1 STOICHIOMETRY TUTORIAL 2 Instructions: This is a work along tutorial. Each time you click the mouse or touch the space bar on your computer, one step.

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STOICHIOMETRY TUTORIALSTOICHIOMETRY TUTORIAL

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Instructions: This is a work along tutorial. Each time you click the mouse or touch the space bar on your computer, one step of the problem solving occurs. Pressing the PAGE UP key will backup the steps.

Get a pencil and paper, a periodic

table and a calculator, and

let’s get to work.

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(1-2-3) General Approach For Problem Solving:

1. Clearly identify the Goal or Goals and the UNITS involved. (What are you trying to do?)

2. Determine what is given and the UNITS.

3. Use conversion factors (which are really ratios) and their UNITS to CONVERT what is given into what is desired.

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Table of Contents: Click on each tab to view problem types.

Sample problem 1

Sample problem 2

Converting grams to moles

Mole to Mole Conversions

View Complete Slide Show

Gram-Mole and Gram-Gram Problems

Solution Stoichiometry Problems

Limiting/Excess/ Reactant and Theoretical Yield Problems :

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Sample problem for general problem solving.

Sam has entered into a 10 mile marathon. Use ALL of the following conversions (ratios) to determine how many inches there are in the race.5280 ft = 1 mile; 12 inches = 1 ft

1. What is the goal and what units are needed?

Goal = ______ inches

2. What is given and its units?

10 miles

3. Convert using factors (ratios).

10 miles = inches

mile 1

ft 5280ft 1

inches 12 633600

Units match

Given GoalConvert

Menu

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Sample problem #2 on problem solving.

A car is traveling at a speed of 45 miles per hr (45 miles/hr). Determine its speed in kilometers per second using the following conversion factors (ratios). 1 mile = 5280 ft; 1 ft = 12 in; 1 inch = 2.54 cm; k = 1 x 103; c = 1 x 10-2; 1 hr =60 min; 1 min = 60 s

= km shr

mi 45mi

ft 5280

ft 1

in 12

in 1

cm 2.54c

10x 1 -2

310x 1

kmin 60

hr

s 60

min0.020

Units Match!

Goal

c cancels cm remains

Given

This is the

same as putting k over k

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Converting grams to moles.

Determine how many moles there are in 5.17 grams of Fe(C5H5)2.

Goal

= moles Fe(C5H5)2

Given

5.17 g Fe(C5H5)2

Use the molar mass to convert grams to

moles.

Fe(C5H5)2

2 x 5 x 1.001 = 10.012 x 5 x 12.011 = 120.11

1 x 55.85 = 55.85

mol

g 185.97

g 185.97

mol0.0278

units match

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Stoichiometry (more working with ratios)

Ratios are found within a chemical equation.

2HCl + Ba(OH)2 2H2O + BaCl2 1 1

2 moles of HCl react with 1 mole of Ba(OH)2 to form 2 moles of H2O and 1 mole of BaCl2

coefficients give MOLAR RATIOS

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When N2O5 is heated, it decomposes:

2N2O5(g) 4NO2(g) + O2(g)

a. How many moles of NO2 can be produced from 4.3 moles of N2O5?

= moles NO2

4.3 mol N2O5

52

2

ON mol2

NO mol48.6

b. How many moles of O2 can be produced from 4.3 moles of N2O5?

= mole O2

4.3 mol N2O5

52

2

ON 2mol

O mol12.2

2N2O5(g) 4NO2(g) + O2(g)4.3 mol ? mol

2N2O5(g) 4NO2(g) + O2(g)4.3 mol ? mol

Mole – Mole Conversions

Units match

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When N2O5 is heated, it decomposes:2N2O5(g) 4NO2(g) + O2(g)

a. How many moles of N2O5 were used if 210g of NO2 were produced?

= moles N2O5

210 g NO2

2

52

NO mol4

ON mol22.28

b. How many grams of N2O5 are needed to produce 75.0 grams of O2?

