1 The hindsight bias refers to people's tendency to dismiss the value of replication. Incorrect reject any ideas that can't be scientifically tested. Incorrect exaggerate their ability to have foreseen an outcome. (True Answer )Correct overestimate the extent to which others share their opinions. Incorrect 2 The perception that psychological research findings merely verify our commonsense understanding is most clearly facilitated by random assignment. Incorrect hindsight bias. (True Answer )Correct operational definitions. Incorrect the placebo effect. Incorrect 3 Giving half the members of a group some purported psychological finding and the other half an opposite result is an easy way to demonstrate the impact of the placebo effect. Incorrect confounding variables. Incorrect hindsight bias. (True Answer )Correct the double-blind procedure. Incorrect 4 Professor Smith told one class that drinking alcohol has been found to increase sexual desire. He informed another class that drinking alcohol has been found to reduce sexual appetite. The fact that neither class was surprised by the information they received best illustrates the power of replication. Incorrect hindsight bias. (True Answer )Correct the double-blind procedure. Incorrect the placebo effect. Incorrect 5 Several weeks after a political election, voters often exaggerate their ability to have predicted the election outcome. This best illustrates the placebo effect. Incorrect random assignment. Incorrect wording effects. Incorrect hindsight bias. (True Answer )Correct
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1
The hindsight bias refers to people's tendency to
dismiss the value of replication. Incorrect
reject any ideas that can't be scientifically tested. Incorrect
exaggerate their ability to have foreseen an outcome. (True
Answer )Correct
overestimate the extent to which others share their
opinions. Incorrect
2
The perception that psychological research findings merely
verify our commonsense understanding is most clearly
facilitated by
random assignment. Incorrect
hindsight bias. (True Answer )Correct
operational definitions. Incorrect
the placebo effect. Incorrect
3
Giving half the members of a group some purported
psychological finding and the other half an opposite result is an
easy way to demonstrate the impact of
the placebo effect. Incorrect
confounding variables. Incorrect
hindsight bias. (True Answer )Correct
the double-blind procedure. Incorrect
4
Professor Smith told one class that drinking alcohol has been
found to increase sexual desire. He informed another class that
drinking alcohol has been found to reduce sexual appetite. The
fact that neither class was surprised by the information they
received best illustrates the power of
replication. Incorrect
hindsight bias. (True Answer )Correct
the double-blind procedure. Incorrect
the placebo effect. Incorrect
5
Several weeks after a political election, voters often exaggerate
their ability to have predicted the election outcome. This best
illustrates
the placebo effect. Incorrect
random assignment. Incorrect
wording effects. Incorrect
hindsight bias. (True Answer )Correct
6
Mike Crampton's stockbroker has informed him that he has
suffered substantial investment losses. When Mike tells his wife,
she angrily responds, “I could have told you that your
investment plan would fail!” Her comment best illustrates
hindsight bias. (True Answer )Correct
debriefing. Incorrect
the placebo effect. Incorrect
replication. Incorrect
7
The scientific attitude of humility is most likely to be
undermined by
hindsight bias. (True Answer )Correct
correlational evidence. Incorrect
random assignment. Incorrect
operational definitions. Incorrect
8
Formulating testable hypotheses before conducting research is
most directly useful for restraining a thinking error known as
random sampling. Incorrect
hindsight bias. (True Answer )Correct
the placebo effect. Incorrect
random assignment. Incorrect
9
Our tendency to believe we know more than we do illustrates
naturalistic observation. Incorrect
the placebo effect. Incorrect
overconfidence. (True Answer )Correct
the standard deviation. Incorrect
10
Political officials who have no doubt that their own economic
and military predictions will come true most clearly
demonstrate
hindsight bias. Incorrect
random sampling. Incorrect
overconfidence. (True Answer )Correct
the placebo effect. Incorrect
11
Megan was certain that she would never live far away from her
family. However, when offered a better job in another state, she
decided to move. Megan's experience best illustrates
hindsight bias. Incorrect
random assignment. Incorrect
the placebo effect. Incorrect
overconfidence. (True Answer )Correct
12
Which of the following is most likely to inhibit critical thinking?
