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2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco
Confidential 1 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights
reserved. Cisco Confidential 1 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates.
All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 1Cisco Confidential 1 2010
Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Vodafone Romania ITP Knowledge Transfer
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Refresh Routing = building maps and giving directions Switching
= moving packets between interfaces Routers are packet switches
Path determination is overhead
2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco
Confidential 2
IPv4: Internet Protocol, version 4. The protocol that glues the
Internet together. Provides (unreliable) packet delivery service
for TCP, UDP, ICMP, IGMP.
IPv6: Internet Protocol, version 6.128 bits address, newer
version of Internet Protocol.Will it ever happen?
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UNIX Host UNIX HostInternetTCP/IP
32 BitsNetwork Host
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Confidential 3
Company A Company B
Unique addressing allows communication between end stations Path
choice is based on location Location is represented by an IP
address
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Hardware state Static
Routes are manually defined Dynamic
Routes are learned from a protocolRouting protocol updates are
exchanged by routers to learn about paths to other logical
networksEach routing protocol offers features that can make it
desirable as part of an internetwork design
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Confidential 4
Each routing protocol offers features that can make it desirable
as part of an internetwork design
I Know About:Network XNetwork YNetwork Z
I Know About:Network ANetwork BNetwork CA
BC
XYZ
Routing Update
Exchanges Network Knowledge
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NameNameRIPRIP
TypeTypeDVDV
ProprietaryProprietaryNoNo
FunctionFunctionInteriorInterior
UpdatesUpdates30 Sec30 Sec
MetricMetricHopsHops
VLSMVLSMNoNo
SummSummAutoAuto
IP routing protocols are characterized as
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RIPRIPRIPv2RIPv2IGRPIGRPEIGRPEIGRPOSPFOSPFISIS--ISISBGPBGP
DVDVDVDVDVDV
Adv DVAdv DVLSLSLSLSDVDV
NoNoNoNoYesYesYesYesNoNoNoNoNoNo
InteriorInteriorInteriorInteriorInteriorInteriorInteriorInteriorInteriorInteriorInt/ExtInt/ExtExteriorExterior
30 Sec30 Sec30 Sec30 Sec90 Sec90
SecTrigTrigTrigTrigTrigTrigTrigTrig
HopsHopsHopsHopsCompCompCompCompCostCostCostCostN/N/AA
NoNoYesYesNoNoYesYesYesYesYesYesN/AN/A
AutoAutoAutoAutoAutoAutoBothBothManManAutoAutoManMan
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Cisco Confidential 6 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All
rights reserved.
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TCP: transmission control protocolconnection-oriented, reliable,
full duplex, byte stream service
UDP: User datagram protocolConnectionless, unreliable
SCTP: Newest transport protocol coming out from IETF and can
TCP/UDP/SCTP protocols:
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SCTP: Newest transport protocol coming out from IETF and can be
seen as enhanced TCP adding some important features to TCP and
being design for real-time signaling transport over IP.
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Unreliable and unordered datagram service Adds multiplexing No
flow control Endpoints identified by ports
servers have well-known ports
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servers have well-known ports Header format
Optional checksumpsuedo header + UDP header + data
SrcPort DstPortChecksum Length
Data
0 16 31
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TCP travels in IP datagrams Internet routers only look at IP
header to forward
datagrams TCP at destination interprets TCP messages
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SrcPort DstPortSequenceNum
Acknowledgment
0 4 10 16 31
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Options (variable)
Data
Checksum
HdrLen 0 Flags
UrgPtr
AdvertisedWindow
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Keep upper layers (TCAP, SCCP, ISUP) and use IP transport
Transparent to ALL current SS7 end-devices Maintain reliability of
SS7 (mimic/support MTP layers) Preserve the upper layer timers
STANDARDS = Sigtran IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force)
This we will discuss later ..in SCTP Section
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This we will discuss later ..in SCTP Section
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Services/Features SCTP TCPConnection-oriented Yes YesReliable
data transfer Yes YesUnordered data delivery Yes NoFlow control Yes
YesCongestion control Yes Yes
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Congestion control Yes YesSelective ACKs Yes
OptionalPreservation of message boundaries Yes NoMultistreaming Yes
NoMultihoming Yes NoProtection against SYN flooding attacks Yes
NoPsuedo-header for checksum No (uses vtags) Yes
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ASSOCIATION ASSOCIATION STARTUP & STARTUP &
SEQUENCED DELIVERY WITHIN STREAMSSEQUENCED DELIVERY WITHIN
STREAMSNo of Streams/AssociationNo of Streams/Association
USER DATA FRAGMENTATIONUSER DATA FRAGMENTATIONFragmentation to
conforms to Path Fragmentation to conforms to Path MTUMTU
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT AND CONGESTION AVOIDANCEACKNOWLEDGEMENT AND
CONGESTION AVOIDANCE
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STARTUP & STARTUP & TAKEDOWNTAKEDOWN
SCTP User Initiate, SCTP User Initiate, Association,
CookieAssociation, Cookie
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT AND CONGESTION AVOIDANCEACKNOWLEDGEMENT AND
CONGESTION AVOIDANCETransmission Sequence Number (Transmission
Sequence Number (TSNTSN))
CHUNK BUNDLINGCHUNK BUNDLINGChunk Bundles with Common
HeadersChunk Bundles with Common Headers
PACKET VALIDATIONPACKET VALIDATION32 Bit Checksum (Alder32 Bit
Checksum (Alder--32)32)
PATH MANAGEMENTPATH MANAGEMENTHeartbeat, Choosing the correct
Path for Outgoing Packets Heartbeat, Choosing the correct Path for
Outgoing Packets
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How these fits in the OSI Model
Telnet FTP SMTP HTTP FingerSNMPNTPNNTP M2PA
Presentation
Application XUA
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Confidential 14
Copper Cable
IP
Radio WavesFiber Optic strand
Ethernet PPPFDDIToken-Ring
TCPICMP
UDP
SLIP
Physical
Session
Transport
Network
DatalinkARP
SCTP
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Thank you.Thank you.