1 The Frames Decision-Making of Four
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1
The
Fram
es
Decision-Making
ofFour
2The Four Frames of Decision-Making
Before the Presentation: Please do the problem solving survey in
your binderAfter the Presentation:
Please score and graph the results – see the problem solving orientation scoring in your binder
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About this presentation
This presentation is based on the work of Lee G. Bolman and Terence E. Deal “The Path to School Leadership: A
Portable Mentor”, Corwin Press, 1993 “Reframing the Path to School
Leadership: A Guide for Teachers and Principals”, Corwin Press, 2002
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Intended Outcomes for Participants
1. Assess personal orientation to problem solving
2. Demonstrate an understanding of the problem solving theory by applying the four frames to situations.
3. Examine situations from different perspectives
4. Use the process and the theory as a strategy to solve a problem related to a personal situation
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Let’s take a look at a story…
The Wisdom of the Mountain(Printed in Your Binder)
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Discussion – Large Group
What is the wisdom of the mountain?
How is it delivered?
What are the lessons learned?
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The Problem with “Knowing”
We tend to “know” the truth from our own special perspective
We tend to be unaware of the perspectives from which others are coming
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The Purpose of Bolman and Deal’s Work
To help you decipher what is really going on in schools
To avoid that sinking feeling of being caught off guard
9Key to Becoming a Highly Effective Principal
Develop powerful habits of mind – profoundly practical ways of thinking about schools and classrooms because…
Our view of reality has been framed by past experience and learning, And…
When your view is off target, you are stuck with it. It’s all you have.
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Look at the image below…What does this mean?
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Character on the left is a woman – see legs, body and neck Character on the right is a child – arms out as if to hug the woman
12What Do The Two Characters Mean?
Together, they form the word ‘hao’ which means “good”
A woman and child together is a good thing
The logic of the ancient Chinese is not often literal
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So, What’s the Point?
You need to have good mental tools for decoding everyday life in schools
If you don’t, it’s like trying to read a language that you don’t understand
14What Do the BestLeaders Do?
They use multiple frames or views, each offering a different perspective on common challenges
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The Ability To Use Multiple Frames Has Three Advantages
1. Each frame can be coherent, focused and powerful
2. The collection of frames is more comprehensive than any single one
3. Only when you have multiple frames are you able to REFRAME
16So, What is Meant by REFRAMING?
Reframing is a conscious effort to size up a situation from multiple perspectives,
and
Then find a new way to handle it.
With only one perspective (frame) you will inevitably feel confused and overwhelmed in times of crisis and overload.
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“Frames are both windows on the world and lenses
that bring the world into focus.”
The Frames – A Definition
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Four Frames in Common Use Among Leaders, and their characteristics
1. Structural — A social architect2. Political — An advocate3. Symbolic — A prophet4. Human Resource — A catalyst and
servant
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The Structural Frame
Emphasizes productivityValues clear goals and rolesSeeks to coordinate efforts of
individuals and groups through both vertical (command, role) and lateral (face to face, informal) strategies
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The Structural Frame User
A social architect whose leadership style is analysis and design
Focuses on structure, strategy, environment, implementation, experimentation and adaptation
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The Political Frame
Points out the limits of authority and that resources are too scarce to meet all demands
Goals emerge from bargaining and compromise among different interests: and not from rational analysis at the top
Conflict becomes an inescapable by-product of life
Handled correctly, the political frame is a source of constant energy and renewal
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The Political Frame User
An advocate whose leadership style is coalition building
Clarifies what he/she wants and can get
Assesses the distribution of power and interests
Builds linkages to other stakeholdersUses persuasion before negotiation
and coercion
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The Symbolic Frame
Centres attention on symbols, meaning and faith
Symbols govern behavior through informal, implicit and shared roles, agreements and understandings
Stories, metaphors, heroes, heroines, ritual, ceremony and play, all contribute
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The Symbolic Frame User
A prophet whose leadership style is inspiration
Views organizations as a platform on which to play certain roles
Uses symbols to capture attentionTries to frame experience by providing
plausible interpretations of experiences
Discovers and communicates a vision
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The Human Resource Frame
Highlights the importance of needs and motives
Values a caring, trusting work environment where individual needs are met
Commitment and involvement are encouraged when people show concern for others, and; provide opportunities to participate and share
decision making
26The Human Resource Frame User
A catalyst and servant whose leadership style is support, advocacy and empowerment
Visible and accessibleEmpowers, increases participation,
supports, shares information, and moves decision making down into the organization
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The Four Frames Summary“The Machine”
StructuralRulesRolesGoalsPolicies, processesTechnologyEnvironment
PowerConflictScarce ResourcesCompetition
Political
“The Extended Family”
Human Resource
NeedsSkillsRelationships
CultureRitualHeroes, VillainsMythsSymbolsMetaphorsCeremonies
Symbolic
Division of Labour Bargaining, Negotiating,Coalition Building
Attaching, Creating, MeaningMeeting Individual Needs
“Theatre”
“The Jungle”
ISSUES
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Some Movie Clips
Let’s view some scenarios from movies: Lean on Me Dead Poet’s Society Nine to Five Pretty Woman
After each clip, reflect on which frame is represented and how
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Activity
Reflect in small groups on leaders you know who are primarily Social Architects Advocates Prophets Catalysts and Servants
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Structural
Political
Symbolic
Human Resource
Graph Your Score
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Typically…
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Structural
Political
Symbolic
Human Resource
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Ideally…
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Structural
Political
Symbolic
Human Resource
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Activity
Using the core study guidelines in your binder discuss the situations that you were asked in your acceptance letter to bring to the session
Decide which behavioural frame would be more effective to use and why
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Case Study Guidelines
Describe the details of the case.
Who are the characters?
What is the basic story line?
How do you assess the dynamics in the case?
What legislation/guidelines/policies should be considered when analysing the case?
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Case Study Guidelines
Identify the challenges faced by the leader.
What is the primary issue?
What are the secondary issues?
How do these relate to the frames?
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Case Study Guidelines
Generate alternative strategies, using the 4 frames for addressing the issuesand challenges.
How could structural changes address the challenges?
What human resources needs must be met? How could you employ political strategies? What symbols will be used?
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