= grams N2O5

75.0 g O2

2

52

O 1mol

ON mol2506

2

2

NO g0.46

NO mol

2

2

O g 32.0

O mol

52

52

ON mol

ON g108

gram ↔ mole and gram ↔ gram conversions

2N2O5(g) 4NO2(g) + O2(g)210g? moles

2N2O5(g) 4NO2(g) + O2(g)75.0 g? grams

Units match

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Aluminum is an active metal that when placed in hydrochloric acid produces hydrogen gas and aluminum chloride. How many grams of aluminum chloride can be produced when 3.45 grams of aluminum are reacted with an excess of hydrochloric acid?

First write a balanced equation.

Al(s) + HCl(aq) AlCl3(aq) + H2(g)2 6 2 3

Gram to Gram Conversions

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Al(s) + HCl(aq) AlCl3(aq) + H2(g)2 6 2 3

Now let’s get organized. Write the information below the substances.

3.45 g ? grams

Gram to Gram Conversions

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Al(s) + HCl(aq) AlCl3(aq) + H2(g)2 6 2 33.45 g ? grams

Let’s work the problem.

= g AlCl3

3.45 g Al

Alg 27.0

Almol

We must always convert to moles.

Now use the molar ratio.

Almol 2

AlClmol 2 3

Now use the molar mass to convert to grams.

3

3

AlClmol

AlClg 133.317.0

Units match

gram to gram conversions

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Molarity

Molarity is a term used to express concentration. The units of molarity are moles per liter (It is abbreviated as a capital M)

When working problems, it is a good idea to change M

into its units.

mL 1000

moles

Liter

moles M

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A solution is prepared by dissolving 3.73 grams of AlCl3 in water to form 200.0 mL solution. A 10.0 mL portion of the solution is then used to prepare 100.0 mL of solution. Determine the molarity of the final solution.

What type of problem(s) is

this?

Molarity followed by

dilution.

Solutions

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A solution is prepared by dissolving 3.73 grams of AlCl3 in water to form 200.0 mL solution. A 10.0 mL portion of the solution is then used to prepare 100.0 mL of solution. Determine the molarity of the final solution.

1st:

= mol L

3.73 g

g 133.4

mol

200.0 x 10-3 L0.140

2nd: M1V1 = M2V2

(0.140 M)(10.0 mL) = (? M)(100.0 mL)

0.0140 M = M2

molar mass of AlCl3

dilution formula

final concentration

Solutions

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50.0 mL of 6.0 M H2SO4 (battery acid) were spilled and solid NaHCO3 (baking soda) is to be used to neutralize the acid. How many grams of NaHCO3 must be used?

H2SO4(aq) + 2NaHCO3 2H2O(l) + Na2SO4(aq) + 2CO2(g)

Solution Stoichiometry

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50.0 mL

6.0 M

L

mol 6.0

? g

Look! A conversion factor!




=

Our Goal

19

50.0 mL

6.0 M

L

mol 6.0

? g




=

Our Goal

= g NaHCO3

H2SO4

50.0 mL

1000mL

SOH mol 6.0

42SOH

42

1 molH2SO4

NaHCO3

2 molNaHCO3

84.0 gmolNaHCO3

50.4

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Solution Stoichiometry:

Determine how many mL of 0.102 M NaOH solution are needed to neutralize 35.0 mL of 0.125 M H2SO4 solution.

First write a balancedEquation.

____NaOH + ____H2SO4 ____H2O + ____Na2SO4 2 1 2 1

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Determine how many mL of 0.102 M NaOH solution is needed to neutralize 35.0 mL of 0.125 M H2SO4 solution.

Now, let’s get organized. Place numerical Information and

accompanying UNITS below each compound.

____NaOH + ____H2SO4 ____H2O + ____Na2SO4 2 1 2 1

0.102 ML

mol

? mL

35.0 mL

mL 1000

mol 0.125

L

mol 0.125

Since 1 L = 1000 mL, we can use this to save on the number of conversions

Our Goal

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Determine how many mL of 0.102 M NaOH solution is needed to neutralize 35.0 mL of 0.125 M H2SO4 solution.

Now let’s get to work converting.

