1 The European Environment Agency The European Environment Agency ... is the EU body dedicated to providing sound, independent information on the environment ... is a main information source for those involved in developing, adopting, implementing and evaluating environmental policy, and also the general public www.eea.eu.int
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1
The European Environment AgencyThe European Environment Agency
... is the EU body dedicated to providing sound, independent information on the environment
... is a main information source for those involved in developing, adopting, implementing and evaluating environmental policy, and also the general public
www.eea.eu.int
2
Tobias WiesenthalEuropean Environment Agency
How much bioenergy can Europe produce How much bioenergy can Europe produce without harming the environment?without harming the environment?
JRC/EEA/CENER/CIEMAT Workshop on ’Sustainable bioenergy cropping systems in the Mediterranean’
Madrid, 9-10 Feb 2006
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Presentation overviewPresentation overview
• Introduction and motivation
• Environmental considerations and implications for the potential • agriculture
BUT can cause environmental pressuresBUT can cause environmental pressures
Biomass
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50
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150
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400
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90
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Mill
ion
TO
E Total energy production from renewables
Biomass use today
ca. 69 Mtoe
EU-15 indicative 2010 target for renewables: 12%
130 Mtoe biomass
150 Mtoe for EU-25 (Biomass Action Plan)
Future renewable targets in 2020:
230–250 Mtoe biomass
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EEA project: How much biomass can Europe EEA project: How much biomass can Europe use without harming the environment?use without harming the environment?
Objective: determine the bioenergy potential from agriculture, forest, waste in 2010, 2020, 2030, which
- causes no additional pressure on farmland and forest biodiversity and soil and water resources
- Respects other environmental objectives
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• Institute for applied ecology (Oeko-Institut)• Wageningen University & Research, Alterra• AEA-Technology• European Forest Institute• Vienna University of Technology• Fraunhofer Institute ISI• RIVM
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Agriculture: potential risks due to Agriculture: potential risks due to increased bioenergy productionincreased bioenergy production
• Increased pressure on the entire agricultural sector, thus causing intensification and larger field sizes (caused by ‘economy of scales’).
• Incentives to transform extensively used grassland into arable land for growing bioenergy crops.
• A bioenergy crop mix, which does not take account of the specific pressures of different crops in the context of the main environmental problems in a particular region.
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Environmental criteriaEnvironmental criteria
Extensively cultivated farmland usually has higher biodiversity value
30% of Utilized Agricultural Area ‘environmentally oriented’ farming in 2030 (except Be, Lux, Malta, NL)
High loss of biodiversity & release of soil carbon if grassland is transformed into arable land
Only extensive bioenergy use from grassland
Some farmland species require “ecological stepping stones”
set-aside 3% of intensively used farmland for nature conservation
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Area needed for food and fodder production
UAA
Area needed for food and fodder production
Released land
IncreaseEOF
Released olive
groves & grass land
Released arableland suitable for
dedicated bioenergy production
land to produce exports
Competitioneffect betweenenergy
and food markets
additionalarableland
Yield increaseCAP reform
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Agricultural area for bioenergy productionAgricultural area for bioenergy production taken into account environmental constraintstaken into account environmental constraints
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5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
EU-15 EU-15+8
EU-15 EU-15+8
EU-15 EU-15+8
available grass land and olive groves
additional available land ONLY for France and Germany(correction with high bioenergy price, reduced exports)
additional available landdue to high energy andcarbon price(only for Germany andFrance)
available arable land
2010
2030
2020
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Agricultural bioenergy:Agricultural bioenergy: minimise environ- minimise environ-mental pressure by growing the right cropsmental pressure by growing the right crops
