1 STATISTICS OF INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN THE CIS COUNTRIES Olga Chudinovskikh Moscow State Lomonosov University.

1

STATISTICS OF INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN

THE CIS COUNTRIES

Olga ChudinovskikhMoscow State Lomonosov University

2

Overview1. CIS-1991-2006: 15 years of collecting

statistics under new conditions

2. Functions and responsibilities of

• administrative and

• national statistical bodies in migration statistics collection

3. Towards population registers- a better future or new problems?

4. Concluding remarks: problems and possible solutions

3

“…a number of countries (including major countries , such as ……the former USSR) have no statistics whatsoever”…..

“they are mostly low-immigration … countries”

• (Tapinos George. Can one really talk of the globalization of migration flows? In: Globalization, migration and development. OECD, 2000.)

4

CIS 1991-2006 Data collection in transformation

• 12 more countries with incomparable statistics• New institutes and bodies, responsible for new flows regulation and new

data collection. Redistribution of responsibilities (problems of interaction)• Necessity in new systems of data collection to register and measure new

trends in international migration processes (refugees, forced migrants, labour migrants, “new foreigners” (former compatriots )

• New legislation: freedom for move, international migration, status of foreigners, citizenship, refugees, labour migration, registration and data collection (Laws ans derivative acts)

• Revision of previous system of population registration – Georgia, Moldova, other countries. Less control, 2 types of registration: place of stay or residence (Armeina + factual residence).

• Technical progress – new possibilities in data collection and processing – (background for population registers establishment)

• Access to data that were not available earlier • Changes in Censuses-2000 questionnaire• Targeted sample surveys (in some of the CIS countries) to investigate new

problems

5

Migration related data in the CIS countriesNSI and administrative sources < 1991 > 1991

■ Current statistics of flows (based on registration) ● ●

■ Census ● ●

■ Households and labour force surveys ● ●

■ Statistics of refugees ● ●

■ Labour migration statistics - ●

■ Migration cards statistics (Tajikistan, Moldova, Ukraine, RF, Belarus…) - ●

■ Border statistics ● ●

■ Statistics of foreign students ● ●

■ Residence permits ● ●

■ Administrative registration of temporary and permanent migrants ● ●

■ Citizenship acquisition ● ●

■ Visa statistics (MFA and MOI) etc. ● ●

6

Data collected by National Statistical Institutes: similarities and peculiarities,

common background – different future

• Current (annual) statistics of flows (Except Georgia and Moldova) Similar – paper carriers received from police or Min. of Justice agencies Different – criterion of migrant identification • Similar – low coverage and quality • Censuses programs – difference in migration related issues-

special questions to measure labour out-migration, forced migration, etc . Migrant stock definitions: if the “foreign born” criteria works?

• Surveys (households, labour force – Especially Tajikistan, Moldova, Armenia, Georgia)• Other data (Received from administrative authorities for

processing and/or publication- refugees, labour migrants, etc.)

7

Principles of current migration statistics formation in the NSI’s (except Georgia and Moldova)

• In the USSR – since 1930-ies till 1991 - one type of population registration (in a place of residence) time criteria:

45 days for the USSR citizens,

90 days for foreigners:

• primary statisitcsl forms are to be filled in and forwarded to regional departments of Central statistical

division . 2 types of forms – arrivals and departures

Now forms are collected for migrants registered in a place of residence, but as a rule there is no time criteria (except Kazakhstan and Ukraine – 6 months)

Форма N 12 "П" Листок статистического учета мигранта (к документам о регистрации но новому месту жительства)

