying star! The four seas are our home, we work night and day, seeking brilliance Our spirits, iron and steel our army, tenaciously advancing; Let the Jade Emperor above be struck with awe, pleased with the tribute of hydropower Man, hot blood forged into rivers, bold science and technology Creating a glorious industry, from the high ridges come plains The waters reflecting white clouds, la! A new generation of hydro workers, bringing fortune to the fatherland, to the people The march of modernized construction brings the people an undying star Morning!
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1 The Hydropower Workers’ Song Heave! Ho! Heave! Heave, ahHeave!Ho! Heave! Heave, ah Cut the mount, split the ridge, 1000 mountains, 10,000 rivers Our.
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Agriculture Agricultural technology, trade, key agro-industry promotion, specialized products, standardization of production bases, quality supervision and control
Regional environmental protection Air quality monitoring in delta area, environmental monitoring network and reporting over PPRD area
Tourism, labor, science, education, culture, sanitation, and health
Tourism cooperation, educational exchange and resource sharing; food and medication security; infectious disease prevention and reporting
Create a convenient platform for information exchange and a PPRD information network
Information network interlinking and maintenance for government offices; website management groups
Source: PPRD Office (2005)
18
Yunnan Electricity to Guangdong Pan-Pearl River Delta Core: Guangdong’s Pearl River Delta
Population (millions) 41.457 36.646 46.74 71.30 196.14
Per capita output (MWh/person)
10.55 1.79 1.38 0.136 2.94
Source: (Ji & Duan, 2001)
20
Thematic Map of Power Consumption
2,224.96 to 4,715.52
1,174.92 to 2,224.96
315.93 to 1,174.92
Annual per capita consumption 2004 (kWh/pers)
Data source: China Electric Power Yearbook Editorial Committee (Ed.) (2005)
21
Yunnan: Guangdong’s Powershed? 2001-2005, some 24 B kWh sent from
Yunnan to Guangdong, even while rolling blackouts affected Yunnan
1993-2004, increase in dedicated generation capacity from 300 to 1800 MW
Much of Lancang (Mekong) cascade capacity will be for Guangdong
Yunnan likely to become sole supplier in near future based on growing demand in Guangxi
22
Why “Powershed”?
Obvious analogy to watershed; space over which a resource is collected/concentrated
Underscores the fact that Yunnan hydro is not simply a Yunnan issue, and that familiar scalar analytics like provinces fail to capture the dynamics of interprovincial power transfers
Challenges comfortable rural-urban dichotomy Opens door for simultaneous examination of
political economic power relations
23
Making the connection: grid linking Southern Grid: Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi,
Hainan, Guangdong 110-kV, 220-kV, 500-kV, and 800-kV (2010)
transmission lines coexisting in porous grid Southern Grid and China Power Grid ( 中国南
方电网和中国电网 ) both formerly housed under the Ministry of Electric Power; split off in 2002
Goal to create national grid by ~2015
24
Challenges to grid interlinking Differing voltages necessitate step-down or
step-up stations ( 调度站 ) Numerous local, low-voltage grids across
Yunnan (and other provinces) Some in poor areas with little or no infrastructure Some in rich areas with sufficient infrastructure
and little incentive (at present) to interconnect Debate about national grid architecture
网对网 (grid to grid) vs 点对网 (point to grid)
25
Regional Development: International Mekong River Commission ( 湄公河委员会 )
Half-century history; re-established in 1995 Entrenched perception of “MRC vs China” Little incentive for China to join, yet some recent
progress in technical cooperation Greater Mekong Subregion ( 大湄公河次区域 )
Launched by Asian Development Bank in 1992 Seen as less of a political challenge than MRC
ASEAN ( 东盟 )
26
GMS: Naturalizing the Subregion
Nepal
India
China
Bhutan
Bangladesh
Vietnam
Myanmar
Thailand
Cambodia
Laos
Yunnan
GMS
5 nation-states, one province-state; call for inclusion of second Chinese province (Guizhou), but not Tibet
27
GMS: Power, transport, tourism, trade First transborder power sales from Yunnan to
Vietnam via Hekou/Lao Cai in fall 2004 Second GMS leaders summit held in
Kunming in July 2005 Agreements on electrical grid development and
interconnection, trans-border movement of people and goods, disease prevention, etc.