operational definitions Incorrect
overconfidence (True Answer )Correct
random assignment Incorrect
the double-blind procedure Incorrect
13
The tendency to perceive order in random events often leads to
overestimating the value of
intuition. (True Answer )Correct
operational definition. Incorrect
informal consent. Incorrect
the double-blind procedure. Incorrect
14
On a series of coin tosses, Oleg has correctly predicted heads or
tails seven times in a row. In this instance, we can reasonably
conclude that Oleg's predictive accuracy
defies the laws of statistical probability. Incorrect
illustrates the phenomenon of hindsight bias. Incorrect
is inconsistent with the placebo effect. Incorrect
is a random and coincidental occurrence. (True Answer )Correct
15
Six of the children in Mr. Myer's class were born on exactly the
same day. This strikes him as astonishing and improbable. In
this instance, he should be reminded that
random sequences of events often don't look random. (True
Answer )Correct
events often seem more probable in hindsight. Incorrect
sampling extreme cases leads to false generalizations. Incorrect
the median is typically smaller than the mean. Incorrect
16
The fact that the same individual won the New Jersey lottery on
two separate occasions best illustrates
a random outcome. (True Answer )Correct
the double-blind procedure. Incorrect
the placebo effect. Incorrect
the hindsight bias. Incorrect
17
By testing their predictions with the observational method of
science, psychologists are using a(n)
correlation coefficient. Incorrect
empirical approach. (True Answer )Correct
standard deviation. Incorrect
independent variable. Incorrect
18
Three key attitudes of scientific inquiry are
pride, enthusiasm, and ingenuity. Incorrect
ingenuity, practicality, and certainty. Incorrect
certainty, creativity, and curiosity. Incorrect
curiosity, skepticism, and humility. (True Answer )Correct
19
Rodesia insists that Dr. Phillip's theory of aggression be checked
against observable evidence. She is demonstrating the scientific
attitude of
pride. Incorrect
skepticism. (True Answer )Correct
practicality. Incorrect
enthusiasm. Incorrect
20
The scientific attitude requires an open-minded humility
because it involves a willingness to
perceive order in random events. Incorrect
reject any ideas that can't be scientifically tested. Incorrect
recognize the errors in our own ideas. (True Answer )Correct
respect political beliefs that contradict our own. Incorrect
21
Critical thinking is smart thinking that involves
debriefing. Incorrect
case study. Incorrect
evaluating evidence. (True Answer )Correct
informed consent. Incorrect
22
A questioning attitude regarding psychologists' assumptions and
hidden values best illustrates
replication. Incorrect
critical thinking. (True Answer )Correct
hindsight bias. Incorrect
overconfidence. Incorrect
23
Assessing whether conclusions are warranted by the existing
evidence best illustrates
critical thinking. (True Answer )Correct
naturalistic observation. Incorrect
the placebo effect. Incorrect
the double-blind procedure. Incorrect
24
When you question whether anecdotal evidence can be
generalized to all people, you are applying
the placebo effect. Incorrect
hindsight bias. Incorrect
random assignment. Incorrect
critical thinking. (True Answer )Correct
25
Professor Shalet contends that parents and children have similar
levels of intelligence largely because they share common genes.