____NaOH + ____H2SO4 ____H2O + ____Na2SO4 2 1 2 1

0.102 ML

mol

? mL

35.0 mL

mL1000

mol 0.125

L

mol 0.125

= mL NaOH

H2SO4

35.0 mL H2SO4

0.125 mol 1000 mL H2SO4

NaOH2 mol1 mol H2SO4

1000 mL NaOH0.102 mol NaOH

85.8

Units Match


shortcut

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What volume of 0.40 M HCl solution is needed to completely neutralize 47.1 mL of 0.75 M Ba(OH)2?

1st write out a balanced chemical

equation


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What volume of 0.40 M HCl solution is needed to completely neutralize 47.1 mL of 0.75 M Ba(OH)2?

2HCl(aq) + Ba(OH)2(aq) 2H2O(l) + BaCl2

0.40 M 47.1 mL0.75 M? mL

= mL HCl

Ba(OH)2

47.1 mL

2

2

Ba(OH)

Ba(OH)

mL 1000

0.75mol

1 mol Ba(OH)2

HCl2 mol

0.40 mol HCl

HCl1000 mL

176

Units match


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Solution Stochiometry Problem:

A chemist performed a titration to standardize a barium hydroxide solution. If it took 23.28 mL of 0.135 M hydrochloric acid to neutralize 25.00 mL of the barium hydroxide solution, what was the concentration of the barium hydroxide solution in moles per liter (M)?

First write a balanced chemical reaction.

____HCl(aq) + ____Ba(OH)2(aq) ____H2O(l) + ____BaCl2(aq)2 1 2 1

23.28 mL

0.135 mol L

25.00 mL

? mol L

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A chemist performed a titration to standardize a barium hydroxide solution. If it took 23.28 mL of 0.135 M hydrochloric acid to neutralize 25.00 mL of the barium hydroxide solution, what was the concentration of the barium hydroxide solution in moles per liter (M)?

____HCl(aq) + ____Ba(OH)2(aq) ____H2O(l) + ____BaCl2(aq)2 1 2 1

23.28 mL

0.135 mol L

25.00 mL

? mol L

= mol Ba(OH)2

L Ba(OH)2

25.00 x 10-3 L Ba(OH)2

Units Already Match on Bottom!

HClmL 23.28

HCl

HCl

mL 1000

mol 0.135

HCl

Ba(OH)

mol 2

mol l2 0.0629

Units match on top!

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48.0 mL of Ca(OH)2 solution was titrated with 19.2 mL of 0.385 M HNO3. Determine the molarity of the Ca(OH)2 solution.

We must first write a balanced equation.


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48.0 mL of Ca(OH)2 solution was titrated with 19.2 mL of 0.385 M HNO3. Determine the molarity of the Ca(OH)2 solution.

Ca(OH)2(aq) + HNO3(aq) H2O(l) + Ca(NO3)2(aq)2 248.0 mL 19.2 mL

0.385 ML

mol 0.385

= mol(Ca(OH)2)

L (Ca(OH)2)

19.2 mLHNO3

3

3

HNO

HNO

mL 1000

mol0.385

3

2

HNO 2mol

Ca(OH) 1mol

48.0 x 10-3L

? M

units match!

0.0770


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Potassium superoxide, KO2, is used in rebreathing gas masks to generate oxygen.

4KO2(s) + 2H2O(l) 4KOH(s) + 3O2(g)

a. How many moles of O2 can be produced from 0.15 mol KO2 and 0.10 mol H2O?

b. Determine the limiting reactant.

4KO2(s) + 2H2O(l) 4KOH(s) + 3O2(g)

First copy down the the BALANCED

equation!

Now place numerical the

information below the compounds.

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4KO2(s) + 2H2O(l) 4KOH(s) + 3O2(g)

a. How many moles of O2 can be produced from 0.15 mol KO2 and 0.10 mol H2O?

b. Determine the limiting reactant.

4KO2(s) + 2H2O(l) 4KOH(s) + 3O2(g)

0.15 mol 0.10 mol ? moles

Two starting amounts?

Where do we start?

