1 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM (for nursing students) NOSE,PARANASAL SINUSES,LARYNX,PHARYNX &LUNGS By Prof. Ansari 09-01-08 wed 1.30-2.30 pm.

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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM RESPIRATORY SYSTEM (for nursing students)(for nursing students)

NOSE,PARANASAL SINUSES,LARYNX,PHARYNX NOSE,PARANASAL SINUSES,LARYNX,PHARYNX &LUNGS &LUNGS

ByByProf. AnsariProf. Ansari

09-01-08 wed 1.30-2.30 pm09-01-08 wed 1.30-2.30 pm

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The respiratory system involves:-The respiratory system involves:-

Nose,Nose, Paranasal sinuses,Paranasal sinuses, Pharynx,Pharynx, Larynx,Larynx, Pleura, and Pleura, and Trachea, bronchi & Lungs.Trachea, bronchi & Lungs. The system is meant for The system is meant for

exchange of gases, exchange of gases, Oxygen is taken in and Oxygen is taken in and Carbon-dioxide is given Carbon-dioxide is given out.out.

Diaphragm, is the main Diaphragm, is the main respiratory muscle.respiratory muscle.

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NOSENOSE

Nose is a very prominent Nose is a very prominent structure on the face.structure on the face.

The external nostrils leads The external nostrils leads in to the nasal cavity.in to the nasal cavity.

It has following parts, tip, It has following parts, tip, bridge, root, dorsum and bridge, root, dorsum and alae and median nasal alae and median nasal septum.septum.

Hairs grow from lower part Hairs grow from lower part of septum and alae and of septum and alae and acts as a filter for dust acts as a filter for dust particles.particles.

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LATERAL WALL OF NOSELATERAL WALL OF NOSE

On sagittal section of nose the lateral wall shows On sagittal section of nose the lateral wall shows bony elevations called as conchae/nasal bony elevations called as conchae/nasal turbinates.turbinates.

Below each concha the fissure is called as Below each concha the fissure is called as meatus, which is having openings of para nasal meatus, which is having openings of para nasal sinuses.sinuses.

There are three conchae and three meatuses, There are three conchae and three meatuses, superior, middle and inferior.superior, middle and inferior.

These conchae and meatuses are meant for These conchae and meatuses are meant for humidification of inspired air and resonance.humidification of inspired air and resonance.

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THE LATERAL WALL OF NOSETHE LATERAL WALL OF NOSE

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PARA NASAL AIR SINUSESPARA NASAL AIR SINUSES

Frontal sinus, in frontal bone.Frontal sinus, in frontal bone. Maxillary sinus, in maxilla.Maxillary sinus, in maxilla. Sphenoidal sinus, in sphenoid.Sphenoidal sinus, in sphenoid. Ethmoidal sinuses, in ethmoidal bone. Ethmoidal sinuses, in ethmoidal bone.

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PARANASAL AIR SINUSESPARANASAL AIR SINUSES

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PHARYNXPHARYNX

The cavity from the mouth and nose opens The cavity from the mouth and nose opens in to the pharynx.in to the pharynx.

Behind the nose, it is the nasopharynx.Behind the nose, it is the nasopharynx. Behind the tongue, it is oropharynx.Behind the tongue, it is oropharynx. Behind the larynx, it is the laryngopharynx.Behind the larynx, it is the laryngopharynx.

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LARYNXLARYNX

It has following cartilages:-It has following cartilages:- Thyroid,Thyroid, Cricoid,Cricoid, Arytenoids,Arytenoids, Corniculates,Corniculates, Epiglottis.Epiglottis. Hyoid bone anchors the tongue, pharynx Hyoid bone anchors the tongue, pharynx

and larynx.and larynx.

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Larynx- lat. / post. viewsLarynx- lat. / post. views

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Thyroid cartilageThyroid cartilage

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Cricoid cartilageCricoid cartilage

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EPIGLOTIS

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ARYTENOIDSARYTENOIDS

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INTERIOR OF LARYNXINTERIOR OF LARYNX

The mucous membrane of interior of larynx is lined The mucous membrane of interior of larynx is lined by respiratory epithelium, pseudostratified ciliated by respiratory epithelium, pseudostratified ciliated columnar.columnar.

There are two vocal cords, true and false.There are two vocal cords, true and false. False vocal cords are called as vestibular folds.False vocal cords are called as vestibular folds. True vocal cords vibrate to produce voice.True vocal cords vibrate to produce voice. Vocal cords are brought closer together by Vocal cords are brought closer together by

adductors of larynx.adductors of larynx. Vocal cords are separated out by abductors of Vocal cords are separated out by abductors of

larynx.larynx.