1. Every bioenergy crop has a specific env. performance
2. Grow bioenergy crops with low environmental pressure
3. Set the crop-specific pressure into context of specific env. characteristics of the region
• erosion• soil compaction• nutrient inputs
ground& surface water• pesticide pollution of
soils and water• water abstraction• "increased fire risk“• biodiversity• (diversity of crop type)
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Priorisation of annual crops for the Priorisation of annual crops for the Mediterranean SouthMediterranean South
Medit. SouthOtherCereals
cultivatedgrass
Clover.alfalfa
Sorghum
Wheat
Sunflower
Sugarbeets
Potatoes Maize
erosion A A A A A B/C C C C
soil compaction A A/B A/B A A A C C B
nutrient inputs groundwater A B B A A A/B B B C
nutrient inputs in surface water A B B A A A/B B/C B/C C
pesticide pollution of soils and water
A A A B/C A B B B C
water abstraction A A A A B B B C A/B
increased fire risk --- C --- A --- --- --- --- ---
Link to farmland biodiversity B B/C B B B/C A/B B B/C C
(diversity of crop types) B A A B C A (B/C)
B A/B B/C
Note: A means low risk, C high risk
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Environmental ‘ranking’ of energy Environmental ‘ranking’ of energy crops by climatic zonecrops by climatic zone
• Multi-year “crops” (SRF/perennials) often more favourable than annual crops: support erosion protection and reduce N input
• Look for high yield (annual) cropping systems which enable extensive cropping: 2-culture systems of annual crops offer low biocide/fertilizer input and maximum output, no tilling
• Priorisation of annual crops for the nemoral and boreal zone: linseed cereals oilseed rape sugar beet potatoes
NB: Farming practices are NOT taken into account!
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Available technologies
Gentle shift in crop mix
Environmental ranking
Yield
by zone & crop
ENVIRONMENTALLY-COMPATIBLE
AGRICULTURAL BIOENERGY POTENTIAL
SustainableBioenergy
CropMix
by MS
Land
Determing the agricultural bioenergy potentialDeterming the agricultural bioenergy potential
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Environmentally-compatible bioenergy Environmentally-compatible bioenergy potential from agriculture by crop typepotential from agriculture by crop type
EU 25
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
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2010 2020 2030
Mio
tOE
SRC+per. grass
crops for biogas
crops for EtOH+
cereals for EtOH
oil crops
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Examples for Mediterranean Examples for Mediterranean countriescountries
Spain
0
5
10
15
20
2010 2020 2030
SRC+per. grass
crops for biogas
crops for EtOH+
cereals for EtOH
oil crops
Italy
0
5
10
15
20
2010 2020 2030
Mio
tOE
SRC+per. grass
crops for biogas
crops for EtOH+
cereals for EtOH
oil crops
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ForestryForestry biomass biomass
complementary fellings
Stem wood and residues
residue extractionfrom stem wood demand
+ stem wood due to competition with other wood industry
All sectors:All sectors: Environmentally-compatible Environmentally-compatible bioenergy potential, EU-25bioenergy potential, EU-25
Conclusion 1: Environmental criteria are required. But even then, substantial, and increasing biomass potential could be available
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Conclusion 2: Explore co-benefits between Conclusion 2: Explore co-benefits between energy use and nature protectionenergy use and nature protection
1. Use cuttings from grassland • necessary to maintain biodiversity-rich grassland and landscape
diversity• provide (limited) amount of bioenergy (5-7% of total agric. potential)
2. Use new bioenergy crop systems and varieties• reduced environmental pressure: less nutrient input, enhanced crop diversity, less use of heavy machines lower, structural elements• high energy yield
3. Use forest residues • Can support fire prevention measures in otherwise unmanaged forests
in Southern Europe• provides bioenergy, covering (parts of) the cost of collection
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‚‚Dilemma‘ in the MediterraneanDilemma‘ in the MediterraneanVery special agro-environmental characteristics
• High risk of soil erosion
• Water abstraction problems
• Increased fire risk
• Relatively low share of arable land in UAA
• Medium to low-intensive farmland (HNV)
• Problems with land abandonment
• Need for alternative rural activities
Only few crops seemed suitable from an environmental perspective• Arable crops may increase water abstraction (double cropping no solution -> are there other high-yield, low input cropping systems?)
