1 similar words ozy@uni-edit.net October 2009
Dec 15, 2015
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Australia
• University of Sydney (37th)• University of New South Wales (45th)• Monash University (47th)• University of Melbourne (38th)• University of Queensland (43rd)• Australia National University (16th)• Debating world champions (1st)• Diversity of Englishes – US, UK etc.• Delicious beef and cute koalas
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Approach
• Explanations
• Techniques not facts
• Examples
• Have a try
• Partner work
• Participate with me
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I **** you.
• I know you.
• I comprehend you.
• I understand you.
• I realize you.
• I recognize you.
• I appreciate you.
• I digest you.
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What does each word mean?
• They all mean “to understand”
• This question is insufficient
• Need to ask “What feeling or image ( 含意connotation) do I want the readers to have?”
• What connotation 含意 does each word give?
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Connotations 含意 Emotiona
l
Empathy(share
feeling)
Process of
observing
Process of
Analysis
Stored facts
Accepting
a fact or truth
Realize Strong Weak Weak Strong Weak Strong
Appreciate Strong Strong Weak Weak Strong
Understand Weak Strong Weak Weak Weak Strong
Recognize Weak Weak Strong Weak Weak Weak
Comprehend
Weak Weak Strong Weak Strong
Digest Weak Strong Weak Strong
Know Weak Weak Strong Weak
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Examples
• I know a lot about chemistry.– Stored facts
• I cannot comprehend this text as the English is too difficult.– Process of analysis, accepting as truth
• You don’t understand me at all!– Empathy (shared feelings), emotional
• After you screamed at me, only then did I realize how important this is for you.– Process of analysis, accepting as truth, emotional
• Please take five minutes to digest this new idea.– Process of analysis and accepting as truth.
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Compare Know with Understand
• I know a lot about chemistry.
• I understand a lot about chemistry.– I know a lot about chemistry (and I like it!)
• I don’t know you.– Stored facts
• I don’t understand you.– Emotional, empathy
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Applications
• It was designed to test our hypothesis to see whether the diverging-sequential color schemes can really be helpful for users in understanding the 4D model.
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Applications
• Users then find comprehending the 4D models, which may contain a large number of elements, especially difficult.
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Applications
• Through this procedure, we expect to produce color schemes specifically applicable to 4D models. These color schemes will not only help users recognize the 3D objects easily, but also increase their understanding of the construction schedule.
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Exercise
• Write a sentence that uses one of the words very accurately. Discuss it with your partner.
Realize Appreciate Understand Recognize Comprehend Digest Know
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Exercise: 含意 Formal
processExplore inward
Explore outward
Solve a problem
Produce results
Gain knowled
ge
Study
Investigate
Research
Examine
Discuss
Strong, weak or blank?
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Connotations 含意 Formal
processExplore inward
Explore outward
Solve a problem
Produce results
Gain knowled
ge
Study Weak Weak Weak Strong
Investigate Strong Strong Strong
Research Strong Strong Strong Weak
Examine Weak Strong Strong
Discuss Strong Strong
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Which words fit?The derived equations are usually oversimplified. They may not be
used to simulate the behaviors of an imperfect instrument in a virtual environment. Therefore, we would like to further study the causes of the errors and develop a mathematical error model which can systematically present the influences of each part of the instrument imperfection and allow programmers to implement the model in a virtual environment.
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Decide, design, determine, distinguish
• Decide• My professor decided to go to Australia.
• Design• We designed the research method for this project.
• Determine• Can you determine the correct answer?
• Distinguish• Can you distinguish the color rose from the color pink?
• What are the different connotations?
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Exercise
Authority Creative AnalysisCompariso
n
Decide Strong Weak
Design Strong Weak
Determine Weak Strong Weak
Distinguish Strong Strong
• Strong, weak or blank?
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Exercise
• Decide• My professor decided to go to Australia.
• Design• We designed the research method for this project.
• Determine• Can you determine the correct answer?
• Distinguish• Can you distinguish the color rose from the color pink?
• Write a sentence for one of these words.
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Show, indicate, etc.
visualprinciple
sdetails symbolic persuade
Connection, logic
show Strong Weak Weak weak
Indicate Weak weak Strong Weak Strong
illustrate Strong Strong Strong
demonstrate
Weak Strong Strong
point out Weak Strong
argue Strong Strong
present Strong Strong
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Exercise
1. Figure 3 _______ the relationships between each object of the model.
2. This case study _______ the feasibility of the model.
3. These results _______ the model can predict good results.
:
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1. Smith and Jones (2003) _______ that finite element theory is useful in such situations, however Anton (2007) _______ that the theory has limited applications due to the cost of computing power.
2. Table 2 _______ the experimental data.3. Here we use a running example to _______ the
details of the algorithm.
:
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More exercisesshow ,Indicate, illustrate, demonstrate, point out,
argue, present
1. From the schematic _________ in Figure 7(c), we can derive Es as Equation 4.
2. These explanations usually _________ single instrumental imperfection at one time and __________ how it influents overall survey results.
3. Figure 4 _________ the scenario in which a tripod is not perfectly centered.
4. Figure 5 __________ the leveling problem in the tripod.
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Very good example
Solves
the problem
No surpri
se
Makes sense
Closer to target
helpfulClose to target
good Weak Weak Weak Weak Weak Weak
accurate Strong
desired Strong Strong
expected Strong
acceptable Strong Strong
reasonable Strong
improved Strong
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How to learn connotations
• Rely less on standard dictionaries
• Read critically and analyze word choice
• Ask native-speakers
• Try swapping words
• Write sentences using similar words as practice
:
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Useful Resources• Dictionary of Confusable Words (Hardcover)• by Adrian Room (Author)
• The Artful Nuance: A Refined Guide to Imperfectly Understood Words in the English Language (Paperback)
• by Rod L. Evans • (Author)
• Merriam Webster's Dictionary of Synonyms: A Dictionary of Discriminated Synonyms With Antonyms and Analogous and Contrasted Words (Hardcover)
• by Merriam-Webster (Editor)
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Useful Resources• Dictionary of Confusable Words (Hardcover)• by Adrian Room (Author)
• The Artful Nuance: A Refined Guide to Imperfectly Understood Words in the English Language (Paperback)
• by Rod L. Evans • (Author)
• Merriam Webster's Dictionary of Synonyms: A Dictionary of Discriminated Synonyms With Antonyms and Analogous and Contrasted Words (Hardcover)
• by Merriam-Webster (Editor)