1 School Construction Strategies for Universal Primary Education in Africa I. Lessons Learned 2 nd Africa Region Education Capacity Development Workshop “Country Leadership and Implementation for Results in the EFA-FTI Partnership” Tunis, December 4, 2007 Serge Theunynck Sr. Implementation Specialist, The World
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1 School Construction Strategies for Universal Primary Education in Africa I. Lessons Learned 2 nd Africa Region Education Capacity Development Workshop.
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School Construction Strategiesfor Universal Primary Education in
Africa
I. Lessons Learned
2nd Africa Region Education Capacity Development Workshop“Country Leadership and Implementation for Results in the EFA-FTI Partnership”
Tunis, December 4, 2007
Serge Theunynck Sr. Implementation Specialist, The World Bank
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Construction Needsfor EFA in 2015
To buildTo build 2 million classrooms2 million classrooms Offices/storagesOffices/storages Sanitation in all schools Sanitation in all schools
(today 55%)(today 55%) Water in all schools Water in all schools
(today 45%) (today 45%) Furniture for all Furniture for all
studentsstudents
To financeTo finance BetweenBetween
$ 23 billion$ 23 billion $ 30 billion$ 30 billion
depending on strategy depending on strategy
School construction in School construction in Africa will be the most Africa will be the most important single important single construction business in construction business in the worldthe world
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Can Technology save cost?
Five main technologies have been Five main technologies have been implemented over the four last decadesimplemented over the four last decades
Modern TechnologyModern Technology Local materials Local materials SheltersShelters Industrialized Prefabrication Industrialized Prefabrication The “classic” school constructionThe “classic” school construction
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Sophisticated Modern Construction(all countries 1960-70)
Procurement Approach Procurement Approach Large ContractorsLarge Contractors ICBICB
Expected ResultsExpected Results Large CapacityLarge Capacity Economies of ScaleEconomies of Scale Quality of WorksQuality of Works Simple ProceduresSimple Procedures
Actual ResultsActual Results Few Schools BuiltFew Schools Built Very High Costs : US$ Very High Costs : US$
500 per m500 per m22
No Local Development No Local Development Cumbersome Cumbersome
ProceduresProcedures
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Local Materials( all countries 1970-80)
Approach Approach Test by NGOsTest by NGOs Scale Up by DonorsScale Up by Donors
Expected ResultsExpected Results Low CostsLow Costs Local Development Local Development Economy of cementEconomy of cement Community Community
appropriationappropriation Easy Scale UpEasy Scale Up
Actual ResultsActual Results No Cost SavingsNo Cost Savings Large Technical Large Technical
AssistanceAssistance No cement savingNo cement saving No appropriationNo appropriation Abandon Abandon
Expected ResultsExpected Results Very low costVery low cost Quick implementationQuick implementation Community Community
appropriationappropriation Massive productionMassive production
Actual ResultsActual Results Very low cost (60%)Very low cost (60%) Quick implementationQuick implementation Second-class statusSecond-class status Abandon when pressure Abandon when pressure
decreasesdecreases
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Industrialized Prefabrication(few countries 1970-80)
Approach Approach Off-site manufacturingOff-site manufacturing Large contracts Large contracts
Expected ResultsExpected Results Low costLow cost Quick constructionQuick construction Mass-productionMass-production Modernization of the Modernization of the
construction industryconstruction industry
Actual ResultsActual Results Higher cost that “classic”Higher cost that “classic” Long delaysLong delays Few schools builtFew schools built No contribution to local No contribution to local
development development AbandonAbandon
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Industrialized-PrefabricationThe example of USA
2001 (the most industrialized country)
2 million enterprises (stable number since 1970)2 million enterprises (stable number since 1970) Majority of micro-contractorsMajority of micro-contractors Labor Intensive Industry Labor Intensive Industry
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These Technologies have failed
Four technologies have proven failed to lower cost Four technologies have proven failed to lower cost
and / or scale upand / or scale up
Modern Technology : expensiveModern Technology : expensive Local materials: not replicable, no cost saving Local materials: not replicable, no cost saving Industrialized Prefab: not implementableIndustrialized Prefab: not implementable Shelters: second-class, not sustainedShelters: second-class, not sustained
And what ?And what ?
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The “Classic” School Building (all countries 1980-2000)
ApproachApproach Modern non-sophisticated Modern non-sophisticated
technologytechnology Small / medium contractors Small / medium contractors
from formal / informal sector from formal / informal sector Procurement NCB / LCB / Procurement NCB / LCB /
NS)NS)
Expected ResultsExpected Results Technology known by local Technology known by local
contractorscontractors Quick implementationQuick implementation Massive productionMassive production Local development Local development Appropriation by Appropriation by
communitiescommunities
Actual ResultsActual Results Quality construction (acceptable Quality construction (acceptable
to good )to good ) Quick deliveryQuick delivery No limitation of production No limitation of production
capacitycapacity Local developmentLocal development The school plays a role model The school plays a role model
for low cost housingfor low cost housing Becomes the universal modelBecomes the universal model