Within Yunnan, GMS construct frequently deployed as justification for infrastructure investments (cf. Tibet)
28
GMS Projects
Agriculture Energy Environment Human Resources Investment Telecom Tourism Trade Transport Multisector Second GMS Leaders Summit in Kunming,
July 2005
29
GMS Transportation Loans to PRC
12/2004 Loan 2116: Dali-Lijiang Railway
9/2004 Loan 2094: Guangxi Roads Development Project II
10/2003 Loan 2014: Western Yunnan Roads Development Project
10/2001 Loan 1851: Guangxi Roads Development Project
9/1994 Loan 1325: Yunnan Expressway
30
GMS Transportation (partial)3/2006 RETA 6310: Development Study on GMS North-South Economic Corridor
12/2005 TA 4742: GMS Northern Transport Network Improvement
9/2005 TA 4657: Preparing the Railway Development Project (Yunnan-Yuxi Mengzi Railway)
8/2005 RETA 6251: GMS Rehabilitation of the Railway in Cambodia
3/2005 RETA 6235: GMS Southern Coastal Corridor
12/2004 RETA 6227: Coordinating for GMS: North-South Economic Corridor Bridge Project (formerly Third Mekong Bridge)
12/2004 RETA 6228: Facilitating Cross-Border Trade and Investment in the GMS
10/2004 RETA 6193: GMS Infrastructure Connections in Northern Laos (SSTA); RETA 6195: GMS Transport Sector Strategy Study
12/2002 TA 4050: Prep Kunming-Haiphong Transport Corridor Project-Viet Nam
31
GMS Regional Power Trade (RPT)1/2006 RETA 6304: GMS RPT Coordination & Development; Also RETA 6301:
Developing the GMS Energy Sector Strategy
3/2004 RETA 4323: TA to the Lao PDR for Preparing the GMS: Nam Theun 2 (NT2) Hydropower Development Project- Phase II
12/2003 RETA 6147: Preparing the GMS Power Interconnection Phase I
1/2003 TA 4078: GMS: Cambodia Preparing the Power Distribution and GMS Transmission Project
11/2002 RETA 6100: TA to Study a GMS RPT Operating Agreement
7/2000 RETA 5920: Regional Indicative Master Plan on Power Interconnection
8/1996 RETA 5697: Se Kong-Se San & Nam Theun Basins Hydro Dev Study
9/1995 RETA 5643: Subregional Electric Power Forum
32
Transboundary power sales
Power sold to Vietnam at higher tariff than to Guangdong or elsewhere in China
Transboundary transmissions to Vietnam currently occur over low-voltage (110-kV) lines, but plans underway to complete 220-kV circuit to Vietnam by late 2006 and 500-kV circuit to Thailand via Laos
Late 1990s negotiations between Thailand and Yunnan for joint investment in dams along with power purchase agreements; yet loud criticisms within Thailand of “Chinese” dams
33
Water to Watts
Details of Lancang (Mekong) and Nu (Salween) hydropower development
34
River as Power Source Major push underway since mid-1980s to develop
large-scale hydropower on Yunnan’s rivers Lancang-Mekong
4800 km long (1200 in YN) 6 countries
Nu-Salween 2800 km long (600 in YN) 3 countries
Jinsha-Chang-Yangtze Concern over impacts Great uncertainty Manwan Dam
35
Project Details
Yunnan
Guangdong
36
China has half the world’s large1 dams (20K) TGP: 18,200 MW installed capacity
Hoover Dam: 2,067 MW Grand Coulee: 6,809 MW Columbia River: 24,149 MW
Lancang (Mekong) cascade: 16,150 MW Nu (Salween) cascade: 21,320 MW Concerns about downstream impacts and
resettlement of thousands of villagers
Background: Hydropower Potential
1. WCD: >15 m high; China: >250 MW
37
Regional Power Consumption Trends
