1-s2.0-S0043164814003111-main.pdf

Interaction of a non-aqueous solvent system on bamboo, cotton,polyester and their blends: the effect on abrasive wear resistanceMuhammet Uzuna,b, Karthick Kanchi Govarthanama,c, Subbiyan Rajendrana,n,Erhan SancakbaInstitute for Material Research and Innovation, The University of Bolton, Bolton, BL3 5AB, United KingdombDepartment of Textile Education, Marmara University, 34722, Goztepe, Istanbul, TurkeycFothergill Engineered Fabrics, Littleborough, OL15 0LR, United Kingdoma rti cle in foArticle history:Received 4 June 2014Received in revised form20 October 2014Accepted 22 October 2014Available online 31 October 2014Keywords:Trichloroacetic acid-Methylene chloridemodicationPolymer modicationBambooOrganic cottonPolyesterAbrasive wear resistanceabstractThis article investigates the use of Trichloroacetic acid-Methylene chloride (TCAMC) solvent system witha view to study the abrasive wear resistance of bamboo, cotton, organic cotton, polyester (PES), cotton/bamboo and polyester/cotton blended woven fabrics. The fabrics were treated with different concentra-tions of 1%, 5% and 10% of TCAMC for 5, 30 and 60 mins at room temperature. Martindale Abrasion Testerwas employed to test the abrasive wear resistance of fabrics. The weight loss of fabrics was checked afterevery1000abrasivecycles. Theresultssuggest that thebamboofabric, without TCAMCtreatment,possessesanabrasivewearresistancethat iscomparabletothatof organiccottonfabric. However,cotton/bambooblendfabricwasfoundtohaveenhancedabrasion wearresistancethanthatof100%bamboo fabric. The results also indicate that the TCAMCtreatment enhancedthe abrasionwearresistance of 100% bamboo and 100% organic cotton fabrics. The treatment does not inuence the wearresistance of 100% cotton and its blends. The abrasive wear resistance of untreated polyester (PES) fabricwastestedandcomparedwithcellulosicsanditwasfoundthatPESpossessedhigherabrasivewearresistance. However, the abrasive wear resistance of TCAMC treated PES decreased considerably.& 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.1. IntroductionThe interest in sustainable and organic natural bres hasincreasedsignicantlyintherecentyears. Amongnatural bres,bamboobre is considered as more environment friendly becauseof itsquickdegradability. Bamboobresarelignocellulosicandthey are very soft, have higher dye take-up, antimicrobial, requirenopesticideduringplantingandareclassedasorganic. Bamboobresareusedinvariousapplicationssuchastextilegarments,textilereinforcedcomposites[14].Theycanbeblendedwitharange of syntheticbres such as polypropylene, polyamide, polye-ster and polyolen. Blended yarns and reinforced compositescontainingbamboobrespossessenhancedthermomechanicalcharacteristics, impact resistance, exural modulus, oxygenper-meation, chemical and moisture properties [5]. Although bamboois an emerging naturalbre, cotton is still dominated for a varietyof applications. However, cottonis not consideredtobe fullyenvironment friendlybre as it is highly susceptible to infestation.Itisreported[68]thatmorethan10%of pesticides(includingherbicides, insecticidesanddefoliants)areusedoncottoncrops.Organic cottonis fullyenvironmental friendlybecause it doesnot involvegeneticmodicationof theseedsorpesticidesandchemical fertilisers. Productionof organic cottonhas superioradvantages for the environment but is more expensive thannormal cottonduetotheincreaseinproductioncostandlowerefciency. Duetotheeconomicandefciencyreasons, organiccotton production currently is around 1% of all the normal cottoncrops in the world [910].The abrasion and tensile strength of