Записи в листке статистического учета мигранта подлежат использованию только для получения сводных данных о численности и составе мигрантов и относятся к категории конфиденциальной информации. ┌───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │1. Фамилия │ ├───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤ │2. Имя │ ├───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤ │3. Отчество │ ├───────────────────────────────────────┬─┬─┬──────────┬─┬─┬─┬─┬────────┤ │4. Дата рождения "__"(число)____ ____ │ │ │ (месяц)│ │ │ │ │ (год) │ ├───────────────────────┬───────────────┴─┴─┴──────────┴─┴─┴─┴─┴────────┤ │5. Место │государство____________________________________│ │рождения │республика, край, область, округ ___________ ___│ │┌─┬─┬─┬─┬─┬─┬─┬─┬─┬─┬─┐│район, городской район (округ) ________________│ │└─┴─┴─┴─┴─┴─┴─┴─┴─┴─┴─┘│город, поселок городского типа_________________│ │ │сельский населенный пункт______________________│ ├───────────────────────┴───────────────────────────────────────────────┤ │6. Пол (подчеркнуть): мужской - 1; женский - 2 │ ├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┬──┬──┤ │7. Гражданство (указать государство)_________________________ ___│__│__│ │ если имеет двойное гражданство, указать государство___________│__│__│ ├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┼──┼──┤ │8. Национальность (указать) _____________________________________│__│__│ ├───────────────────────┬─────────────────────────────────────────┴──┴──┤ │9. Новое место │республика, край, область, округ ______________│ │ жительства │район, городской район (округ) ________________│ │┌─┬─┬─┬─┬─┬─┬─┬─┬─┬─┬─┐│город, поселок городского типа__ _______________│ │└─┴─┴─┴─┴─┴─┴─┴─┴─┴─┴─┘│сельский населенный пункт______________________│ ├───────────────────────┼───────────────────────────────────────────────┤ │10. Последнее │ государство___________________________________│ │ место │ республика, край, область, округ _____________│ │ жительства │ район, городской район (округ) _______________│ │┌─┬─┬─┬─┬─┬─┬─┬─┬─┬─┬─┐│ город, поселок городского типа________________│ │└─┴─┴─┴─┴─┴─┴─┴─┴─┴─┴─┘│ сельский населенный пункт _____________________│ ├───────────────────────┴─────────────────────┬─┬─┬─┬─┬─────────────────┤ │11. Проживал по последнему месту жительства с│ │ │ │ │ года │ ├───────────────────┬─────────────────────────┴─┴─┴─┴─┴─────────────────┤ │12. Основн ое │в связи с учебой - 1; в связи с работой - 2; │ │ обстоятельство,│возвращение к прежнему месту жительства - 3; │ │ вызвавшее │из -за обострения межнациональных отношений - 4; │ │ необходимость │из -за обострения криминогенной обстановки - 5; │ │ переселения │экологическое неблагополучие - 6; │ │ (подчеркнуть) │несоответствие природно -климатическим условиям - 7;│ │ │причины личного, семейного характера - 8; │ │ │иная причина (указать)________________ - 9 │





NSI

POLICE (or –ministry

of justice agencies in some

of the CIS countries)

Input, processing, publication

8

Primary form for statistical registration of a migrant (RF)



(оборотная сторона) ┌─────────────────┬─────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │13. Занятие по │ До переселения работал в отрасли экономики: │ │ последнему │промышленность - 100; сельское хозяйство - 200; │ │ месту │транспорт и связь - 500; строительство - 600; │ │ жительства │торговля и общественное питание - 700; информационно-│ │ (подчеркнуть)│вычислительное обслуживание - 820; здравоохранение - │ │ │915 образование - 920; культура и искусство - 930; │ │ │наука и научное обслуживание - 950; финансы, кредит, │ │ │страхование - 9**; аппарат органов управления - 970; │ │ │иная отрасль - 999; │ │ │ Учился - 001, в том числе в ВУЗе - 002 │ │ │ Не работал - 003 │ ├─────────────────┼─────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤ │14. Вид │работа по найму в качестве: руководителя - 1, специа-│ │ деятельности │ста - 2; иного служащего (технического исполнителя) │ │ (подчеркнуть)│ - 3; рабочего - 4, самостоятельно обеспечивал себя │ │ │работой - 5 │ ├─────────────────┴───────────┬─────────────────────────────────────────┤ │15. Вид социального обеспе - │получал: пенсию по старости - 1; по инва-│ │ чения по последнему месту│лидности - 2; за выслугу лет - 4; пособие│ │ жительства (подчеркнуть) │по безработице - 12; иные пенсии и посо- │ │ │бия - 7 │ ├─────────────────┬───────────┴─────────────────────────────────────────┤ │16. Образование │высшее - 1, в т.ч. имеет ученую степень: доктора наук│ │ (подчеркнуть)│ - 2, кандидата наук - 3; незаконченное высшее - 4; │ │ │среднее специальное, среднее общее - 4; неполное │ │ │среднее - 5; начальное и ниже - 6 │ ├─────────────────┴───┬─────────────────────────────────────────────────┤ │17. Состояние в браке│женат (замужем) - 1; никогда не был женат (заму- │ │ (подчеркнуть) │жем - 2; разведен (а) - 3; вдовец (вдова) - 4 │ ├─────────────────────┴─────────────────────────────────────────────────┤ │18. Если до переселения проживал с семьей, то прибыл (подчеркнуть): │ │ со всей семьей - 1; с частью членов семьи - 2; один (одна) - 3; │ │ Проживал без семьи - 4 │ ├───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤ │19. Часть членов семьи уже проживает по новому месту жительства: да -│ │ 1; нет - 2; │ ├───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤ │20. Вместе с ним (ней) прибыли дети до 14 лет, указать сколько________ │ │Количество детей и их поименный список указывается в листке одного из │ │родителей (опекунов, попечителей). │ ├───────────┬───────────────────────────┬───────────────────────────────┤ │Имя │ Пол (подчеркнуть) │ Месяц и год рождения │ ├───────────┼───────────────────────────┼───────────────────────────────┤ │ 8 строк │ муж. - 1; жен. - 2 │ │ ├───────────┼───────────────────────────┼───────────────────────────────┤ │ │ муж. - 1; жен. - 2 │ │ ├───────────┼───────────────────────────┼───────────────────────────────┤ Сведения проверил, и регистрацию оформил_____________________________ (фамилия и должность ответственного за регистрацию)

