1. Struktur Sel

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Basic Structure of a Cell


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LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION

Living Levels:

1. CELL(makes up ALL organisms)

2. TISSUE(cells working together3. ORGAN(heart, brain, stomach )

4. ORGAN SYSTEMS(respiratory,

circulatory )

5. ORGANISM


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History of Cells & the

Cell Theory

Cell Specialization


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First to View Cells

In 1665, RobertHookeused amicroscope to

examine a thin sliceof cork(dead plantcell walls)

What he saw lookedlike small boxes
http://www.answers.com/main/ntquery;jsessionid=1j97kp4acxjpo?method=4&dsname=Wikipedia+Images&dekey=Hooke-microscope.png&gwp=8&sbid=lc01b


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First to View Cells

Hooke isresponsible fornaming cells

Hooke called themCELLS becausethey looked like

the small roomsthat monks lived incalled Cells


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Anthony van Leeuwenhoek

In 1673,Leeuwenhoek(aDutch microscopemaker), was first to

view organism(livingthings)

Leeuwenhoek used a

simple, handheldmicroscope to viewpond water &scrapings from his

teeth


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Beginning of the Cell Theory

In 1838, a Germanbotanist namedMatthias Schleiden

concluded that allplantswere made ofcells

Schleiden is acofounderof thecell theory


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In 1839, a Germanzoologist namedTheodore Schwann

concluded that allanimalswere madeof cells

Schwann alsocofoundedthe celltheory


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In 1855, a Germanmedical doctor namedRudolph Virchow

observed, under themicroscope, cellsdividing.

He reasoned that allcells come from otherpre-existing cellsbycell division


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CELL THEORY

All living things aremade of cells.

Cells are the basic unitof structure andfunction in an organism

(basic unit of life) Cells come from thereproduction of existing

cells (cell division)


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Discoveries

sincethe Cell Theory


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ENDOSYMBIOTIC THEORY

In 1970, Americanbiologist, Lynn Margulis,provided evidence thatsome organelles within cells

were at one time freeliving cellsthemselves

Supporting evidence

included organelles withtheir own DNA

Chloroplast & Mitochondria
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Lynn_Margulis.jpg


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Cell Size and Types

Cells, the basic units of organisms, canonly be observed under microscope.

Three basic types of cells include:

Animal Cell Plant Cell Bacterial Cell


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Prokaryotes The first cells Cells that lack a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles.

Includes bacteria. Simplest type of cell.

Single, circular chromosome.


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Prokaryotes

Nucleoid region(center) contains theDNA.

Surrounded by cellmembrane & cell wall(peptidoglycan).

Contain ribosomes (no

membrane)in theircytoplasm to makeproteins.


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Eukaryotes Cells that HAVE anucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

Includes protists, fungi,plants, and animals.

More complextype of

cells.


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Eukaryotic Cell

Contain 3 basic cellstructures:

Nucleus Cell Membrane

Cytoplasm with

organelles


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Two Main Types of

Eukaryotic Cells

Plant Cell Animal Cell


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Organelles

Very small(Microscopic)

Perform various functionsfor a

cell Found in the cytoplasm

May or may not be membrane-bound


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Animal Cell Organelles

Nucleolus

Nucleus

Nuclear envelope

Ribosome (attached)

Ribosome (free)

Cell Membrane

Rough

endoplasmic

reticulum

Golgi apparatus

Mitochondrion

Smooth

endoplasmic

reticulum

Centrioles


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Cell or Plasma Membrane

Outsideof cell

Insideof cell(cytoplasm)

Cellmembrane

Proteins

Proteinchannel Lipid bilayer

Carbohydratechains

Composed of double layer of phospholipids andproteins

Surroundsoutside of ALL cells Controls what enters or leaves the cell

Living layer


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Phospholipids

Headscontain glycerol &phosphate and are hydrophilic(attract water)

Tailsare made of fatty acids

and are hydrophobic(repelwater)

Make up a bilayerwhere tails

point inwardtoward each other Can move laterallyto allow

small molecules(O2, CO2, &

H2O to enter)


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The Cell Membrane is Fluid

Molecules in cell membranes are constantly movingand changing


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Cell Membrane Proteins

Proteins help move largemolecules or aid in cellrecognition

Peripheral proteinsareattached on the surface(inner or outer)

Integral proteinsare

embedded completelythrough the membrane


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Recognizeself

GLYCOPROTEINS

Glycoproteins have carbohydrate tailsto act

as markers for cell recognition


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Jelly-like

substance enclosedbycell membrane Provides a medium

for chemicalreactionsto takeplace

Cytoplasm of a Cell

cytoplasm


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Controls the normalactivities of the cell Contains the DNA in

chromosomes Bounded by anuclear envelope

(membrane) withpores.