textilebres depend mainlyonmolecular structure(crystallineandamorphous regions) andarrangement of molecular chains inbres. The properties of brescanbeimprovedeitherbychangingtheirgeneticcharacterorbysuitablechemical modicationtoreorganisebrestructure. Sincechangingbre genetics is a time-consuming long-term process, thesurface modication by using suitable chemicals is mostly preferred[11]. Inaddition, themechanical propertiesof cottoncanalsobeaffected by convolutions, spiral angles, structural reversals, strengthof inter-brillar bonds andinherentstrains. Thepresenceofweaklinks in cottonbre,which depends on the growth of cotton, alsoaffects the tensile properties.. It is known that increase in moisturecontent of cellulosic bres increases the tensile strength andelongation.Moisture allows the residual stresses present in cottontorelaxandhencetheincreaseintensileproperty[12]. Amongvarious properties, abrasivewear resistance is consideredtobeContents lists available at ScienceDirectjournal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/wearWearhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2014.10.0060043-1648/& 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.nCorresponding author. Tel.: 44 1204 903559; fax: 44 1204 399074.E-mail address: [email protected] (S. Rajendran).Wear 322-323 (2015) 1016crucial during weaving and for determining the durability of fabrics,apparelsandgarments.Itshouldbe mentionedthatcellulose andcellulosic blends inuence the abrasive wear resistance. For instance,the abrasive wear resistance of bamboobres and their blends withcottonareinferiortothatofviscose andtheirblendswithcottonalthough thesebres are cellulosics [1316].Itisknownthatthefunctional propertiesof wearabletextilesdepend on bre types, polymer molecular structure andfabricstructures. It is possible to alter the properties of polymeric materialsbysolvent-polymer-modicationprocess. Oneapproachthat hasbeen explored to a considerable extent is the structural modicationof regular polymeric bres making use of highly interacting solvents.It hasbeendemonstratedthattheinteractingpowerof Trichlor-oacetic acid-methylene chloride (TCAMC) solvent system with Poly-ethylene terephthalate (PET) is very high and the regent attacks thepolymermatrix, disintegratesandnallydissolvesoutthePET atabout25%(w/v)concentrationin5 minutesatroomtemperaturecondition [1721]. It is expected that at certain lower concentrationof TCAMC treatment, the compact structure of PET opens up and as aresult, molecular rearrangements may take place. Due to thispolymericchange, severalphysico-chemicalpropertiesofthe yarncould be modied. Accordingly it can be explained that the solubilityparameter of TCAMC reagent is very close to the solubility parameterof PET. It was hypothesised that at certain lower concentrations ofTCAMCtreatment the compact structure of polyester opens up[1721]. Theeffectof TCAMConcellulosicssuchascottonyarnswerepublishedelsewhere[11]. It is concludedthat theTCAMCreagent modies the internal structure of the cellulose and conse-quentlythisaltersthemechanical andphysical propertiesof thebres. Inthisarticle, theinuenceof TCAMCreagent onfabricsmade from bamboo, normal cotton, organic cotton and their blendswithpolyesterarediscussed. ItisexpectedthattheactionoftheTCAMCreagent onbambooandcottonwouldnot bethesamebecausethebamboo, beingabast bre, contains not onlypurecellulose but also signicant amount of non-cellulosic constituentsthat include lignin. This signicantly affects the abrasive wearresistanceof materials. It shouldbestressedthat thechangeinwear resistance of fabrics due to TCAMC treatment