1 Regional Workshop on: Agriculture-related Issues in the Preparation for Accession to the WTO Overview of Agricultural Trade Databases and Analytical.

1

Regional Workshop on: Agriculture-related Issues in the Preparation

for Accession to the WTO

Overview of Agricultural Trade Databases and Analytical Tools

Syria, 26. – 28. November 2008

United Nations Conference on Trade and DevelopmentUnited Nations Conference on Trade and Development

Ralf Peters

UNCTAD, Geneva

Trade databasesWITS

• Gives access to 5 databases covering tariffs and trade (government’s view)

• TRAINS, IDB, CTS, Comtrade, AMAD• UNCTAD and Worldbank: wits.worldbank.org

Market Access Map• Trade and tariff data (exporter’s view)• ITC: www.macmap.org

FAOStat• Production, Consumption and wide range of data on agriculture

such as caloric intake, undernourished, …• FAO: faostat.fao.org

Analytical toolsDatabases with simulation tools

• WITS (Smart Model) and Market Access Map ATPSM

• Partial equilibrium model to analyse trade policy changes in agriculture• UNCTAD and FAO: www.unctad.org/tab and

www.fao.org/docrep/006/Y5117E/y5117e0a.htm

GTAP• General equilibrium model covering a wide range of analytical

possibilities (e.g. tariff cuts, productivity shock, RTAs, …)• www.gtap.org

GSIM• One sector partial equilibrium model • Francois and Hall: www.intereconomics.com/handbook/Models/Index.htm

Aglink - Cosimo• FAO and OECD: Price projection model

World Integrated Trade Solution (WITS) vs Databases

WITS (UNCTAD - World Bank) is a software which is designed to integrate several trade-related databases and provide easy access

Five databases are currently accessible through WITS

Databases of WITS

• TRAINS (UNCTAD)• COMTRADE (UN Statistics Division)• Integrated Database (IDB-WTO)• Consolidated Tariff Schedule (CTS-WTO)• AMAD (Agricultural Market Access Database)

Data contents of TRAINS (continued)Data contents of TRAINS (continued)

• Applied tariffs at tariff line level or aggregated

• Import statistics by origin at Harmonized System (HS) 6-digit level for every country-year by constructing mirror imports where necessary

• Non-Tariff Measures classified according to UNCTAD Coding System of Trade Control Measures

UN COMTRADE in WITS

• United Nations Commodity Trade Statistics Database:– International trade statistics, detailed by commodity and

partner country

– Over 130 countries

– From 1962 (not all countries) to most recent year

• Processed into a standard format with consistent coding and valuation– Converted into US dollars

– Quantities (if provided) converted into metric units

AMAD in WITS

• Query:– Currently only raw data downloadable– Future: incorporated in advanced query

• Data availability– TRQ schedule: within-quota tariffs and quota

volume– Out-of-quota tariffs available in WITS from CTS

(normal tariff schedule)

Access to WITS

• Software: everybody• AMAD and aggregated WTO Data: everybody• COMTRADE: Free access to International

Organizations, others against a fee• TRAINS: Access to governments and

international and regional organizations and donors to TRAINS Trust Fund

• WTO: Access to WTO member governments and selected International Organizations

WITS Functionality

• Data retrieval and analysis

• Quick query: raw data, entire schedules• Advanced query: averages by sector/region• Tariff Change Simulations• Other options

Quick Query

Direct access to the Database

–By country and/or by product–Export raw data–Extraction by criteria

AMAD in WITS

• Raw

Advanced Query

Users construct queries comprising of:

– Reporter countries – Products – Partner countries – Years

Custom Query – Parameters

Reporter Countries– Individual countries or user-

defined groups of countriesProducts– Individual products or user-

defined aggregates of products in various product classifications (HS, SITC,ISIC, etc)

Custom Query – Parameters

Partner Countries– Same as Reporter Countries.

“World” is treated as an individual country

Years – From 1988

Custom Query – results

Main indicators•Simple and trade weighted tariff averages

•Value of imports–Duty free–Dutiable–Non-ad valorem rates

•Distribution of tariff rates

• The Advanced Query is a more complex but more powerful and flexible tool for sophisticated queries :– Can retrieve trade for several years, partners and products with a

single query;

– Can retrieve aggregated trade for groups of countries or products;

• The process goes through two steps :– The user defines, saves and submits his query

– The server runs the query and notifies when results are ready.