Hide

one

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4KO2(s) + 2H2O(l) 4KOH(s) + 3O2(g)

a. How many moles of O2 can be produced from 0.15 mol KO2 and 0.10 mol H2O?b. Determine the limiting reactant.

4KO2(s) + 2H2O(l) 4KOH(s) + 3O2(g)

0.15 mol 0.10 mol ? molesHide

Based on:KO2 = mol O2

0.15 mol KO2

2

2

KO 4mol

O mol30.1125

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4KO2(s) + 2H2O(l) 4KOH(s) + 3O2(g)

a. How many moles of O2 can be produced from 0.15 mol KO2 and 0.10 mol H2O?b. Determine the limiting reactant.

4KO2(s) + 2H2O(l) 4KOH(s) + 3O2(g)



0.15 mol KO2

2

2

KO 4mol

O mol30.1125

Hide

Based on: H2O

= mol O20.10 mol H2O

OH 2mol

O mol3

2

2 0.150


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4KO2(s) + 2H2O(l) 4KOH(s) + 3O2(g) a. How many moles of O2 can be produced from 0.15 mol KO2 and 0.10 mol H2O?

Determine the limiting reactant.

4KO2(s) + 2H2O(l) 4KOH(s) + 3O2(g)



0.15 mol KO2

2

2

KO 4mol

O mol30.1125

Based on: H2O

= mol O20.10 mol H2O

OH 2mol

O mol3

2

2 0.150

What is the theoretical yield? Hint: Which is the smallest

amount? The is based upon the limiting reactant?

It was limited by theamount of KO2.

H2O = excess (XS) reactant!

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Theoretical yield vs. Actual yield

Suppose the theoretical yield for an experiment was calculated to be 19.5 grams, and the experiment was performed, but only 12.3 grams of product were recovered. Determine the % yield.

Theoretical yield = 19.5 g based on limiting reactant

Actual yield = 12.3 g experimentally recovered

100x yield ltheoretica

yield actual yield %

yield 63.1% 100x 19.5

12.3 yield %

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4KO2(s) + 2H2O(l) 4KOH(s) + 3O2(g)

If a reaction vessel contains 120.0 g of KO2 and 47.0 g of H2O, how many grams of O2 can be produced?

4KO2(s) + 2H2O(l) 4KOH(s) + 3O2(g)

120.0 g 47.0 g ? gHide one

Based on:KO2

= g O2 120.0 g KO2

g1.71

mol2

2

KO 4mol

O mol3

2

2

O mol

O g0.3240.51

Limiting/Excess Reactant Problem with % Yield

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4KO2(s) + 2H2O(l) 4KOH(s) + 3O2(g)


4KO2(s) + 2H2O(l) 4KOH(s) + 3O2(g)

120.0 g 47.0 g ? g

Based on:KO2

= g O2 120.0 g KO2

g1.71

mol2

2

KO 4mol

O mol3

2

2

O mol

O g0.3240.51

Based on:H2O

= g O2

Question if only 35.2 g of O2 were recovered, what was the percent yield?

yield 86.9% 100x 51.40

2.35 100x

ltheoretica

actual

Hide

47.0 g H2O

OH g 02.18

OH mol

2

2

OH mol 2

O mol 3

2

2

2

2

O mol

O g0.32125.3

Limiting/Excess Reactant Problem with % Yield

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4KO2(s) + 2H2O(l) 4KOH(s) + 3O2(g)

120.0 g 47.0 g ? g

Based on:KO2

= g O2 120.0 g KO2

g1.71

mol2

2

KO 4mol

O mol3

2

2

O mol

O g0.3240.51

Based on:H2O

= g O247.0 g H2O

OH g 02.18

OH mol

2

2

OH mol 2

O mol 3

2

2

2

2

O mol

O g0.32125.3

Determine how many grams of Water were left over.The Difference between the above amounts is directly RELATED to the XS H2O.

125.3 - 40.51 = 84.79 g of O2 that could have been formed from the XS water.