has beenthoroughly investigated but the effect of the reagent on pilling hasnot been studied although abrasive wear leads to pilling.2. Experimental2.1. MaterialsPlainwovenfabrics that possess thefollowingdimensionalproperties (Table 1) were procured in the UK.2.2. TCAMC treatmentThe laboratory grade Trichloroacetic acid (CCI3.COOH), Methy-lenechloride(CH2.CI2), andAcetone(CH3.CO.CH3)wereusedfortreatingthefabrics. Topreparethereagent, desiredamount oftrichloroaceticacidisweighedandaddedinto100 mlofmethy-lene chloride. For example, 1% concentration is prepared by mixing1 g of trichloroacetic acidwith100 ml of methylene chloride.Thefabricspecimens of 100 mm100 mmwerepreparedandweighed. Pre-treatment of these fabrics with reagent was carriedout in a specially made closed trough at room temperature (20oC).Thefabricspecimenswereimmersedinthereagent of desiredconcentrations of 1%, 5%and10%(w/v) for 5, 30, and60 mindurations. Thefabricstosolventratioweremaintainedat1:100andthecontentswereshakenmanuallyat regular intervalstoensureuniformtreatment. After the treatment, the specimenswere rinsed with pure methylene chloride followed by acetone toremoveanyadheringreagentonthefabrics. Thetreatedfabricsweresqueezedandair driedat atmospheric condition, takingadvantage ofthe quick evaporation of acetone at room tempera-ture [22].2.3. Abrasive test specimen preparation and testingThe test was performed using Martindale Abrasion Tester(James Heal Abrasive Cloth SM25) (Fig. 1) in accordance with ENISO 12947-2:198. Standard wool abradant fabrics were used whichis plain weave with warp 17 yarns/cm and weft 13 yarns/cm. Theabradantwaskeptsameforeachsamplebutthenewabradantwas used for every new sample. The abrasion test was carried outatve replicates for each sample. Before testing, the fabrics wereconditionedfor24 hoursatatmosphericconditionsof20 1Cand65%RH. The abrasive wear test determines the resistance toabrasionoftextilefabrics. Themeasurementoftheresistancetoabrasion of textile fabrics relies on several parameters such as themechanical properties ofthebres,the dimensions ofthebres,the structure of the yarns, the construction of the fabrics, the typeand kind ofnishing [2223].Firstly the treated and untreated fabrics specimens were cut intocircular specimens of 38 mmdiameter usingapress cutter andplaced on the specimen holder. The test was performed at apressureof 9 kPaandduringthat timethemachinespeedwasmaintained at 50 rubs per minute. After every 1000 rubs, sampleswereweighedtodeterminetheweightlossduetoabrasion. Thefrequencyatwhichthetestwasstoppedatevery1000rubshasbeen optimised from previous experience by utilising similar fabricson Martindale Abrasion Tester. The endpoint was determined by aTable 1Fabric properties.Fabrics 100% Bamboo 100% Cotton 100%Organic Cotton 100% Polyester 70% Bamboo 30% Cotton 65%Polyester 35%CottonWeight (g/m2) 177.56 160.94 157.72 213.92 199.23 200.15Height (mm) 0.20 0.45 0.35 0.45 0.25 0.15Bulk density (g/m3) 0.888 0.358 0.451 0.856 0.443 1.334Fig. 1. Martindale abrasion tester.M. Uzun et al. / Wear 322-323 (2015) 1016 11specied number of cycles or the formation of a hole in thespecimen's test area, whichever comesrst.3. Results and discussion3.1. Effect of TCAMC treatment on fabric structureThechangesinthenumberofends(warpthreadspercenti-metre) and picks (weft threads per centimetre) of normal cotton,organiccotton, bamboo, PESandblendsafterTCAMCtreatmentare depicted in Table 2 and Table 3 respectively. It can be observedthat therearenonoticeablechanges intheends andpicks ofcellulosicfabricsafter theTCAMCtreatment, irrespective