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LARYNGEAL MUSCLESLARYNGEAL MUSCLES

The intrinsic muscles are covered by the The intrinsic muscles are covered by the mucus membrane.mucus membrane.

The only intrinsic laryngeal muscle visible The only intrinsic laryngeal muscle visible outside is cricothyroid between cricoid & outside is cricothyroid between cricoid & thyroid cartilage.thyroid cartilage.

The cricothyroid is supplied by external The cricothyroid is supplied by external laryngeal nerve of vagus.laryngeal nerve of vagus.

Other muscles of larynx are supplied by Other muscles of larynx are supplied by recurrent laryngeal nervs.recurrent laryngeal nervs.

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INTERIOR OF INTERIOR OF LARYNXLARYNX

SAGITTAL SECTIONSAGITTAL SECTION

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CRICOTHYROID CRICOTHYROID MUSCLEMUSCLE

SUPPLIED BY SUPPLIED BY EXTERNAL EXTERNAL LARYNGEAL NERVE.LARYNGEAL NERVE.

INTERNAL INTERNAL LARYNGEAL NERVE LARYNGEAL NERVE PIERCING THE PIERCING THE THYROHYOID THYROHYOID MEMBRANE.MEMBRANE.

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TRACHEA AND BRONCHITRACHEA AND BRONCHI

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Trachea is a tubular structureTrachea is a tubular structure

It begins at the cricoid It begins at the cricoid cartilage and divides at cartilage and divides at T4 vertebral level at T4 vertebral level at sternal angle.sternal angle.

Trachea divides into Trachea divides into two bronchi, which two bronchi, which enters into the hilum of enters into the hilum of each lung.each lung.

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LUNGS & PLEURALUNGS & PLEURA

Pleurae are double layer of serous coverings over Pleurae are double layer of serous coverings over the lungs.the lungs.

The parietal pleura covers the thoracic cavity.The parietal pleura covers the thoracic cavity. The visceral pleura covers the surfaces of lungs.The visceral pleura covers the surfaces of lungs. The cavity between the parietal and visceral The cavity between the parietal and visceral

pleurae is the pleural cavity.pleurae is the pleural cavity. The pleural cavity is filled up with minimal fluid.The pleural cavity is filled up with minimal fluid. Pleural effusion is huge collection of fluid in the Pleural effusion is huge collection of fluid in the

cavity.cavity.

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LUNGSLUNGS

RIGHTRIGHT BiggerBigger Three lobesThree lobes Oblique &transverse Oblique &transverse

fissures separates the fissures separates the three lobesthree lobes

Upper lobe, middle lobe, Upper lobe, middle lobe, and lower lobeand lower lobe

No lingulaNo lingula No cardiac notch on No cardiac notch on

anterior borderanterior border 10 BP segments10 BP segments

LEFTLEFT SmallerSmaller Two lobesTwo lobes Only oblique fissure Only oblique fissure

separates the two lobesseparates the two lobes Upper lobe & lower lobeUpper lobe & lower lobe Lingula is present on Lingula is present on

anterior borderanterior border Cardiac notch seen on Cardiac notch seen on

anterior borderanterior border 10 BP segments.10 BP segments.

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RIGHT & LEFT LUNGSRIGHT & LEFT LUNGS

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Each lung hasEach lung has

ApexApex BaseBase Sternocostal surfaceSternocostal surface Diaphragmatic surfaceDiaphragmatic surface Mediastinal surfaceMediastinal surface Anterior border Anterior border Inferior borderInferior border

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Common diseases of respiratory Common diseases of respiratory systemsystem

Epistaxsis- bleeding from noseEpistaxsis- bleeding from nose Rhinorrhoea-running noseRhinorrhoea-running nose Laryngitis-infection & inflamation of larynxLaryngitis-infection & inflamation of larynx Pharyngitis- infection & inflamation of Pharyngitis- infection & inflamation of

pharynxpharynx Bronchitis- infection of bronchiBronchitis- infection of bronchi Pleurisy- fluid accumulation in pleural cavityPleurisy- fluid accumulation in pleural cavity Pneumonia- inflamation & infection of lungs.Pneumonia- inflamation & infection of lungs.

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DIAPHRAGMDIAPHRAGM

It is a musculotendinous partition between It is a musculotendinous partition between the thorax & abdomen.the thorax & abdomen.

O. xiphoid process, lower 6 costal cartilages O. xiphoid process, lower 6 costal cartilages and sides of upper two lumbar vertebrae.and sides of upper two lumbar vertebrae.

I. central tendon.I. central tendon. N.S. phrenic nerve + lower 6 intercostal N.S. phrenic nerve + lower 6 intercostal

nerves.nerves. A. inspiratory muscle.A. inspiratory muscle.

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Thank youThank you