0
2000000
4000000
6000000
8000000
10000000
12000000
14000000
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Year
10,0
00 k
Wh
Yunnan
Guangdong
Fujian
Shanghai
Tianjin
Beijing
38
Urban Power Consumption Trends
Urban Electricity Consumption
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Year
Ter
awat
t-h
ou
rs (
TW
h)
Guangzhou
Shenzhen
Dongguan
Kunming
39
Power Consumption by Region
N NE E SC SW NW
1995
1999
2000
2001
2002
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
600010
0 M
kW
h
40
Middle & Lower Lancang Cascade
Dam NameInstalled Capacity
(MW)
Annual Output (Twh)
Start Date End Date
Dam Height
(m)
(Est.) Cost (Billion Yuan)
Reservoir Volume
(billion m3)
Gongguoqiao
功果桥 a 750 4.060 2006-2007 2010-2015 130 3.8 0.51
Xiaowan
小湾 b 4,200 18.89 January 2002 2012 292 22.3 to 27.7 15.13
Manwan
漫湾 c 1,500 7.805 May 1986 1995 132 3.4d 1.06
Dachaoshan
大朝山 e 1,350 6.70 August 1997 October 2003 120.5 8.9 0.88
Nuozhadu
糯扎渡 b 5,850 23.684* End of 2005 2017 260 35.3 22.74
I: Environmental Impact Assessment Law vs. “Development First” Paradigm
46
Development vs. Protection Middle & Lower Nu River Hydropower Planning
Report submitted to the NDRC in July 2003 Environmental Assessment Law promulgated in
September 2003. Nu River (Upper Salween) widely seen as a test case for “teeth” of law and enforcement capabilities of State Environmental Protection Administration (SEPA)
March 2004: Call for suspension of Nu projects November 2004: Lancang EIA meeting held, but
closed to public October 2006: Minister of Water Resources Wang
Shucheng calls Nu projects “predatory development”
47
Projects halted due to EIA LawResponsible Company Project
Three Gorges Project Corp. Jinsha R. Xiluodu Hydro Station (12600 MW)
Three Gorges Project Corp. TGP Underground Power Gen. (4200 MW)
Three Gorges Project Corp. TGP Power Supply station (100MW)*
Taicang Harbor Env. Prot. Power Gen. Co. Jiangsu Taicang Harbor 4th stage 2×600MW exp.
Xuzhou Huaxin Power Gen. Co. Jiangsu Xuzhou 2×300 MW exp.
Jiangsu Xutang Power Gen. Co. Jiangsu Xutang 2×300 MW exp.
Jiangyin Sulong Power Gen. Co. Jiangyinxia Harbor 2×330 MW exp.
Jiangsu Huadian Yangzhou Power Gen. Co. Thermal power & heat supply 2×300MW
Xiamen Huaxia Int’l Electric Power Dev Co. Xiamen Songyu Stn. 2nd Stage 2×300MW exp.
Baotou East China Thermal Power Co. Thermal power & heat supply 2×300 MW
Qingyuan No. 1 Power Gen. Co. Gansu Qingyuan Stn. 3rd Stage 2×300 MW exp.
Ningxia Power Generation Group Co. Ningxia Maliantai Stn. 2×330 MW
Jiangsu Xinhai Power Gen. Co. Jiangsu Xinhai 2×300 MW Power & Heat Supply Exp.
Datang Int’l Stock Co. Zhejiang Datang Wushashan Stn. 4×600 MW
Inner Mongolia Huolin River Power Gen. Co. Inner Mongolia Huolin 2×300 MW
48
Projects halted due to EIA Law (cont’d)Responsible Company Project
Qufu Shengcheng Thermal Power Co. Qufu Shengcheng 2×200MW
Sichuan Electric Power Co. Nanchong-Wanxian 500-kV transmission project
Sichuan Electric Power Co. Guang’an-Nanchong 500-kV transmission project
Fujian Province Electric Power Co.Fujian Power Grid Xiamen Hepu R. Transformer Stn. 500-kV power conversion & transmission project
China Guodian Group Ningxia Shizuishan 2×330 MW tech upgrade
Henan Zhongfu Industry Stock Co. Henan Zhongfu 2×300 MW exp.