ofcon-centrationandtime. However, theendsandpicks of syntheticfabric (100% PES) increase with increase in concentration and time.A maximum of 11% increase in ends and 15% in picks are observedin the case of 10% at 60mins. A similar increasing trend is also seenin the case of treated PES/cotton blended fabrics but the extent ofincreasein ends and picks is decreased when compared to plain100%PES treatedfabric. Thiscouldbeexplainedby thefactthatthe interaction of TCAMC with the PET polymer is higher than thatof cellulosicbre. The high interaction of PET polymer and solventsystem may be linked with their solubility parameter values. It ispublishedelsewhere[13]thattheinteractionofthesolventandthepolymerishighwhenthesolubilityparametervalueof thesolvent is close to the solubility parameter valueofthe polymer.ThechangesinendsandpicksofTCAMCtreatedPESfabricsaremainlyduetothechangesinthemorphologyof bresandnestructure of bres. The morphological structure of cellulosics andpolyesterisdescribedindetail elsewhere[24]. Increaseinendsand picks in a specic area of fabric after the treatment isexplainedbythefactthatthediameterofyarnisinuencedbythe treatment andconsequently the bres swell, followedbyshrinks, and ultimately the fabric structure tightens which resul-ted in high number of ends and picks.3.2. Effect on abrasive wear resistanceThe abrasive wear resistance of normal cotton, organic cotton,bamboo, polyester and blends are depicted in Table 4. It should bementioned that the extent of damage due to abrasion wasinspectedvisuallyandspecimenswereweightedat theendof1000 rubs interval, and found that there is no noticeable abrasivewear in all the fabrics up to 10000 rubs. However, it is observedthat the treatedorganic cottonshows the appreciable signofdegradation after 10000 rubs irrespective of treatment concentra-tionandtime(Fig. 3c). After25000rubs, theuntreatedorganiccotton fabric started deteriorating whereas untreated normalcotton, bamboo, polyester and blends fabrics withstand theresistanceagainstabrasion(Fig. 3a-f). ItisobviousfromTable4that after 32000rubs, unlikenormal cotton, bamboo, PESandblends, the organic cotton did not resist the abrasive force,perhapsduetolessnumberofpicksinaspecicarea(Table3)and consequently the fabric structure is severely deteriorated.After 34000 rubs the 100% bamboo fabric was damaged,(Fig. 2a). At 70000rubs cotton, cotton/bambooandpolyester/cotton blended fabric showed a few weak points but after 90000rubs they are severely deteriorated (Figs. 2b, h, i) and thus ceasingits resistance to abrasion.The TCAMC treatment helps to enhance the abrasion propertiesof organic cotton, the probable reasons are discussed in thefollowing sections. Fig. 3.After 100.000rubs100%Polyesterstillhasnot abraded. 100%PES based fabrics were subjected to 250.000 rubs tond the effectof TCAMC treatment on the fabrics. It can be observed from Table 4that theabrasivewearresistanceof polyesterdecreasedasthetreatment time and the concentration increased. It has beenshowninprevious studythat, at extremetreatment condition(5%TCAMC), theabrasivewearresistanceof at polyesteryarnincreased four times than that of the control [24]. It is well knownthat PETbres are partially crystalline in nature and are comprisedof repeatedethylenesegment units as well as aromatic rings,which inuence the intrinsic stiffness of the chain [25]. Thecurrent study was conducted on 100% Polyester fabric. It is likelyTable 2Number of ends per centimetre in treated and untreated fabrics.Untreatedfabrics5 mintreatment30 mintreatment60 mintreatment1% 5% 10% 1% 5% 10% 1% 5% 10%100% Cotton 30 28 30 30 30 30 31 30 30 30100% Organic