• Only few perennial crops suited for very arid summers (e.g. reed canary grass, switchgrass)
• But: Increased risk of fire; landscape considerations
Environmentally-compatible bioenergy production with large synergetic effects could be of high relevance
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Workshop objective: ’solving the Workshop objective: ’solving the dilemma’dilemma’
• What are the practical experiences made with the growth of ‘conventional’ bioenergy crops (yields, environmental pressures)?
• Are there any other crops or crop combinations and agroforestry options that can combine low input and high yields? How about fire risks etc.?
• What is the environmental impact of different bioenergy crops in the agro-environmental context of the Mediterranean?
• Which social, economical and consideration will have to be respected with regards to bioenergy production in the Mediterranean ?
macroeconomic assumptions; energy prices;climate targets
Agriculture Forestry Waste
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t trend
s
enviro
nme
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ria
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enviro
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enviro
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Environmentally-compatible bioenergy potential in 2010, 2020, 2030
EEA scenarios and environmental assumptions
macroeconomic assumptions; energy prices;climate targets
Agriculture Forestry Waste
marke
t trend
s
enviro
nme
ntalcrite
ria
marke
t trend
s
enviro
nme
ntalcrite
ria
marke
t trend
s
enviro
nme
ntalcrite
ria
Environmentally-compatible bioenergy potential in 2010, 2020, 2030
macroeconomic assumptions; energy prices;climate targets
Agriculture Forestry Waste
marke
t trend
s
enviro
nme
ntalcrite
ria
marke
t trend
s
enviro
nme
ntalcrite
ria
marke
t trend
s
enviro
nme
ntalcrite
ria
Environmentally-compatible bioenergy potential in 2010, 2020, 2030
EEA scenarios and environmental assumptions
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Priorisation of annual crops for the Priorisation of annual crops for the Mediterranean NorthMediterranean North
Medit. NorthOtherCereals
cultivatedgrass
Cloveralfalfa
Sorghum
Wheat
Sunflower
Sugarbeets
Potatoes
Maize
erosion A A A A A B/C C C C
soil compaction A A/B A/B A A A C C B
nutrient inputs groundwater A B B A A A/B B B C
nutrient inputs in surface water
A B B A A A/B B/C B/C C
pesticide pollution of soils and water
A A A B/C A B B B C
water abstraction A A A A B B B C A/B
increased fire risk --- C --- A --- --- --- --- ---
Link to farmland biodiversity B B/C B B B/C A/B B B/C C
diversity of crop types B A A B C A (B/C)
B A/B B/C
Note: A means low risk, C high risk
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Forests available forwood supply
Sustainable harvest level
Forestsnot availablefor woodsupply
Criteria 4, 5: more deadwoodmore protected areas
Fellings to fulfil market demand
for wood products
Complimentary fellings
Stem wood
Residues
Residues
Stem wood
environ-mental
criteria 1-3: site
suitability
En
v.-c
om
pat
ible
po
ten
tial
Wo
od
ind
ust
ry
competition effect for high
energy prices
Forestry: approachForestry: approach
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Which technologies can exploit the Which technologies can exploit the environmentally-compatible potential?environmentally-compatible potential?
• Heat and electricity production are better suited to use solid biomass, perennials, biogas etc.
• 2nd generation biofuel technologies are promising from an environmental perspective (BTL, biogas, ethanol+) as they can use ligno-cellulosic material:
• Can use low-impact, high yield crops and grass cuttings as input • Allows the use of the important bioenergy potential from forestry
and waste, incl. by-products from agriculture
• Environmentally-friendly crop mixes favour perennials and low-impact, high yield crops 1st generation biofuel production has limited potential Sugar beet and oilseed rape appear not so favourable