Usually the largest

organelle

Nucleus


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Each cell has fixednumber ofchromosomes that

carry genes Genes control cellcharacteristics

Nucleus

More on the Nucleus


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Nuclear Envelope

Double membranesurroundingnucleus

Also called nuclear membraneContains nuclear poresformaterials to enter & leavenucleus

Connected to the rough ER

Nuclearpores


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Inside the Nucleus -

The genetic material (DNA) is found

DNA is spread outAnd appears asCHROMATIN

in non-dividing cells

DNA is condensed &wrapped around proteins

formingas CHROMOSOMES

in dividing cells


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What Does DNA do?

DNA is the hereditarymaterialof the cell

Genesthat make up the DNA

molecule code for differentproteins


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Nucleolus

Inside nucleus

Cell may have 1

to 3nucleoli Disappearswhencell divides

Makes ribosomesthat makeproteins


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Cytoskeleton

Helps cell maintain cellshape

Also help moveorganellesaround

Made of proteins

Microfilamentsarethreadlike & made of

ACTIN Microtubulesare

tubelike & made ofTUBULIN


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Centrioles

Found only in animalcells

Paired structures nearnucleus

Made of bundle ofmicrotubules

Appear during celldivisionforming mitotic

spindle Help to pull chromosome

pairs apartto oppositeends of the cell


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Centrioles & the Mitotic Spindle

Made of MICROTUBULES (Tubulin)


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Mitochondrion(plural = mitochondria)

Powerhouse of the cell Generate cellular energy

(ATP) More active cellslike

musclecells have MOREmitochondria

Both plants & animal cellshave mitochondria

Site of CELLULARRESPIRATION(burningglucose)


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MITOCHONDRIA

Surrounded by a DOUBLEmembrane

Folded inner membranecalled CRISTAE(increases surface area

for more chemicalReactions)

Has its own DNA

Interior called MATRIX


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Interesting Fact ---

MitochondriaCome fromcytoplasm in the

EGG cell duringfertilization

Therefore

You inherit yourmitochondriafrom your

mother!


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What do mitochondria do?

Burns glucose torelease energy (ATP)

Stores energy as ATP

Power plantof the cell

E d l i R i l ER


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Endoplasmic Reticulum - ER

Two kinds of ER ---ROUGH & SMOOTH

Network of hollow membrane tubules

Connects to nuclear envelope & cellmembrane

Functions in Synthesisof cell products &

Transport


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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RoughER)

Has ribosomeson its surface

Makesmembraneproteins andproteins for

EXPORT out ofcell


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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum(Rough ER)

Proteins are madeby ribosomes on ERsurface

They are thenthreaded into theinterior of the

Rough ERto bemodified andtransported


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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Smooth ERlacksribosomes on its

surface Is attached to the

endsof rough ER

Makes cell productsthat are USEDINSIDE the cell


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Functions of the Smooth ER

Makes membranelipids (steroids)

Regulates calcium(muscle cells)

Destroys toxic

substances(Liver)


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Endomembrane System

Includes nuclear membrane connected to ER connected

to cell membrane (transport)


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Ribosomes

Made of PROTEINSand rRNA Protein factories for cell Join amino acidsto make proteins

Process called protein synthesis


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Ribosomes

Can be attached toRough ER

RBe free

(unattached)in thecytoplasm

G l i B di


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Golgi Bodies Stacks of flattened sacs

Have a shipping side(trans face) andreceiving side (cis face)

Receive proteinsmadeby ER

Transport vesicleswithmodified proteins pinch

off the ends

Transportvesicle

CIS

TRANS


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Golgi Bodies

Look like a stack of pancakes

Modify, sort, & package

molecules from ERfor storageORtransportout of cell


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Golgi Animation

Materials are transported from Rough ER

to Golgi to the cell membrane by VESICLES


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Lysosomes

Contain digestiveenzymes

Break down food,bacteria,and worn out

cell partsfor cells Programmed forcell

death (AUTOLYSIS)

Lyse (break open) &release enzymestobreak down & recycle

cell parts)


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Lysosome Digestion

Cells take infood byphagocytosis

Lysosomesdigestthe food& get rid ofwastes

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