cotton 36 36 36 36 38 36 36 36 38 38100% Bamboo 60 60 60 62 58 60 58 60 60 5870/30% Bamboo/Cotton70 70 73 72 72 70 72 72 70 70100% Polyester 27 28 28 27 31 29 28 30 30 3065/35% Cotton/Polyester41 40 40 40 40 42 42 42 40 44Table 3Number of picks per centimetre in treated and untreated fabrics.Untreatedfabrics5 mintreatment30 mintreatment60 mintreatment1% 5% 10% 1% 5% 10% 1% 5% 10%100% Cotton 26 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 26 26100% Organic cotton 13 12 12 12 12 12 12 13 12 12100% Bamboo 44 44 46 44 46 44 46 46 42 4670/30% Bamboo/Cotton44 45 46 44 46 45 46 46 44 46100% Polyester 27 26 28 25 30 29 26 30 30 3165/35% Cotton/Polyester24 24 26 24 24 26 26 24 25 26Table 4Effect of TCAMC treatment on abrasive wear resistance on cellulosics and polyester.Untreated fabric 5 min treatment 30 min treatment 60 min treatment1% 5% 10% 1% 5% 10% 1% 5% 10%100% Cotton 90000 90000 90000 90000 90000 90000 84000 90000 90000 90000100% Organic cotton 32000 44000 54000 52000 44000 52000 34000 46000 54000 52000100% Bamboo 34000 30000 44000 36000 48000 40000 28000 40000 42000 4000070/30 Bamboo/Cotton 90000 90000 90000 90000 90000 90000 70000 84000 90000 90000100% Polyester 250000 235000 175000 140000 210000 160000 140000 210000 160000 10000065/35 Cotton/ Polyester 100000 100000 100000 100000 100000 100000 100000 100000 100000 100000M. Uzun et al. / Wear 322-323 (2015) 1016 12that the action of solvent on fabric would be different from that ofat polyester yarn published earlier [24].There has been no noteworthy difference betweencontrolandTCAMCtreatedcotton, cotton/bamboo, cotton/polyesterandpolyesterfabricsintermsofabrasion. But, 100%bamboofabric'sabrasivewear resistance increasedby25%andorganic cottonfabric'sabrasivewearresistancealsoincreasedby35%with5%TCAMCtreatmentfor 5 min.It isfound,in previous studies, thatthecottonyarnstreatedwithTCAMCpossesseshigherworkofrupturethantheuntreatedcontrol ones. Thereis asignicantincrease inbre cohesion of treated sample over the control. Theincrease of abrasion properties of fabrics can also be explained bythe higher elongation and increase in work of rupture of TCAMCtreated yarns [12].The current test results show that the bamboo fabric is capableof sustaining abrasion at par with organic cotton fabrics and bothof themgainedenhancedabrasivewearresistanceafterTCAMCtreatment due to their cellulosic nature. It can be explainedthat cellulosicbres, after treatment with TCAMC solvent system,increasesthecohesionbetweenbresandwhichcontributestothe increase inabrasive wear resistance andstrength. This isfurthersupportedbythesurfacemodicationof bresobservedonSEM(Fig. 4). Previous researchhas also shownthat suchtreatments increase the cohesion betweenbres [17,18].3.3. The weight loss of fabricsThe percent weight loss, which is the difference between speci-men mass before and after abrasion, as shown in Table 5. The weightof thefabricafterevery1000rubsisshowninFig. 3(A-F). Itisobservedthat theweight loss of 100%bamboofabricincreasedsubstantially after TCAMC treatment. Similarly the increase inweight loss is also observed in normal cotton irrespective of treat-ment time andconcentrationexcept 10%treatment for 60 min.Besides, it is also observed there are considerable differences noticedbetween treatments of normal cotton (Fig. 3(A)). It can also be seenthat the rate of weight loss is comparable between organic cottonand bamboo. Similar observation is also observed in normal cottonand its blends.Fig. 2. Structural damage of untreated and treated samples due to abrasion (A). 100% Bamboo after 34,000 rubs (untreated) (B). 