Inner Mongolia Xinfeng Thermal Power Co. Xinfeng 2×300 MW power and heat supply
Inner Mong. Zhungeer Dafanpu Power Stn. Dafanpu Power Stn. 2×300 MW
Nanjing Suyuan Thermal Power Co. Suyuan Thermal Power Co. 2nd stage 2×300 MW power & heat supply
China Nat’l Petroleum & Natural Gas Co. Lanzhou Petrochem Stock Co. 1.2 Megaton/year delayed coking project
Foshan Huafeng Paper Industries Co. Upgrade to 300 kiloton/year high-grade paper project
Inner Mongolia Transportation Bureau Portion of Dandong-Lhasa highway project
Fuzhou City Development & Reform Comm.Fujian Min R. North Harbor Southside Flood Prev. Project and South R. road construction project
49
Institutional Challenges
II: Civil society vs. Legal Regulations on Organizations
50
Civil Society Organizations
Since late 1990s, increasing concern among NGOs in downstream countries about impacts of Chinese development of upstream waters
Strong anti-dam NGO community in Thailand; no real analog in China
Complicated by transboundary power sales More recent development of organizations mobilized
around environmental and cultural preservation within China
“Safe” topics, but idea of non-state organizations generally troubling to China’s leadership
51
Fine print: dual oversight
CSOs could formerly register with industrial or commercial bureaucracy as “non-enterprise units”
Registration with the Ministry of Civil Affairs Adoption by a professional bureaucracy (forestry,
agricultural, transportation, science and technology, etc.) that agrees to oversee the organization
Theoretically, only one organization at any one administrative level focused on same issue
Many (80%?) exist peacefully below regulatory radar as long as focus of work is not considered sensitive (eg. poverty alleviation)
52
Fine Print 2 (2005)
No longer allowed to register with industrial and commerce bureaucracy as non-enterprise (or non-profit) units; instead, MUST register with civil affairs
Law targeted unregistered organizations and those with “social science”, “research center”, or “research institute” in their names
Two-week deadline given for re-registration with civil affairs administration
Case of Green Watershed and Yu Xiaogang
53
Institutional Challenges
III: Bureaucratic Jockeying vs. Water Law
54
Analysis of decision making
Decision making about hydropower. Who is at the table? What leverage do they have? How is this changing?
Reforms in water and electricity sector since mid-1990s have left many conflicts, overlaps, and ambiguities
Process depends on perspective
55
Perspective 1: Hydro Companies
Formerly part of central ministry Restructuring from 1996 to 2002 changed the
shape of hydropower development authorities, but perhaps not the way they do business
Maintenance of direct connections to Energy Bureau of NDRC, and State Council
56
Ministry to SOE to Stock Company
Ministry of Electric Power
(<1998)
State Power Corp. of China
(1998-2002)
China Huadian
China Datang
China Power Investment
China Guodian
China Huaneng
Generation Companies
Design Companies
Grid Companies
State Power Grid Southern Power Grid
China Gezhouba Co.
Sinohydro Corporation
China Hydro Consulting
China Power Engineering
57
Perspective 2: Basin Commission CWRC: One of seven watershed
commissions that are neither local nor national in administrative scope
50 years as technical agency; less than five as an enforcement authority
Chicken and egg: comprehensive plan vs. hydropower plan
Hydro leading planning; authority of CWRC being skirted.
58
Watershed (Basin) Commission prepares comprehensive plan
Developer solicits project pre-feasibility
study
Pre-feasibility study approved by Basin
Commission
Developer solicits technical plan & feasibility study
Water, Power, Economic Development, Decision Making, Environmental and Human Health
61
Science and Sustainability
大型水电 = 可再生能源 (large hydro = renewable resource)
Frequent conflation of scientific development sustainable development Implication: If it’s “scientific,” it’s sustainable
Whose scientists produce the science?
62
Nu/Salween Hydropower Cascade Key arguments that have brought large-scale
hydro into question If Nu 13-dam cascade is cancelled,
implications for local development Implications for pluralization of decision-
making processes regarding natural resources and local development
63
South-North Water Diversion
Three routes Eastern, Central, Western
Technical issues Pollution & human health impacts Environmental impacts High-altitude transfers
Jurisdictional issues Basin commissions Provincial D & R commissions
64
Small-scale hydropower
Often touted as benign alternative Run-of-river vs. impoundment Local and inexpensive technology Minimal investment
Less oversight, more shortcuts Approval at prefecture/city level or lower Start first, approve later Few controls on construction Little incentive to integrate with grid