1 The CSP-DSW Study Overview G. Tzamtzis. 2 The CSP-DSW Project STUDY SCOPE To conduct a Research and Development Study containing a techno-economic assessment.

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The CSP-DSW Study Overview

G. Tzamtzis

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The CSP-DSW ProjectSTUDY SCOPETo conduct a Research and Development Study

containing a techno-economic assessment study of the current status of technology in the co-production of electricity and desalinated water (by Sea Water Desalination-SWD) using Concentrated Solar Power (CSP)

Funded by: The Cyprus Government, through the Department of

Control

The project is co-financed by the EU Cohesion Fund

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The CSP-DSW Project

Coordinator: The Cyprus Institute (CyI)

Principle Investigator:Prof. C.N. Papanicolas

Research Partners: • Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) • University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign (UIUC)• Electric Authority of Cyprus (EAC)

• Complete dependence on fossil fuelCyprus is almost completely dependent on fossil fuel at a rate of about 96% (2006) with almost no hydrocarbon resources indigenously existing on the island. Soaring oil prices and natural gas shortages in Europe due to political disputes in 2008 emphasize the criticality of minimizing the dependence on such resources for energy production.

• Increasing Energy demandEnergy demand has continued to increase in the past years. Energy consumption rose from 1978 GWh in 1991 to 4396 GWh in 2006. The increase is mostly due to Cyprus’ economic growth over the past twenty years as well as the continuous population growth.

• Increased Carbon EmissionsThe use of hydrocarbons is the primary source of carbon emissions and especially CO2 a potent greenhouse gas which contributes to global warming. The national target for 2010 is set at 9% of total energy consumption to be from renewable sources. In the newly proposed EU Directive, the target for 2020 is 13%.

Cyprus’ Energy Problem

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Cyprus’ Energy ProblemPeak electricity demand and forecast in Cyprus

Cyprus’ Water Problem• Water Scarcity

Cyprus has always faced prolonged periods of drought. Rising temperatures and decreased precipitation due to Climate Change exacerbate the problem.

• Climate model predictionsRobust model predictions are unfavourable: by the end of this century a 20% - 40% reduction in rainfall is expected, while the temperature is expected to increase by 3-6 degrees Celsius.

• Water reservoirs critically low Although steps have been taken to maximize capacity, water in dams is low and aquifers are almost depleted.

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The increasing role of Desalination

Source: Cyprus WDD

Cyprus

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CSP and DesalinationThe CSP-DSW project examines a most promising solution for Cyprus:

•Production of water to cover the rising demand and simultaneous production of economically competitive, green electricity from solar power.

•CSP Technology has been used with Desalination but in a “serial” way, i.e. production of electricity through solar power first and then utilization of the produced electricity for desalination.

•The co-generation scheme examines the feasibility of a more efficient, cost-saving and environment-friendly plant for electricity and water production

CSP-DSW Project Organization

To better examine and investigate the various aspects of the project, it has been divided into the following themes:

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CSP-DSW Project Organization

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• An examination of current technologies for Desalination and Electricity Production using CSP for Cyprus

• An assessment of the maturity of the available technologies for implementation in a pilot and a commercial plant.

•An innovative design for a Pilot plant for Cyprus, with proposals for its various subsystems

•Operational parameters, capacity and an operational plan of the proposed pilot plant.

•An Economic Assessment of the proposed technology.

The Study Focused on:

The CSP-DSW Project

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CSP-DSW ConsiderationsConstraints and Considerations:

•The unit must present a co-generation solution bespoken for Cyprus’ needs and conditions. Cyprus has an isolated grid and is depended completely on fossil fuel. It also relies heavily on desalination which is very energy demanding

•The Unit must operate independently and continuously, (no fossil fuel assisted operation). This dictates the use of energy storage for operation during the night and cloudy weather

•The Unit should take into account the geographical conditions in Cyprus. Flat land, especially near the coast is scarce and expensive. The unit should be deployed in a hilly and coastal environment (Fresnel and Parabolic troughs unsuitable)

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CSP-DSW ConsiderationsConstraints and Considerations:

•The Unit should utilize all available thermal energy from Solar Harvesting, Storage and Power Cycle to enhance its performance and introduce savings

•The Unit should produce simultaneously both electricity and water, with the ability to modify its operation according to seasonal and instantaneous needs

The advantages of CSP-DSW are realized only when the power and desalination cycles are integrated thermally and optimized together.

CSP-DSW co-generation simplified concept

The CSP-DSW co-generation scheme will try to utilise the all available thermal energy from the various subsystems

The CSP-DSW ProjectSystem Description:

SOLAR HARVESTING AND HEAT STORAGE Light (solar energy) will be harvested by a field of Heliostats on a hilly, south facing, location near the sea.

The solar energy will be captured by a central receiver and converted to heat and stored in a salt container of novel design at high temperatures (500 to 600ο C).

A second, more advance and technologically far more challenging design for the storage unit, employing very high operating temperatures (600 – 1000ο C) has also been studied, providing an excellent future solution (supercritical CO2 cycle)

The Solar Harvesting and Storage Module is based on the innovative CSPonD concept developed by Slocum et al. at MIT.

The CSP-DSW ProjectSystem Description:

POWER PRODUCTIONSteam will be generated from the heat reservoir of the salt container. Electricity will be produced using commercially available Steam extraction turbine.

DESALINATIONDesalinated water will be produced using an innovative Multiple Effect Distillation (MED) with a Thermal Vapour Compressor, principally from the heat output of the steam turbine and other heat sources of the system.

A hybrid solution (MED+RO) might introduce further flexibility and efficiency in the system.

The CSP-DSW ProjectPresentations:• Prof. Mitsos will talk about the CSP-DSW subsystems

integration and optimization process and operational considerations. Overview of the whole system

• Mr. Danny Codd will present the innovative CSPonD concept for the integrated Central Receiver and Storage system

• Dr. Rouvas will present the considerations and issues pertained to the turbine coupling to the whole system and in particular the desalination cycle

• Prof. Georgiadis will discuss the various desalination options and present an MED proposal for the CSP-DSW system

• Prof. Papanicolas will present the financial assessment of the technology and the overall conclusions of the study.

The CSP-DSW Project

Acknowledgments

•Cyprus Energy Regulatory Authority

•Cyprus Land Survey

•Cyprus Meteorological Service

•Department of Control

•Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Tourism

•Ministry of Communication and Works

•Ministry of Interior

•Ministry of Education

•Planning Bureau

•Water Development Department