His idea is best described as a(n)
theory. (True Answer )Correct
replication. Incorrect
naturalistic observation. Incorrect
operational definition. Incorrect
26
The explanatory power of a scientific theory is most closely
linked to its capacity to generate testable
assumptions. Incorrect
correlations. Incorrect
predictions. (True Answer )Correct
variables. Incorrect
27
A hypothesis is a(n)
observable relationship between specific independent and
dependent variables. Incorrect
testable prediction that gives direction to research. (True Answer
)Correct
set of principles that organizes observations and explains newly
discovered facts. Incorrect
unprovable assumption about the unobservable processes that
underlie psychological functioning. Incorrect
28
Professor Delano suggests that because people are especially
attracted to those who are good-looking, handsome men will be
more successful than average-looking men in getting a job. The
professor's prediction regarding employment success is an
example of
the hindsight bias. Incorrect
the placebo effect. Incorrect
a hypothesis. (True Answer )Correct
a confounding variable. Incorrect
29
A statement describing the exact procedures for measuring an
anticipated experimental outcome is known as a(n)
hypothesis. Incorrect
control condition. Incorrect
replication. Incorrect
operational definition. (True Answer )Correct
30
In a written report of their research, psychologists specify
exactly how anxiety is assessed, thus providing their readers
with a(n)
hypothesis. Incorrect
independent variable. Incorrect
operational definition. (True Answer )Correct
standard deviation. Incorrect
31
Replication of a research study is most likely to be facilitated by
hindsight bias. Incorrect
debriefing. Incorrect
operational definitions. (True Answer )Correct
the placebo effect. Incorrect
32
Which technique involves repeating the essence of an earlier
research study with different participants and in different
circumstances?
replication (True Answer )Correct
random sampling Incorrect
naturalistic observation Incorrect
the double-blind procedure Incorrect
33
Professor Ambra was skeptical about the accuracy of recently
reported research on sleep deprivation. Which process would
best enable her to assess the reliability of these findings?
naturalistic observation Incorrect
replication (True Answer )Correct
random sampling Incorrect
the case study Incorrect
34
The case study is a research method in which
a single individual is studied in great depth. (True Answer
)Correct
a representative sample of people are questioned regarding their
opinions or behaviors. Incorrect
organisms are carefully observed in a laboratory
environment. Incorrect
an investigator manipulates one or more variables that might
affect behavior. Incorrect
35
To understand the unusual behavior of an adult client, a clinical
psychologist carefully investigates the client's current life
situation and his physical, social-cultural, and educational
history. Which research method has the psychologist used?
the survey Incorrect
the case study (True Answer )Correct
experimentation Incorrect
naturalistic observation Incorrect
36
Little Han's extreme fear of horses was observed as part of a(n)
experiment. Incorrect
survey. Incorrect
case study. (True Answer )Correct
double-blind procedure. Incorrect
37
The biggest danger of relying on case-study evidence is that it
is based on naturalistic observation. Incorrect
may be unrepresentative of what is generally true. (True Answer
)Correct
overestimates the importance of operational definitions. Incorrect
leads us to underestimate the causal relationships between
events. Incorrect
38
Psychologists who carefully watch the behavior of chimpanzee
societies in the jungle are using a research method known as
the survey. Incorrect
experimentation. Incorrect
naturalistic observation. (True Answer )Correct
the case study. Incorrect
39
Professor Ober carefully observes and records the behaviors of
children in their classrooms in order to track the development of
their social and intellectual skills. Professor Ober is most clearly
engaged in
survey research. Incorrect
naturalistic observation. (True Answer )Correct
experimentation. Incorrect
replication. Incorrect
40
University of Texas students were fitted with belt-worn tape
recorders for up to four days so that researchers could sample
their daily activities. The researchers employed a scientific
method known as
naturalistic observation. (True Answer )Correct
the double-blind procedure. Incorrect
the standard deviation. Incorrect
the case study. Incorrect
41
To compare the pace of life in different countries, investigators
measured the speed with which postal clerks completed a simple
request. Which research method did this illustrate?
the case study Incorrect
naturalistic observation (True Answer )Correct
the double-blind procedure Incorrect
the survey Incorrect
42
In which type of research is a representative, random sample of
people asked to answer questions about their behaviors or
attitudes?
experimentation Incorrect
the survey (True Answer )Correct
the case study Incorrect
naturalistic observation Incorrect
43
Which research method would be most appropriate for
investigating the relationship between the religious beliefs of
Americans and their attitudes toward abortion?
