1 The Holocaust Angela Brown . com/holocaustphotos.htm.

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The Holocaust

Angela Brown

http://www.teacheroz.com/hitler.htm

http://remember.org/jacobs/BirkEntrance.html

http://www.holocaustforgotten.com/holocaustphotos.htm

Lesson Targets:

• Explain how persecution of Jews and other minorities increased in Germany under the Nazis during the 1930s.

• Describe how the Nazis carried out their plans for genocide.

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http://history.grand-forks.k12.nd.us/ndhistory/LessonImages/Sources/Pictures/holocaust%202.jpg

• Holocaust - Six million Jews, 2/3 of Europe’s Jewish population massacred by the end of WWII

• 5 to 6 million other people died in Nazi captivity

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The Start of Persecution

• Semitic peoples include Arabs, Ethiopians, other Middle Eastern and North African groups as well as Jews.

• Anti-Semitism came to mean hostility toward Jews by 1880s.

http://www.unitedhumanrights.org/history_of_the_holocaust_3.jpg

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The Nazi’s Take Action

• 1935 – Nuremberg Laws – strip Jews of German citizenship and forbid marriage between Jews and non-Jews.

http://fcit.coedu.usf.edu/holocaust/gallery/p137.htm

Ghetto Ration Card

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The Ghetto Wall

• 1937 and 1938 “Aryanize” Jewish businesses, required Jews to register their property and dismissed Jewish employees and managers - Jewish doctors could only treat Jews – Identification cards J


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• SA – police unit to silence opposition to Nazis

• SS – elite guard, private army of Nazi party

• Secret State police – Gestapo – pursue people who broke laws of Nazi regime

http://fcit.coedu.usf.edu/holocaust/gallery/50994.htm

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Concentration Camps

• prisoners of war and political prisoners are confined

• (homeless, homosexuals, Jehovah’s witnesses, mentally and physically disabled, gypsies and Jews)

http://fcit.coedu.usf.edu/holocaust/GALL31R/00001.htm

Entrance to Auschwitz “Work makes one Free”

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Babi Yar

• On September 29-30, 1941, more than 33,000 Jewish residents of Kiev were marched to this site and systematically gunned down over the edge of the ravine by members of the Sonderkommando 4a of Einstazgruppen C. Thousands of Gypsies and Soviet POWs were also executed at this site between 1941 and 1943.

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March to Babi Yar

http://fcit.coedu.usf.edu/holocaust/gallery2/83025.htm

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Kristallnacht

• 1938 – after annexation of Austria attacks on Jews began

• “Night of Broken Glass” – Nov 9-10 Nazis looted and destroyed Jewish stores, houses and synagogues – mass arrests of Jews followed

http://www.nizkor.org/ftp.cgi/places/germany/ftp.py?places/germany//kristallnacht/images/Kristl1.jpg

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Refugees Seek an Escape

• 1933-1937 130,000 Jews fled Germany

• FDR responded to calls for action by Evian Conference – If failed to address the problems – only Dominican Republic of the 29 nations represented was willing to ease its immigration laws

http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/games/nazi_genocide_timeline/open_images/open_1938_07_06.jpg

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From Murder to Genocide

• 1939 invasion of Poland – 2 million Jews under German control

• 350,000 or 30% of the population of Warsaw placed in Ghettos – sealed off by a wall topped with barbed wire – guards

• Hunger, overcrowding, lack of sanitation = disease


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The Einsatzgruppen

• Special forces or mobile killing units were sent to Poland in 1939

• Systematically murdered members of Poland’s upper class,

• intellectuals, priests, and influential Jews

• 1941 eliminated communist political leaders and Jews during invasion of Soviet Union


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Wannsee Conference

• Jan 1942 • Government officials

planned “final solution to the Jewish question”.

• Established concentration camps to eliminate Jews.

http://shamash.org/holocaust/photos/images/Furnace.jpg

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The Death Camps

• 1941 began experimenting methods of extermination.

• Chose poison gas, zyklon B, to be administered in chambers designed as showers.

• 1st day, Dec. 1941, 2300 Jews killed.


Gas Chamber

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• 6 camps in Poland – unlike other work camps – death camps only for mass murder

• Trains – inspected – gas chambers – bodies burned in huge ovens (crematoria)

http://www.holocaustforgotten.com/Dachau.htm

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In Camps…

• shaved • tattooed with

registration numbers• starved • disease • periodic

“selections”

http://www.jewishgen.org/ForgottenCamps/Camps/DayEng.html

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The Camps

• Buchewald • 1937-1945 • labor camp • 43,000 died

• Aucshwitz • death camp – Poland• 1.5 million murdered• 90% Jews

http://www.holocaustforgotten.com/Dachau.htm

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Fighting Back

• 1943 – Warsaw Ghetto revolted against deportation to Treblinka.

• Jews rioted at Treblinka Camp. It Closed.

• Escape was most common revolt. – most attempts failed – a few got away to warn others.




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Rescue and Liberation

• American newspapers showed little interest in Holocaust during the war.

• Immigration quotas were not raised.

• 1944 – despite Congress objection FDR formed War Refugee Board (WRB) – try to help people threatened by Nazis – saved 200,000 lives

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• May 1945 – Germany collapsed – American troops witnessed Holocaust.


23http://www.us.oup.com/us/brochure/0195182200/maps/0195307666liberation.jpg

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http://www.holocaustcenterpgh.net/images/death_chart.gif

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Nuremburg Trials

• November 1945, Allies placed 24 leading Nazis on trial for crimes against humanity.

• = 12 death sentences

• Trial established important principle – Individuals are responsible for their own actions – not just “following orders”.

http://fcit.usf.edu/holocaust/gallery/10392.htm

Defendants Rudolf Hess and other Nazi’s during the trial.

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Schindler’s List

• Oskar Schindler – 1300 Jews saved

• Today there are more than 6,000 descendants of Schindler`s Jews living in the USA and Europe, and many in Israel. Before the Second World War, the Jewish population of Poland was 3.5 million. Today there are between 3,000 and 4,000 left.

http://www.oskarschindler.com/

Exit Slip

1.In 1935, the Nazis passed the Nuremberg Laws to…

2.People considered by the Nazis to be “undesirable” were…

3.What was the “final solution to the Jewish question,” announced by the Nazis at the Wannsee Conference?

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Exit Slip

• In April 1943, how did Jews in Warsaw react against deportation to Treblinka?

• What did Roosevelt finally create, in January 1944, to try to help the Jews?

• What was the important idea that came out of the Nuremberg Trials?

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1 The Holocaust Angela Brown . com/holocaustphotos.htm.

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