1) Properties of Water Water is a polar covalent solvent Oxygen end is slightly negative Hydrogen ends are slightly positive.

1) Properties of Water

Water is a polar covalent solvent

•Oxygen end is slightly negative•Hydrogen ends are slightly positive QuickTime™ and a

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Hydrogen Bonding• Polarity of water

allows attraction between other water molecules– Hydrogen bond - attraction

between hydrogen and another highly electronegative atom (FON)

– Weaker than covalent or ionic bonds

– Water is unique in that one molecule can form up to 4 hydrogen bonds.

Properties of Water

Cohesion: attraction between 2 molecules of same substance

Adhesion: attraction between 2 different molecules

-Capillary action - forces between molecules cause water levels to rise against gravity (One way plants draw water from their roots).

Solutions and Suspensions

• Solution: Type of mixture with components evenly distributed. – Solute: What is dissolved.– Solvent: Substance which

solute is dissolved in (usually water).

– Like dissolves like!

Suspension: Mixture in which material will not dissolve

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Acids, Bases, and pH

• Water can ionize:H2O H+ + OH-

• pH Scales measures the concentration of Hydrogen and Hydroxide ions in solution.

– Ranges from 0 to 14

– pH of 7 is neutral (H+ = OH-)

– pH less than 7 is considered acidic (H+ > OH-)

– pH greater than 7 is called basic (H+ < OH-)

– Each value on the pH scale is a a factor of 10!» pH of 3 vs. pH of 5, the pH of 3 has 100 times more hydrogen ions!

pH Scale

Acids and Bases

• Acids are compounds that produce H+

ions in solutions.

• Bases are compounds that produce OH- in solution.

• *Buffers are weak acids or bases that can react with strong acids/bases to prevent sharp changes in pH.

2) Organic Compounds

• Organic Chemistry refers to the study of carbon compounds. – 1) Carbon atoms have 4 valence electrons,

and can form 4 individual covalent bonds.– 2) Carbon can bond with itself (single,

double or triple covalently), creating the possibility of huge chains.

– Polymerization - the formation of large molecules from smaller components.

4 Major Organic Components of Life

• 1) Carbohydrates: – Contain C, H, O in a ratio of

1:2:1.– Main source of energy.– Short and long term storage– Name ends in -ose

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1) Carbohydrates– Monosaccharides: single molecule sugars

• Glucose, Fructose, Galactose

• Chemical Formula C6H12O6

– Disaccharides: double sugars

• Maltose, Sucrose, Lactose

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How do macromolecules form?

• Dehydration synthesis!– Through a reaction of two molecules and energy,

water is produced.

– The reverse is known

as Hydolysis

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Carbohydrates

• Polysaccharides: 3 or more simple sugars bonded together.– A) Starch main form of energy storage for plants. – B) Glycogen (Animal starch) form of storage in

animals.– C) Cellulose chains of glucose formed in plants for

support structures. – D) Chitin is a polysaccharide that makes up

exoskeletons of many insects.

2) Lipids - oils, fats, waxes

• Contain C, H, O (H:O ratio is greater than 2:1 so lots of Hydrogen!)

• Used for long term energy storage (fat tissue)

• Make up cell membranes

Lipids

• Lipids are usually formed through the dehydration synthesis of a glycerol molecule and 3 chains of fatty acids.

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Lipids

• Saturated is a term that refers to a lipid containing only single covalent bonds between carbon atoms in the fatty acid tails

• Unsaturated means that there are one or more double bonds between carbons in the tails of the lipid.

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3) Nucleic Acids

• The molecules of heredity!• Contain Hydrogen,

Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon and Phosphorus.

• Individual monomers are known as nucleotides.

• Nucleotides have 3 parts: a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

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Nucleic Acids

• There are two possible pentose sugars in a nucleic acid: Ribose and Deoxyribose.

• DNA has deoxyribose

• RNA has ribose

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4) Protein

• The R groups have varying properties: some are acidic, basic, polar, or nonpolar in nature.

• Proteins have a diverse

role in biology. – Some are for transport

(COPI, COPII, actin, myosin)

– Structure (muscle, bones)

– Regulation of cellular activities (cell cycle)

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Protein Organization

• 4 levels of organization– Primary = individual sequence of amino acids in a

protein.– Secondary = Hydrogen bonding causes folds and

twists in between AA (-helix, pleated sheets).

– Tertiary = 3-dimensional folding occurs within the chain.

– Quaternary = Multiple chains can fold on each other (Hemoglobin).

4) Protein

• Proteins contain Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen.

• Building block of protein is called an Amino Acid– AA contain an amino group (-NH2)

– Also contain and carboxyl group (-COOH)

– 20 different amino acids, each differ only in their side chain (R group).