1 Proprietary & Confidential Go For Lunar Landing Panel 3: Avionics (GNC, automatic controls, displays, manual controls) Moderator: Mitch Fletcher, Honeywell.

1Proprietary & Confidential

Go For Lunar LandingGo For Lunar Landing

Panel 3: Avionics

(GNC, automatic controls, displays, manual controls)Moderator: Mitch Fletcher, Honeywell

4 March 2008

2Proprietary & Confidential

Pretend it’s 1965Pretend it’s 1965

3Proprietary & Confidential

Pat Paulsen for PresidentPat Paulsen for President

4Proprietary & Confidential

This is your calculatorThis is your calculator

1965 -- Texas Instruments (USA) begins work on a hand-held calculator, code named "Cal-Tech." It was to be developed as a prototype to show the potential of TI's recently-developed integrated circuits (which were not selling as well as they had hoped). The "Cal-Tech" featured four function calculations (+, -, x, /) and used a thermal paper tape printout. :

5Proprietary & Confidential

SATURN I Block II Analog Flight Control ComputerSATURN I Block II Analog Flight Control Computer

•The analog Flight Control Computer was manufactured under subcontract to IBM by COMMUNICATIONS ELECTRONICS CORP in 1962 for the Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC)•Operated in conjunction with the Launch Vehicle Digital Computer•The flight computer, installed within the Instrument Unit (IU) controlled extension/retraction of each of 12 gimbal servo-actuators•The Flight Control Computer analyzed input resulting from several forces acting on the vehicle such as engine thrust, wind, gravity and internal vehicle flexing and bending•The signals, measured and inputed from the stable platform, rate signals from rate gyros or lead networks, angle-of-attack information from body-fixed accelerometers and other sensors, are shaped, given a weighting function, and combined with program data in several servo amplifiers•The resultant amplified outputs drive the servo actuators which gimbal the engines to provide nozzle deflective thrust vector control for the S-I and S-IV stages.

6Proprietary & Confidential

The Apollo Guidance ComputerThe Apollo Guidance Computer

• Clock-speed – The AGC had a clock-speed of 2.048 Mhz – The modern computer’s clock speed on the

average of 2.4 Ghz • RAM

– The AGC had a RAM of 4 Kb – The modern computer standard ram is 2000

kb • ROM

– The AGC has a ROM of 32 Kb – The modern computer standard main rom (the

hard disk) usually at 160+GB • Software Language

– The AGC was programmed by the “Assembly Language”

– The Microsoft Windows is programmed by “BASIC”

• REGISTERS– The AGC had a central registers of 16-bits– The modern computer CPU registers are now

64-bits

7Proprietary & Confidential

Steps to the MoonSteps to the Moon

Apollo AnalogFlight Computer

Orion VehicleManagement

Computer

AltairComputer

Needs

8Proprietary & Confidential

Avionics Panel DiscussionAvionics Panel Discussion

• Compare/Contrast Apollo to Constellation. Similarities, differences both mission and technologies.

• Training an intelligent simulator and Robotic Landing Control System (RLCS)– Pilot/astronaut input to artificial intelligence for lunar

landing.

• Testing an intelligent simulator and RLCS with manual vs. robotic control of an LLTV.

9Proprietary & Confidential

Panel MembersPanel Members

Mike Aucoin……………….

Glenn A. Bever…………….

Graham O’Neil…………….

Rich Van Riper…………….

David B Smith……………..

Draper Laboratory

NASA DFRC, Flight Systems Branch

United Space Alliance

Honeywell (retired)

Boeing