= g XS H2O84.79 g O2

2

2

O g 32.0

O mol

2

2

O mol 3

OH mol 2

OH mol 1

OH g 02.18

2

2 31.83

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Calculate the molarity of a solution prepared by dissolving 25.6 grams of Al(NO3)3 in 455 mL of solution.

L

mol 0.264

L 10x 455g 213

moleg 25.63-

After you have worked the

problem, click here to see

setup answer

Try this problem (then check your answer):

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Chemistry: StoichiometryUnifying Theme: Constancy, Change, and MeasurementWhy What How

Enduring Understandings

Essential Questions Major Indicators, Prioritized Assessment Examples

The mole is basic unit of measurement in chemistry contains 6.02 x 1023 particles.The mole is the bridge between microscopic and macroscopic world and is used in unit analysis.Stoichiometry is used to predict quantities in chemical reactions.Products are limited by the amount of reactants such as natural resources and the limitation can be predicted.Mass of 1 mole substance can be determined based on the atomic mass in the Periodic Table.

How is the mole used in chemical calculations?How is quantity of materials predicted in a chemical reaction?How do available materials limit the amount of products?How is molar mass calculated

EssentialHS4.4.5.1 use the coefficients of a balanced equation to predict amounts of reactants and products.HS4.4.5 demonstrate that adjusting quantities of reactants will affect the amounts of products formed.HS4.4.A.A identify and define Avogadro’s number and the mole concept operationally and conceptually.HS4.4.A.B utilize dimensional analysis to perform mole to mole, mass to mass, particle to mole, and mole to particle calculations.HS4.4.A.D use formula mass to calculate percent composition of a compound.HS.4.4A.F solve problems involving quantitative relationships in equations including stoichiometric concepts of mole to mole, particle to particle, mass to mass, mole to volume and volume to mole.HS4.4.A.G manipulate the limiting reagent concept qualitatively to conclude that the starting materials of the chemical industry such as petroleum, are limited resources and decisions must be made about their wise consumption.HS1.6.4 manipulate quantities and/or numerical values in algebraic equations.HS1.7.4 recognize mathematics as an integral part of the scientific process.HS4.4.1.5 calculate the molecular weight of a compound given in the Periodic Table.

• Pre-assessment-Brainstorm the collective terms such as dozen, pairs, gross, etc, and conversions between the terms and their numerical values.• Formative Assessment-Develop a creative concept map to illustrate the relationships among mole, mass, volume and number of particles.• Summative Assessment-Competition: Students are given a specific amount of iron filing and copper sulfate. They are required to return exact one gram of elemental copper after the reaction is completed.-Write an article for your school paper about the air pollution in your community. Be sure to include the stoichiometric analysis.

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Chemistry: StoichiometryHow

Suggested Instructional SequenceDifferentiation Examples

Introduction of mole concept. - What is mole?- Determine the number of rice grains in a given container.Guided practice in calculation of atomic mass, molar mass, and formula mass.Utilize dimensional analysis to convert among mole, gram, volume and number of particles.- Lab Galvanized Iron: determine number of atoms of Zn coated on a piece of galvanized iron.- Guided practice: mole conversions using mole concept map.Percent of composition;- Lab percent of water in popcorn- Lab determining an Empirical formula – such as copper sulfate hydrates.Introduction of Stoichiometry - Demonstration: electrolysis of water to illustrate the mole ratio.- Lab Use stoichiometric relationship to analyze the amount of silver replaced from silver nitric solution with the copper.Introduction of limiting reagent- Using manipulation to demonstrate limiting reagents (cake recipe)- A research project about the limitation of a natural resource, such as petroleum, copper.

Challenge-Design a lab to synthesize a quantitative product when given a variety of reactants-Design a lab to determine the empirical formula for a given hydrate compound.Adjust •Predict the volume of carbon dioxide that would be produced by adding specified amounts of vinegar to various teaspoons of baking soda. Carry out the activity and compare the experimental results with your prediction. Account for any differences in volume.ESOL•Create a PowerPoint presentation to explain stoichiometry

1 STOICHIOMETRY TUTORIAL 2 Instructions: This is a work along tutorial. Each time you click the mouse or touch the space bar on your computer, one step.

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