"____"___________ 199__ г. __________________ Подпись

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Address form of arrival /departure used for police registration procedures

Ukraine – uses police form with limited number of variables

Форма N 2 ┌──────────┐ ┌──────────┐ │ │ Адресный листок прибытия │ │ │ ┌──────┐ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ └─┘ └─┘ └──────────┘ 1. Фамилия ______________________________________________________________ 2. Имя___________________________________________________________________ 3. Отчество______________________________________________________________ 4. Дата рождения "_____"____________19____года 5. Гражданство___________________________________________________________ 6. Место рождения: республика, край, область, округ______________________________________ район_________________________________________________________________ город, пгт____________________________________________________________ село, деревня, аул, кишлак____________________________________________ 7. Пол (подчеркнуть) муж., жен. 8. Национальность________________________ 9. Зарегистрирован (а) по месту пребывания до "___"__________19_______ г. (ненужное зачеркнуть) по месту жительства 10. Зарегистрирован по адресу: республика, край, область, округ_____________________________________ район _______________________________________________________________ город, пгт___________________________________________________________ село, деревня, аул, кишлак___________________________________________ ул.______________________, дом________, корп. ______, кв. ___________ (наименование органа регистрационного учета, оформившего регистр.) Документ, удостоверяющий личность: вид___________________________________ серия_________N__________выдан___________________________________________ (наименование органа, учреждения, _____________________________ "_______"______________ 19______ г. выдавшего документ)

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Some definitions of place of residence and criteria used for statistics collection (may differ for nationals and

foreigners) Importance of details.Ukraine Both nationals and foreigners – place of residence is an administrative territorial unit where a

person lives for 6 months and more within a year. (Foreigners have to get a residence permit (permanent or temporary)).One more definition – Place of residence is a place where a person lives permanently or predominantly as an owner or under the terms of tenancy contract , etc. (house, flat, hostel, sheltered housing etc.)

Kazakhstan For nationals “place of residence” is not defined (in available sources), but as a rule implies stay for 6 months and more. For foreigners registration in a place of residence implies stay for more than 6 months.

Moldova Place of permanent residence is a place where a person lives permanently. As a rule 6 months criteria is applied. (Temporary residents are registered in MOI)+ immigrant- a foreigner “who got the right for permanent or temporary residence in Rep. of Moldova; emigrant – citizen of RM who leaves abroad for permanent or temporary residence2003 – immigrants - 1620, emigrants- 7376 (Dem. Yearbook)

Belarus Both for nationals and foreigners with residence permits- Place of residence is a place where a person lives permanently or predominantly as an owner or under the terms of tenancy contract , etc. (house, flat, hostel, sheltered housing etc.)

Kyrgyzstan Place of permanent residence is a place where a person lives permanently.

Russian Federation

Nationals: place of residence – a place where a person permanently of usually resides being an owner, or under the condition of tenancy contract, etc. – (house, flat, hostel, sheltered housing etc.)Foreigners: place of residence of a foreigner or a stateless person in the RF – is a dwelling space at the address where the person is registered according to the Law “

11

Case of the RF1995: New rules of RF citizens registration and collection of statistics of migration

(both internal and international)

• Registration in a place of residence:

Primary statistical from to be filled in

• Registration in a Place of stay (No time limit of stay, number of registrations is unlimited!)