the survey (True Answer )Correct
naturalistic observation Incorrect
the case study Incorrect
experimentation Incorrect
44
Surveys indicate that people are less likely to support “welfare”
than “aid to the needy.” These somewhat paradoxical survey
results best illustrate the importance of
random sampling. Incorrect
wording effects. (True Answer )Correct
the placebo effect. Incorrect
naturalistic observation. Incorrect
45
People often fail to make accurate generalizations because they
are unduly influenced by ________ cases.
randomly selected Incorrect
vivid (True Answer )Correct
representative Incorrect
operationally defined Incorrect
46
After noting that a majority of professional basketball players
are African-American, Ervin concluded that African-Americans
are better athletes than members of other racial groups. Ervin's
conclusion best illustrates the danger of
replication. Incorrect
hindsight bias. Incorrect
the placebo effect. Incorrect
generalizing from vivid cases. (True Answer )Correct
47
When every individual in a large population has a small but
equal chance of being included in a survey, researchers are
using a procedure known as
the case study. Incorrect
the double-blind procedure. Incorrect
random sampling. (True Answer )Correct
naturalistic observation. Incorrect
48
Which of the following is most useful for helping survey
researchers avoid false generalizations?
the case study Incorrect
naturalistic observation Incorrect
random sampling (True Answer )Correct
operational definitions Incorrect
49
Governor Donovan was greeted by large, enthusiastic crowds at
all of his political rallies. As a result, he became overconfident
about his chances of re-election. In this instance, the governor
needs to be alerted to the value of
replication. Incorrect
random sampling. (True Answer )Correct
experimental control. Incorrect
naturalistic observation. Incorrect
50
To learn about the TV viewing habits of all the children
attending Oakbridge School, Professor DeVries randomly
selected and interviewed 50 of the school's students. In this
instance, all the children attending the school are considered to
be a(n)
population. (True Answer )Correct
representative sample. Incorrect
independent variable. Incorrect
control condition. Incorrect
51
To assess reactions to a proposed tuition hike at her school,
Ariana sent a questionnaire to every fifteenth person in the
registrar's alphabetical listing of all currently enrolled students.
Ariana is ensuring that her survey results are accurate by using
random assignment. Incorrect
naturalistic observation. Incorrect
replication. Incorrect
random sampling. (True Answer )Correct
52
In a survey, psychologists select a random sample of research
participants in order to ensure that
the participants are representative of the population they are
interested in studying. (True Answer )Correct
there will be a large number of participants in the research
study. Incorrect
the study will not be influenced by the researcher's personal
values. Incorrect
the same number of participants will be assigned to each of the
experimental conditions. Incorrect
53
Correlation is a measure of the extent to which two factors
vary together. (True Answer )Correct
are random samples. Incorrect
influence each other. Incorrect
show statistically significant differences. Incorrect
54
Correlational research is most useful for purposes of
explanation. Incorrect
prediction. (True Answer )Correct
control. Incorrect
replication. Incorrect
55
To discover the extent to which economic status can be used to
predict political preferences, researchers are most likely to use
the case study approach. Incorrect
naturalistic observation. Incorrect
correlational measures. (True Answer )Correct
experimental research. Incorrect
56
Which of the following is a statistical measure of both the
direction and the strength of a relationship between two
variables?