100% Cottonafter 90,000 rubs (untreated),(C). 100% Organic Cottonafter 32,000 rubs (untreated) (D). 100% Bamboo after 40,000 rubs (treated) (E). 100% Cottonafter 90,000 rubs (treated) (F). 100% Organic Cottonafter52,000rubs(treated)(G). 100%Polyesterafter250,000rubs(untreated)(H). 70%Bamboo/30%Cottonafter90,000rubs(untreated)(I). 65%Cotton/35%Polyesterafter100,000 rubs (untreated) (J). 100% Polyester after 100,000 rubs (treated) (K). 70% Bamboo/30% Cotton after 90,000 rubs (treated) (L). 65% Cotton/35% Polyester after 100,000rubs (treated).M. Uzun et al. / Wear 322-323 (2015) 1016 13It can be observed that the weight loss of 70/30 bamboo/cotton(Fig. 3(D)) is similar for up to 40,000 rubs and the difference becomesnoticeable after 40,000 rubs.Whereas,the weight loss was similarforupto60000rubsfor 100%cotton(Fig. 3(A)). Similarly, 100%bamboo(Fig. 3(B)) and100%organiccotton(Fig. 3(C)) lost theirweight at asimilarrateforupto15%and20%respectively. Theweight loss between samples is at acceptable levels.In the case ofpolyester, both control and treated, the fabrics withstand the abrasiveforcesupto50,000rubswithout noticeablechangesinlossb/wsamples and beyond that the change in weight loss is not noticeable.3.4. Scanning electron microscopy studiesThe surface characteristics of the fabrics were investigatedbefore and after treating the fabrics, with different concentrationsof the solvent system over different time periods, by SEM (HITACHIS-3400) in the normal mode. All the fabric specimens werexedbyadhesivetapeontothesampleholderandwerecoatedwithgold by using Sputter Coater (SC 7620). Fig. 4 represents the SEMimages of fabrics treated at 10% for 60 min.SEM examination of 100% bamboo fabrics (Fig. 4A &D) revealsthat there is no swelling but there are changes in thebre structurewhich makes the bre surface smoother. One possible explanation isthe treatment removes the non cellulosic constituents from bamboo[10]. Thisissubstantiatedbytheincreaseinthenumberof rubsduring abrasion from 34000 to 40000. It can also be observed thatthe convolutions on the surface of the 100% organic cotton treatedwiththe reagent (Fig. 4andF) are increasednoticeably whencomparedwithuntreatedones.Itislikelythatthiscontributestothe increase in the abrasive wear resistance of 100% organic cottonfrom 32000 to 52000 rubs. Similar trend is also observed on treated100%normal cotton. However, thedegreeofincreaseinconvolu-tions in the treated normal cotton is less and therefore the abrasivewear resistance is unaffected.4. ConclusionsTheinuenceofTCAMCreagentonabrasivewearresistanceoffabrics made from normal cotton, organic cotton, bamboo, polyesterandits blends has beeninvestigated. Different concentrations ofTCAMCreagentwereusedforvaryingtimestostudytheeffectofstructural changes andits inuences onabrasivewear resistance.TCAMCreagent interacts withthe bres byopeningthe brillarinterstices and entering the interlinking regions between crystallites,and changes their surface characteristics. It can be observed that theabrasivewearresistanceof 100%bamboofabricincreasedby25%when treated with 5% TCAMC for 5 minutes or 1% TCAMC treatmentfor 30 minutes. The abrasive wear resistance of treated organic cottonfabric increased irrespective of concentration of reagent and time. It isalsoobservedthatthechangeinabrasivewearresistancebetweenorganic and normal cotton is mainly due to the difference in numberof ends and picks in a specic surface area. It is established that theTCAMC reagent increases the abrasive wear resistance of both bamboo0.190.200.210.220.230.240.250 20 40 60 80 100Weight (grams)No. of Rubs ('000)100% Normal CottonUntreated