• primary statistical forms should not be filed in









12

Arrivals in and departures from the Russian Federation (including migration to and from the former USSR republics). 1971-2005,

persons. Rosstat data. Changes in rules of data collection – the basic reason for inflow ‘decline’

Arrivals in and departures from the Russian Federation (including migration to and from the former USSR republics). 1971-2004, persons. Rosstat data.

0

200000

400000

600000

800000

1000000

1200000

1400000

1971

1972

1973

1974

1975

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

Arrivals in RF* Departures from RF* Net Migration

Decay of the USSR

Changes in rules of registration and data collection (1)

(2) (3)

Changes in rules of registration and data collection

13

Arrivals of students from abroad: comparison of Rosstat and Ministry of education data

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Entries to professional secondary and higher schools of RF. Residents offoreign counrties (Ministry of education data)

International migration for education. Arrivals (Rosstat data)

14

Immigration to the RF (citizenship composition) Rosstat data. Data on foreigners: result of inaccuracy in data

collection (according to the law no data on foreigners should be collected for Rosstat)

9,9 15,8 10,8 8,2

90,1 84,2 89,2 91,8

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

2002 2003 2004 2005

Nationals

Foreigners

15

13131

246332

170268

253096

73160

15995

20377

12834

14584

108767

106323

162646

0 100000 200000 300000

2003

2004

2005

Arrivals nationals(Rosstat)

Arrivals -foreigners(Rosstat)

Permanent residencepermits

Temporary residencepermits

Residence permits issued by the RF migration service and international migrants observed by Rosstat.

Uncertainty of methodology and criteria.

16

Coverage of current statistics of flows: inaccuracy in registration and deregistration

• No strict control over / or strong stimulus for both

• Registration in better than deregistration• Deregistration : stimuli based on necessity to sell

the dwelling• (Practice in administrative sources– a person is

deregistered by registration period expiry)• Consulates partially collect information about

emigrants

17

Deregistration in the country of origin requirement in 29 selected countries (RF MFA

information)8- need, 21-does not need

Needed Not obligatory

1.Armenia2.Belarus3.Kazakhstan4.Kyrgyzstan5.Tajikistan6.Turkmenistan7.Uzbekistan8.Spain

1.Australia2.Azerbaijan3.Bulgaria4.Canada5.China6.Estonia7.Finland8.Georgia9.Germany10.Greece11.India12.Italy13.Latvia14.Lithuania15.New Zealand16.Norway17.Poland18.Sweden19.The Netherlands20.United Kingdom21.USA

18

Comparison of data on international migration between RF and selected CIS countries. 2005, CIS

Statistics Committee data

1158

15022

896

846

20071

1274

12437

786

434

12640

0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000

Azerbaijan

Kazakhstan

Moldova

Tadjikistan

Ukraine

Country Data on arrivals RF data on departures

2495

38498

3310

5804

18969

4600

51945

6569

4717

30760

0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000

Azerbaijan

Kazakhstan

Moldova

Tadjikistan

Ukraine

Country Data on departures RF data on arivals

19

Surveys:To measure processes that could not be

measured with the help of the other sources

• Labour force and employment (some of the CIS countries conduct such surveys, but not all include migration related questions)

• Households (in all the countries, but not all include migration related questions into the program. Moldova, Armenia, Tajikistan conduct targeted migration surveys)

• At the borders (Tajikistan, Georgia)

20

Administrative and other sources (Is it a possible alternative to poor NSI-s

data?)

• Data collected at the borders (incorrect interpretation)

• Work permits /or employed foreign labour force .(visible part of an iceberg)

• Visa : issued abroad, in the country (not available)

• Residence permits (temporary, permanent) (double count if a year of status acquisition is not defined)

• Data on citizenship acquisition (hardly available)

• Registration of population in the place of stay or residence (procedures rather than persons)

21

Statistics collected at the borders: problems of interpretation

• Main problem – underestimation of foreigners that 1) do not need visa 2) travel by train (no immediate access to the database)

• Lack of regular or available information tempts to use any source that is available

• Unprofessional interpretation or political considerations? Ukrainian and RF authorities’ interpretations of the border statistics: residual between entries and exits is considered to be “illegal net migration”, when multiplied byseveral years shows hundreds of thousand or even millions of “illegal migrants stock”.Consequences – increase in xenophobia and social instability