correlation coefficient (True Answer )Correct
standard deviation Incorrect
range Incorrect
mean Incorrect
57
To determine whether the strength of people's self-esteem is
related to their income levels, researchers would most likely
make use of
case studies. Incorrect
correlational research. (True Answer )Correct
experimentation. Incorrect
naturalistic observation. Incorrect
58
Displaying data in a scatterplot can help us see the extent to
which two variables are
random samples. Incorrect
operationally defined. Incorrect
correlated. (True Answer )Correct
replications. Incorrect
59
To represent the correlation between two variables graphically,
researchers often construct a
skewed distribution. Incorrect
scatterplot. (True Answer )Correct
standard deviation. Incorrect
bar graph. Incorrect
60
A researcher would be most likely to discover a positive
correlation between
intelligence and academic success. (True Answer )Correct
financial poverty and physical health. Incorrect
self-esteem and depression. Incorrect
school grades and school absences. Incorrect
61
If psychologists discovered that wealthy people are less satisfied
with their marriages than poor people are, this would indicate
that wealth and marital satisfaction are
causally related. Incorrect
negatively correlated. (True Answer )Correct
independent variables. Incorrect
positively correlated. Incorrect
62
If the correlation between the physical weight and reading
ability of children is +0.85, this would indicate that
there is very little statistical relationship between weight and
reading ability among children. Incorrect
low body weight has a negative effect on the reading abilities of
children. Incorrect better reading ability is associated with greater physical weight
among children. (True Answer )Correct
body weight has no causal influence on the reading abilities of
children. Incorrect
63
A correlation between physical attractiveness and dating
frequency of +0.60 would indicate that
physical attractiveness has no causal influence on dating
frequency. Incorrect
more frequent dating is associated with lower levels of physical
attractiveness. Incorrect
it is impossible to predict levels of physical attractiveness based
on knowledge of dating frequency. Incorrect
less frequent dating is associated with lower levels of physical
attractiveness. (True Answer )Correct
64
If the points on a scatterplot are clustered in a pattern that
extends from the upper left to the lower right, this would suggest
that the two variables depicted are
normally distributed. Incorrect
positively correlated. Incorrect
negatively correlated. (True Answer )Correct
not correlated. Incorrect
65
Which of the following correlations between self-esteem and
body weight would enable you to most accurately predict body
weight from knowledge of level of self-esteem?
+0.60 (True Answer )Correct
+0.01 Incorrect
–0.10 Incorrect
–0.06 Incorrect
66
Which of the following correlation coefficients expresses the
weakest degree of relationship between two variables?
–0.12 (True Answer )Correct
–0.99 Incorrect
+0.25 Incorrect
–0.50 Incorrect
67
Suppose that people who watch a lot of violence on TV are also
particularly likely to behave aggressively. This relationship
would NOT necessarily indicate that watching violence
influences aggressive behavior because
random sequences often don't look random. Incorrect
association does not prove causation. (True Answer )Correct
sampling extreme cases leads to false generalizations. Incorrect
events often seem more probable in hindsight. Incorrect
68
An extensive survey revealed that children with relatively high
self-esteem tend to picture God as kind and loving, whereas
those with lower self-esteem tend to perceive God as angry. The
researchers concluded that the children's self-esteem had
apparently influenced their views of God. This conclusion best
illustrates the danger of
perceiving order in random events. Incorrect
generalizing from extreme examples. Incorrect
exaggerating the extent to which outcomes are
foreseeable. Incorrect
assuming that association proves causation. (True Answer
)Correct
69
If psychologists discovered that more intelligent parents have
smarter children than less intelligent parents, this would
demonstrate that
intelligence is inherited. Incorrect
more intelligent parents provide their children with greater
educational opportunities than do less intelligent parents. Incorrect
the intelligence of parents and children is positively
correlated. (True Answer )Correct
all of these statements are correct. Incorrect
70
A negative correlation between degree of wealth and likelihood
of suffering from a psychological disorder would indicate that
poverty makes people vulnerable to psychological
disorders. Incorrect people who are poor are more likely to have a psychological
disorder than are wealthy people. (True Answer )Correct
psychological disorders usually prevent people from accumulating
wealth. Incorrect
all of these statements are correct. Incorrect
71
Which of the following methods is most helpful for clarifying
cause-effect relationships?
the survey Incorrect
the experiment (True Answer )Correct
correlational research Incorrect
naturalistic observation Incorrect
72
Researchers use experiments rather than other research
methods in order to isolate
facts from theories. Incorrect
causes from effects. (True Answer )Correct
case studies from surveys. Incorrect
random samples from representative samples. Incorrect
73
Which research method provides the best way of assessing