Fabric1% -5 min5% -5 min10% -5 min1% -30 min5% -30 min10% -30 min1% -60 min5% -60 min10% -60 min0.110.130.150.170.190.210 10 20 30 40 50Weight (grams)No. of Rubs ('000)100% BambooUntreated Fabric1% -5 min5% -5 min10% -5 min1% -30 min5% -30 min10% -30 min1% -60 min5% -60 min10% -60 min0.110.130.150.170.190 20 40 60Weight (grams)No. of Rubs ('000)100% Organic CottonUntreated Fabric1% -5 min5% -5 min10% -5 min1% -30 min5% -30 min10% -30 min1% -60 min5% -60 min10% -60 min0.130.150.170.190.210.230.250 20 40 60 80 100Weight (grams)No. of Rubs ('000)70/30 Bamboo/Cotton Untreated Fabric1% -5 min5% -5 min10% -5 min1% -30 min5% -30 min10% -30 min1% -60 min5% -60 min10% -60 min0.180.190.200.210.220.230.240.250.260.270 20 40 60 80 100Weight (grams)No. of Rubs ('000)65/35 Polyester/Cotton Untreated Fabric1% -5 min5% -5 min10% -5 min1% -30 min5% -30 min10% -30 min1% -60 min5% -60 min10% -60 min0.200.250.300.350.400 50 100 150 200 250Weight (grams)No. of Rubs ('000)100% PolyesterUntreated Fabric1% -5 min5% -5 min10% -5 min1% -30 min5% -30 min10% -30 min1% -60 min5% -60 min10% -60 minFig. 3. (A). Weight loss of 100% cotton fabric treated with TCAMC (B). Weight loss of 100% bamboo fabric treated TCAMC (C). Weight loss of 100% organic cotton fabric treatedwith TCAMC (D). Weight loss of 70/30 bamboo/cotton fabric treated with TCAMC (E). Weight loss of 70/30 polyester/cotton fabric treated with TCAMC (F). Weight loss of100% polyester fabric treated with TCAMC.M. Uzun et al. / Wear 322-323 (2015) 1016 14and organic cotton fabrics. However, the degree of interaction betweenthe reagent andthe normal cottonis less andconsequentlytheabrasion is unaffected. In the case of blends, a noticeable increase inabrasivewearresistancewasobservedin70/30bamboo/cottonbutthe 65/35 cotton/polyester blendedfabric was unaffectedby theTCAMCtreatment. Theabrasivewear resistanceof 100%polyesterfabrics is considerably decreased due to the TCAMC treatment.The effect of TCAMC on the weight loss is negligible in most ofthe fabrics which were analysed in this study. The highest weightloss changes were observed in normal cotton fabric that is around10%. The above conclusions were further conrmed by comparingthe SEM images of thebres, before and after treatment.AcknowledgementsThe study is supported partly by The Turkish Council of HigherEducationincollaboration withMarmaraUniversity, Turkeyandthe University of Bolton, U.K.References[1] I.R. Hardin, S.S. Wilson, R. Dhandapani, V. Dhende, Theassessment of thevalidity of claims for bamboobres, AATCC Rev. 9 (10) (2009) 3336.[2] Q. Shen, D.S. Liu, Y. Gao, Y. Chen, Surface properties of bamboobre and a com-parison with cotton linterbers, Colloids Surf B: Biointerfac. 35 (2004) 193195.[3] M.R. Devi, N. Poornima, S.G. Priyadarshini, Bamboo-Thenatural, greenandeco-friendly new-type textile material of the 21st century, J. Text. Assoc (2007)221224 (Jan-Feb).[4] Y.P. Wang, M.X. Lu, G. Wang, H.T. Cheng, H.Y. Huang, X.S. Gao, Test andevaluation for performances of fabric from natural bamboober, Wool Text J1003-1456 (4) (2009) 15.[5] M. Afshari, R. Kotek, M.K. Haghighat, H. Nazok, H. Gupta, Effect of blend ratioon bulk properties and matrix-bril morphology of polypropylene/nylon6 polyblendbres, Polymer 43 (2001) 13311341.[6] A.H. Peterson, Genetics and Genomics of Cotton, Springer Science andBusiness Media, New York, 2009.[7] H. Welling, Organic Opportunities: The Business Case for Organic Cotton, AroqLimited, Bromsgrove, United Kingdom, 2003.