• Migration cards – good alternative or temporary (desperate) remedy? (RF, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Tajikistan, Moldova, Belarus …)

22

Ukrainian and RF authorities’ interpretations of the border statistics: residual between entries and exits is considered to be “illegal net

migration”

• Ukraine – “In 2002-2006 there were more than 34 000 000 entries of foreigners to Ukraine

• Did not leave from Ukrainian territory -

123 140 from the countries-main suppliers of irregular migrants” : -

(web-site of Migration affairs Committee )

Russian Federation Border service data

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

2001-2005

Entries 21,6 23,3 22,5 22,1 22,2

111,7

Exits 18,7 20,9 20,6 20,9 20,8101,

9

residual 2,9 2,4 1,9 1,2 1,4 9,8

23

Migration cards (RF and Kazakhstan patterns)

24

Administrative data on registration of the RF nationals in the place of residence - Registration of procedures rather than individuals . Blue

curve shows registration of new passports during the passport change campaign in 2001-2003, although the title of the table is as

follows ;“Number of registrations of place of residence”

12290

19484

25453

23135

1028110965 10709

10619

12706

7465

7293

7056

6823

7090

7337

7356

6994

2117

2168

2202

2334

2662

2745

2948

3153

3590

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

Зарегистрированопо местужительства (МВД)

Снято срегистрационногоучета (МВД)

Число прибывших(включаявнутрироссийскуюмиграцию,Росстат)

Число выбывших(включаявнутрироссийскуюмиграцию,Росстат)

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Impossibility to measure basic parameters of national economies:• Labour force• Employment• GNDP• National accounts

• Without reliable statistics of international migration policy-makers do not have “way marks” for adequate decisions in the sphere of migration policy

• Use of defective statistics makes migration policy risky, costly and inefficient

• Society does not have adequate information and public opinion may not correspond with real processes

Consequences of poor quality or lack in availability of statistics:

26

Population registers in CIS: great opportunities for population statistics or new

problems?• From paper forms and catalogues - towards e-data bases and from

hand work towards new technologies: basic challenges– Staff qualification– Equipment maintenance (case of RF)– Individual data protection– Limited number of variables – Centralized or decentralized?

• Besides Moldova – other countries also have some experience in DB creation – passport change campaign in RF

and Ukraine, Foreign population Data bank in RF, etc.

27

Variables to be collected in the RF foreign population register

1. Full name2. Date and place of birth3. Sex4. Citizenship5. Purpose of arrival6. Profession7. Period of intended stay8. Previous registration of a place of residence (address and date of reg. and

deregistration)9. Previous registration of a place of stay (address and date of reg. and

deregistration)10. Reference persons data in the RF (parents, adopters, guardians)11. Deportation data (if there was) 12. Decision on deportation 13. Info on law violence in the RF14. Data and place of death in the RF 15. Reason for registration

28

Processing and publication: sharing of responsibilities between administrative

bodies and NSI’ s

• Variety of data to be published• Access – free or chargeable, to individuals or legal

entities, etc.• National statistical institutes are more likely to publish

data that administrative authorities are• No data on residence permits, visas, citizenship

acquisition etc.• No or poor information in the web-sites of NSI’ s and

Immigration authorities (even if they have a web-site)

29

Foreign citizens registration data bank(Planned to be created by January 2006), Responsible

authority – Federal Migration service

Stage 1 (Ministry of home affairs data)1. Migration cards information on arrivals and departures of foreigners2. Data on refugees and asylum seekers3. Labour migrants data (work permits data)Stage 2 (Ministry of home affairs data)4. Residence permits, temporary residence permits and stay permits5. Information on crimes committed against foreigners and by foreignersStage 3 (other ministries data)6. Federal border service data 7. Visas and invitations statistics 8. Customs Committee data 9. Ministry of taxes data 10. Other ministries and authorities data on foreignersStage 4 Information exchange and distribution (rules are not defined)

30

Concluding remarks1:

• Management: (almost everywhere) frequent redistribution of responsibilities and reshuffle of administrative authorities inevitably causes problems in capacity building (new staff to be trained, data bases to be shared, etc.)

• Quality: not ideal almost everywhere, especially data on flows• Availability: better access to NSI’ s data problematic to

administrative data Underdevelopment of certain tools of data collection (registration - surveys)

• Data exchange – if only IOM is interested in the process?

