1 The Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) Programme as a Contributor to GCOS Slobodan Nickovic WMO Atmospheric Research and Environment Programme.

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The Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) Programme

as a Contributor to GCOS

Slobodan Nickovic

WMO Atmospheric Research and Environment Programme

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GAW programme

The essential climate variables (IGACO)• Aerosol• Ozone• Green-house gases

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GAW aerosol

indirect and the direct effect of aerosols make the two largest contributions to the total uncertainty of the radiative forcing, so impacting the climate assessments.

The ongoing Joint GOS-GAW Pilot Project: NRT delivery and use of the aerosol surface observations is a part of the implementation of WIGOS/WIS.

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Compiled by combining data from satellites with surface-based aerosol sun-photometer data. Satellite observations were validated using ground-based AOD observations.Plots Courtesy of S. Kinne, MPI, Hamburg, Germany

Long term mean aerosol optical depth (AOD)

GAW aerosol

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GAW Aerosol Lidar Network (GALION) Northern HemisphereRegional

networks

AD-NET,ALINE, CISLiNet, EARLINET, MPLNET, NDACC, REALM

~105 lidar sites

GAW aerosol

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The Ground-based Global AOD Network

Latitudinal distributionPolar regions: 4Midlatitude North: 50Tropics: 26Midlatitude South: 10Total 90

Major data gapsAfrica, Asia, India, Polar region and Oceans

International: AERONET, BSRN, GAWPFR, SKYNET Courtesy of Chris Wehrli Davos AOD Calibration centreNational: Australia, China, Finland, Germany, Japan, Netherlands, Russia, USA(4)

Global AOD Network Long-term Sites4+ years in operation, >50% coverage, as of March 2004

Total count = 90

AERONET-LTOther

GAW aerosol

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WMO WWRP/GAW Sand and Dust Storm Warning Advisory and Assessment System

SDS-WAS

MissionTo enhance the ability of countries to deliver timely and quality sand and dust storm forecasts, observations, information and knowledge to users through an international partnership of research and operational communities

Dust impacts : Climate Health Transport Marine biochemistry

GAW aerosol

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Meteosat Second Generation: Meteosat Second Generation: On-line qualitative dust On-line qualitative dust verification / surveillanceverification / surveillance

In collaboration with the Spanish Institute of Meteorology

Dust monitoring Dust monitoring SAF_NowCasting with MSG satelliteMSG satellite

3x3 km2

15 min step (day and night)

Under development:SeaWifs, Modis, OMI

Satellite-based sensors

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Bloom of Trichodesmium - Canary Islands, August 2004 Dust over W Africa, July 2004

Canary Islands

GAW aerosolSDS-WAS

WMO cooperation with the United Nations Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environment Protection (GESAMP)

• In 2007, WMO-lead Working Group •“The Atmospheric Input of Chemicals to the Ocean ” is established

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18 UTC, 7 May 2002 30-hr forecast

Forecast Models

GALIONSurface-based LIDAR

NASA A-Train MODIS CALIPSO

Global AOD Network Long-term Sites4+ years in operation, >50% coverage, as of March 2004

Total count = 90

AERONET-LTOther

GAW/AERONET/SKYNET

Surface-based AOD

Integrated Aerosol Observation/Modelling

European PM10

GAW aerosol

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The latest analysis from the WMO-GAW Global Greenhouse Gas Monitoring Network:

• CO2 N2O have reached new highs in 2006

• CO2 at 381.2 ppm ; N2O at 320.1 ppb.

• CH4 almost unchanged - 1782 ppb.

• These values are higher than those in pre-industrial times by 36%, 19% and 155%, respectively.

Some of the CFCs still have a serious impact on the atmospheric greenhouse effect.

GHG are monitored as part of the GAW network.

GAW GHG

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WMO Antarctic Ozone Bulletins

An example of a need for integrated products in

near-real time

http://www.wmo.int/web/arep/ozone.html

GAW ozone

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Last Dobson Intercomparison - in Buenos Aires (Nov/Dec 2006)

A Dobson intercomparison for RA I (S. Africa) - planned for February/March 2009.

Dobson intercomparison for South America (Buenos Aires) - planned for late 2009/early 2010

GAW ozone

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Brewer events

The 10th Biennial WMO Brewer workshop was held in Norhwich, UK (June 2007)

A Brewer workshop for Asia was held in Seoul in October 2007

GAW ozone

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A workshop (April 2007) analyzed the quality of Dobson and Brewer data in comparison to satellite data. • About 50% of the stations are in good shape• The other half has smaller or bigger

problems• Stations managers have received

instructions on how to improve the quality of the data

GAW ozone

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A joint GAW/NDACC/IGACO-O3 meeting was held in Geneva on 21-23 May 2008.

• Near real time delivery of data• Discussion on differences between Dobson,

Brewer, UV/Vis and FT-IR• Interferences and seasonal dependencies

GAW ozone

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The triennial WMO/UNEP Ozone Research Managers’ Meeting - Geneva, 18-21 May 2008.

• National reports• Gaps in the network• Research needs• Data delivery and archiving• Capacity building

GAW ozone

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2008 Measurement Sites for Carbon Cycle Gases

Courtesy: J. Battler, NOAA

GAW GHG

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Other Expansion Efforts Terrestrial Carbon Observation System – (TCOS) Siberia (MPI –

Jena) Cape Verde Observatory (MPI – Jena; York University) Arctic CH4 sites (Tiksi, Cherski) Quality Control – Ongoing flask sample comparisons

• Canada (Alert) • New Zealand (Baring Head) • France (Mace Head) • German (Ochsenkopf)

New efforts to compare NOAA flask samples• NCAR (Niwot Ridge, CO)• Spain (Tenerife)• Italy (Lampedusa)

Courtesy: J. Battler, NOAA

GAW GHG

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WMO-GAW Annual Greenhouse Gas Bulletin

GAW GHG

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Fiftieth Anniversary of the Global CO2 Record – Kona, HI

Goal was to bring policy makers, scientists, and businesses together to discuss the critical role of long term observations of CO2 in the past, present, and future

Cosponsored by WMO, NOAA, Chicago Climate Exchange, Peabody Energy, American Electric Power, Science & Technology Corporation, Nat’l Marine Sanctuary Foundation, et al.

Courtesy: J. Battler, NOAA

GAW GHG

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Other Events 14th WMO/IAEA Meeting of Experts on Carbon Dioxide, Other

Greenhouse Gases, and Related Tracer Measurement Techniques, September 10-13, 2007, Helsinki, Finland

• More emphasis on isotopes a focus of the meeting.

Scientific Advisory Group September 14, 2007

• adopted N2O Measurement Guidelines,

• Precursor to introducing proposal for GCOS adoption of WMO/GAW N2O observation network.

Courtesy: J. Battler, NOAA

GAW GHG

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A Place to Go

Goal: Establish an international observation and analysis system for verifying greenhouse gas emission reduction efforts. • To be build on current global observation, modeling,

and analysis capabilities• To serve as a backbone in a global effort to verify

reduction of GHG emissions. • To support national and international assessments

(e.g., CCSP, IPCC).

Courtesy: J. Battler, NOAA

GAW GHG

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Path Forward to Address 21st Century needs

(25 April Science Perspectives)

Observation & Reanalysis (e.g., CarbonTracker-ish)• Grounded on surface-based measurements• Commercial and private aircraft

Satellite Validation• AIRS• SCHIAMACHY • OCO – 2008• GOSAT – 2009• ASCENT – 2010, 12? (active laser; surface)

Courtesy: J. Battler, NOAA