[8] D. Marchis, G.L. Ferro, P. Brizio, S. Squadrone, M.C. Abete, Detection ofpesticides incrops: a modiedQuEChERS approach, FoodControl 25(1)(2012) 270273.Fig. 4. Comparison of SEM morphologies of fabrics before treatment and after treatment with 10% TCAMC solvent system for 60 min. (A). 100% Bamboo before (B) 100%Cottonbeforetreatment(C).100%Org. Cottonbeforetreatment(D). 100%Bambooaftertreatment(E). 100%Cottonaftertreatment(F). 100%Org. Cottonaftertreatment(G). 100%Polyester beforetreatment (H). 70/30%Bamboo/Cottonbeforetreatment , (I).65/35%Polyester/Cottonbeforetreatment (J). 100%Polyesteraftertreatment(K). 70/30% Bamboo/Cottonafter treatment (L). 65/35% Polyester/Cotton after treatment .Table 5Weight loss percentage of TCAMC treated samples.Untreated fabric 5 min treatment 30 min treatment 60 min treatment1% 5% 10% 1% 5% 10% 1% 5% 10%100% Cotton 10.6% 20.1% 12.3% 12.0% 20.9% 13.9% 19.9% 12.0% 10.1% 8.0%100% Organic cotton 24.0% 20.4% 27.6% 22.6% 28.0% 27.6% 29.7% 20.7% 19.5% 16.8%100% Bamboo 28.7% 31.3% 32.1% 33.8% 33.1% 30.2% 35.5% 30.1% 31.1% 26.3%70/30 Bamboo/Cotton 19.4% 37.3% 24.1% 16.5% 24.8% 32.8% 36.0% 32.3% 23.9% 17.0%100% Polyester 5.2% 5.5% 4.4% 6.2% 5.5% 8.0% 5.5% 5.9% 12.0% 9.1%65/35 Polyester/Cotton 10.6% 12.4% 10.8% 9.7% 14.8% 10.8% 15.2% 12.8% 10.2% 8.2%M. Uzun et al. / Wear 322-323 (2015) 1016 15[9] Organic Exchange, Organic CottonMarket Report: Preliminary Highlights,2007.[10] A. Khaliq, M.K. Abbasi, T. Hussain, Effectsof integrateduseof organicandinorganic nutrient sources with effective microorganism (EM) on seed cottonyield in Pakistan, Bioresour. Technol 97 (2006) 967972.[11] S. Rajendran, S.S. Ramasamy, S.P. Mishra, A study on some physical propertiesof modied cotton yarns, Ind. J. Fibre Text. Res 22 (1997) 154162.[12] N.I. Nikitin, TheChemistry ofCellulose&Wood, DanielDavey&Co., UnitedKingdom, 1966.[13] A.D. Gun, B. Tiber, Colorfastnessandabrasion propertiesof50/50bamboo/cotton blended plain knitted fabrics in three different stitch lengths, Text. Res.J. 81 (18) (2011) 19031915.[14] M. Kawahito, A comparative study of bamboo shijara fabric and cotton shijarafabric, Soc. Fiber Sci. Technol. Jpn 64 (4) (2008) 108112.[15] Y. Qian, H. Liu, Study on properties about bamboo yarns, Adv. Mater. Res 332-334 (2011) 4548.[16] S. Sivakumaran, S. Rajendran, A quick room temperature method for polyester-cellulosic blend analysis, Text. Res. J. 56 (1986) 213214.[17] S. Rajendran, S.S. Ramasamy, S.P. Mishra, Tensile behaviour of polyester yarnsmodied by trichloroacetic acid-methylene chloride treatment, J. App. Polym.Sci 59 (1996) 99108.[18] S. Rajendran, S.S. Ramasamy, Abrasion resistance of modied polyester yarns,Indian J. Fibre Text Res 21 (1996) 276279.[19] S. Sivakumaran, S. Rajendran, Analysis of polyester silk and polyester woolusingtrichloroacetic acidandmethylene chloride, Text. Chem. Colour 20(1986) 2526.[20] S. Sivakumaran, S. Rajendran, Analysis of P/Vblends employing TCA/MCReagent, Indian Text. J 100 (1990) 140144.[21] F. Sekerden, Effectoffabricweaveandwefttypesonthecharacteristicsofbamboo/cotton woven fabrics, Fibres Text. East. Eur 19 (6) (2011) 4752.[22] M.A. Taylor, Technology of Textile Properties, Forbes Publications, New York,1992.[23] T.L.W. Bailey, V.M. Tripp, A.T. Moore, Cotton and other vegetablebres, in: J.W.S Hearle, R.H. Peters (Eds.), Fibre Structure, Textile Institute, Manchester, 1963,pp. 422454.[24] S. Rajendran, S.P. Mishra, Chemical, structural andthermal changesinpetcaused by solvent induced polymer crystallisation, Polym. Polym. Composites15 (2007) 103110.[25] Y. Avny, L. Rebenfeld, Chemical modicationof polyester ber surfacesbyaminationreactionswithmultifunctional amines, J. App. Polym. Sci 32(3)(1986) 40094025.M. Uzun et al. / Wear 322-323 (2015) 1016 16