• ! All recommendations are addressed to a National Statistical Institute, but as a rule other bodies are decision makers in the sphere of registration and data collection

• Coordination in statistics harmonization – is it necessary, possible and who could be a coordinator?

31

Concluding remarks 2:

• In spite of obvious problems and a certain “centrifugal” trends in international policies in the CIS countries, there are still strong economic considerations to manage migration process and labour market development in the area of the CIS countries together;

• It is one more argument to revise national systems of international migration statistics collection, to discuss common problems and to look for solutions that could be advantageous for everybody.

32

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION

33

Additional information

34

398,6

779,0 4377,4

864,4

0,0 1000,0 2000,0 3000,0 4000,0 5000,0 6000,0

Ukraine

Belarus

Before the decay of the USSR After the decay

Foreign born population in selected CIS countries/ period of migration (before the break-up of the USSR migration occurred within

the same country)

35

Main categories for migrant stock identification in selected CIS countries.

Censuses 2000 round data

[1] including 580 persons that did not specify place of birth

Population

(pers.)Born in the

country

Born out of the country Nationals

Foreigners and stateless

No answer about citizenship

ArmeniaAbs. 3213001 2927306 285695 3185455 27546

% 100,00% 91,10% 8,90% 99,10% 0,90%

UkraineAbs. 48240902 43084662 5156240 47950004 169122

% 100,00% 89,30% 10,70% 99,40% 0,40%

BelarusAbs. 10045237 8886422 1158815 9934539 107756 2942

% 100% 88,50% 11,50% 98,90% 1,10% 0,03%

KazakhstanAbs. 14953126 12839761 2113173 14867921 85205

% 100,00% 85,90% 14,10% 99,40% 0,60%

Russian Federation

Abs. 145166731 131608720 13558011 142442404 1025413 1269023

% 100% 90.6% 9.3% 98,10% 1,00% 0,90%

Moldova Abs. 3383332 3201818 181514 3371082 11860 390

% 100% 94.6% 5.4% 99.6% 0.4%

36

Visa statistics : availability is the basic problem

• Two ways of application for visa (as a rule) MFA and MOI

• MFA data – not available• MOI data – better availability (application and registration

of foreigners)• Basic problem – underestimation of migrants that do not

need visa • (purposes for move asked in migration cards do not

coincide with types of visa) -

37

Labour migration data• Overall problem – considerable underestimation of in and outflows

(and stocks as well )

• Double citizenship- problems of labour migration underestimation

• Irregular component in foreign workers stock is possibly 5-10 times more numerous

(RF- quota for 2007 – 6000000 workers (that do not need visa), >300000 – that need visa)• Number of emigrant-workers is unknown Tajikistan – quite a few percents of out-migrants are employed legally, The Russian Federation: in 2005 only 60.000 labour out-migrants were

recruited by licensed agencies within the country for work abroad.

• Number of work permits = foreign workers?

• Period of work is often not defined

• Remittances

38

Residence permits and temporary migrants registration, status

• Differences in legislation – differences in definitions ( temporary and permanent residence permits , difficulties in application of the UN 12 months criteria)

• 90-days period • Extension of stay

• Types of visa private

business

tourism

study

job

scientific, cultural, sports, religion contacts

39

Immigration to the RF

Persons %

2002 2003 2004 2005 2002 2003 2004 2005

Arrivals

Foreigners 18287 20377 12834 14584 9,9 15,8 10,8 8,2

Nationals 166325 108767 106323 162646 90,1 84,2 89,2 91,8

Total 184612 129144 119157 177230 100 100 100 100,0%

Departures

Foreigners 5953 4047 3225 2978 5,6 4,3 4 4,3%

Nationals 100732 89971 76570 66820 94,4 95,7 96 95,7%

Total 106685 94018 79795 69798 100 100 100 100,0%

Net migration

Foreigners 12334 16330 9609 11606 15,8 46,5 24,4 10,8%

Nationals 65593 18796 29753 95826 84,2 53,5 75,6 89,2%

Total 77927 35126 39362 107432 100 100 100 100,0%

40

RF Citizenship acquisition

38117

333117

508457

0 100000 200000 300000 400000 500000 600000

2003

2004

2005

1 STATISTICS OF INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION IN THE CIS COUNTRIES Olga Chudinovskikh Moscow State Lomonosov University.

Documents

new data collection

labour migration

new foreigners

new systems of data

new trends

new conditions2

new flows regulation

labour migrants