Once the Data Source has been selected, a set of folders appears on the top left side of the Query Definition window.Those folders may vary depending on the chosen data source.

Click on the Reporters folder. A selection box appears on the right.

Selecting Reporters

Now, click on the Products folder. The product selection panel appears.Advanced Query offers many possibilities for selecting Products.To get results, you have to use nomenclatures available for the selected reporter(s).

Selecting Partners

Now, click on the Partner Countries folder. The selection panel appears. It is the same as the one we’ve seen for selecting Reporters.

Custom Query – submission

Further options before submitting

• MFN rates (default) , Bound Rates and/or Effectively Applied (preferential) rates

• Latest available year for each reporter country

• Substitution of unavailable year with the nearest available year

• Breakdown of country groups

• Question:

– Investigate the existence of tariff peaks and tariff escalation in country group A (USA, Canada, EU and Japan) on silk products originating in developing countries

• Steps:

– Create country aggregates (group A, developing countries)– Create product aggregates (raw, semi finished, finished silk)

Go to WITS Tariff peaks Tariff escalation

Hypothetical Example: Tariff peaks and escalation

Dom

estic

pea

ks

Inte

rnat

iona

l pea

ks

Dom

estic

pea

ks

Inte

rnat

iona

l pea

ks

Dom

estic

pea

ks

Inte

rnat

iona

l pea

ks

Dom

estic

pea

ks

Inte

rnat

iona

l pea

ks

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

Nu

mb

er o

f ta

riff

pea

ks

Raw

Yarn

Woven

Finished

Incidence of Tariff Peaks

1996

2000

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Raw silk - PrefRaw silk - MFNSilk Yarn - PrefSilk yarn - MFNWoven silk - PrefWoven silk - MFNFinished Silk - PrefFinished Silk - MFN

Raw silk Silk yarnWoven

silk

Finished silk

Silk Tariff Escalation (Weighted Average Tariffs)

• Part I : Trade statistics– Data extraction tools– Example: tariff peaks and escalation

•Part II: Trade liberalization simulations

– The model: assumptions, parameters, results– Example

Contents

Tariff Change Simulation

Results of Simulation - First round effect of tariff reduction- No time horizon - No cost of structural adjustment

How to Install WITSRegister at http://wits.worldbank.org/witsweb

Receive userid and password via e-mail

Download installation file from

http://wits.worldbank.org/install.htm

Install

CONTACT

Trade Information Section

UNCTAD/DITC/TAB

Palais des Nations

1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland

E-mail: [email protected]

Fax: +41 22 917 0247

ITC Market Access Map What it is and Who for (1)

• Making tariffs and market access barriers transparent

• Tariffs and market access measures at the bilateral level for 170 countries

• Products are described at the national tariff line level

ITC Market Access Map What it is and Who for (2)

• Designed to support exporters, importers, trade promoters, policy analysts and trade negotiators

• Can be used to find a tariff and to compare with competitors

• Advanced features to prepare for trade negotiations by simulating the effects of tariff reductions

Market Access Map Features (1)

• MFN tariffs as well as multilateral, regional and bilateral preferences

• Bound tariffs • Tariff-quotas: multilateral and

bilateral • Anti-dumping duties• Rules of Origin and Certificates of

Origin

Market Access Map Features (2)

• Trade flows • Tariffs: ad valorem, specific and ad

valorem equivalents of the specific tariffs

Analysis:• Tariff aggregation at any sectoral and

regional level• Tariff reduction simulations: using

various formulae

Agricultural Market Access Database

Data Coverage (1)

• Market Access Commitments– WTO Tariff Schedules: bound rate

– WTO TRQ Schedules

• Market Access Implementation– TRQ Notifications

– Applied Tariffs

Agricultural Market Access Database

Data Coverage (2)

• Analytical Tables– Comparison of In and Over Quota Tariff Rates

– Comparison of TRQ Schedule and Notification

• Supplemental Data– FAO Supply and Consumption Data

– Imports from UN Trade Data System

– World Import Unit Values