1. PiXL Independence KS5 Biology Biological Molecules Booklet

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PiXLIndependence:Biology–StudentBooklet

KS5

Topic-Biologicalmolecules

Contents:

I. Level1-MultipleChoiceQuiz–20credits

II. Level2-5questions,5sentences,5words–10creditseach

III. Level3-BiologyinTheNews–100credits

IV. Level4-ScientificPoster–100credits

V. Level5-Videosummaries–50creditseach

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PiXLIndependence–Level1MultipleChoiceQuestions

ALevelBiology–Biologicalmolecules

INSTRUCTIONSScore:/20

• Readthequestioncarefully.• Circlethecorrectletter.• Answerallquestions

Part1–Carbohydrates,Lipids&Nucleotides

1. Whatisthespecificnameofthefollowingimage?

a. AlphaGlucose

b. BetaGlucose c. Fructose d. Sucrose

2. Whattypeofmoleculeisshownbelow?

a. Carbohydrate b. Aminoacid c. Fattyacid d. Nucleotide

3. Whattypeofreactionoccurswhenglucosejoinswithgalactosetomakelactose? a. Hydrolysis b. Redox c. Synthesis d. Condensation

4. Whichofthefollowingtermsbestdescribeswater? a. Itispolar b. Itisadhesive c. Itiscohesive d. A&B e. A,B&C

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5. Inatri-glyceride,whattypeofbondconnectstheglycerolmoleculetothefattyacidtails? a. Glycosidic b. Phosphodiester c. Peptide d. Ester

6. HowwouldyoutestforSucrose? a. HeatwithBenedictssolution b. Biuretsolution c. HeatwithdiluteH2SO4,neutralizeandthenheatwithBenedictssolution d. Mixwithethanol,thenmixwithwaterandshake.

7. WhatisthestructureshownbyHaemoglobin? a. Primary b. Secondary c. Tertiary d. Quaternary

8. Inthinlayerchromatography,whichtermbestdescribesSilicaGel? a. Runningsolvent b. Extractionsolvent c. Mobilephase d. Stationaryphase

9. Acofactorisreferredtoasaprostheticgroupifitistightlyboundtotheenzyme.

WhatisthecofactorforAmylase? a. Fe2+ b. Zn2+ c. Cl- d. Fe

10. WhichofthefollowingpairsofnucleotidesarePurines? a. Adenine&Thymine b. Guanine&Cytosine c. Guanine&Adenine d. Thymine&Cytosine

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Part2–Enzymes&DNAreplication

11. Whichstatementdescribesthecorrectorderofeventsduringproteinsynthesis? a. TranscriptionàTranslationàModificationandPackagingàExcretion

b. TranslationàExcretionàTranscriptionàModificationandPackagingàExcretion c. TranscriptionàExcretionàTranslationàModificationandPackagingàExcretion d. TranscriptionàTranslationàModificationandPackagingàSecretion

12. InanexperimentinvestigatingtherateofH2O2breakdownintoO2andH2Owithcatalase,

thefollowingdatawasobtained.TemperatureOC Volumeofgascollectedcm3

10 7.020 12.630 22.640 40.850 35.2

CalculatetheQ10fortherateofreaction.

a. 7.0 b. 5.6 c. 1.8 d. 33.8

13. Acriticismofthestudent’sworkintheexperimentabovewasthattheydidnotrepeattheir

work.Whichtermbestdescribestheirweaknesses? a. Thedataisnotaccurate b. Thedataisnotreliable c. Thedataisnotprecise d. Theexperimentisnotvalid

14. Inpreparationforanexperiment,astudentcarriedoutaseriesofserialdilutionsofastock

solutionofaproteaseenzyme.Theoriginalstocksolutionhadaconcentrationof0.7moldm-3

Thestudentremoved2cm3ofthesolutionandaddeditto8cm3ofdistilledwater.Theyrepeatedthisdilutionthreemoretimes.Whatisthefinalconcentrationofthesolution?

a. 0.175moldm-3 b. 2.8x10-2moldm-3 c. 0.0112moldm-3 d. 1.12x10-3moldm-3 e. 7.0x10-5moldm-3

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15. Inanexperimentinvolvingtherateofbreakdownofasubstratebyanenzyme,thefollowingdatawerecollected.

TheexperimentwasrepeatedwiththeadditionofX.WhatisX?

a. Co-enzyme b. Allostericactivator c. Competitiveinhibitor d. Non-competitiveinhibitor

16. MeselsonandStahlinvestigatedthereplicationofDNA.Severalmodelsatthetimewere

putforwardforthemethodofDNAreplication.MeselsonandStahlusedcellsgrownindifferentenvironmentswithisotopesofeither14Nor15N.ThisledtoDNAthatcouldbeseparatedbycentrifuge.Intheimagebelow,whattypeofreplicationisindicatedbyDiagramA?

a. Dispersivereplication b. Semi-conservativereplication c. Conservativereplication d. Semi-dispersivereplication

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10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Rateofreaction%

SubstrateconcentrationAU

Rateofreaction

X

A B

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17. Whichofthefollowingprovidesthecorrectnucleotidesequenceforthefollowingsmallprotein?Methionine–Leucine–Asparticacid–Serine

ImagecurtesyofWikimediacommons–norestrictions.

a. AAUCCUCAGAUUGUA b. AUGAUUCAGUCCUAA c. AUGCUUGACGAUUAA d. AUGUUAGACUCCUAA

18. ADNAsequencereads:

AGTWhichisthecorrectsequenceontheanticodonofthetRNA?

a. UGT b. UCA c. TCU d. AGU

19. WhichofthefollowingenzymeswillshowthehighestrateofreactionatpH2? a. Carbonicanhydrase b. Amylase c. Pepsin d. Trypsin

20. VitaminB3isusedtosynthesizeNAD(nicotinamideadeninedinucleotide)whichplaysan

essentialroleinrespiration.WhichtermbestdescribesNAD? a. Enzyme b. Co-enzyme c. Co-factor d. Prostheticgroup

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PiXLIndependence–Level25questions,5sentences,5words

ALevelBiology–BiologicalMolecules

INSTRUCTIONS

• Foreachstatement,useeitherthesuggestedwebsiteoryourowntextbooktowritea5-pointsummary.Inexaminations,answersfrequentlyrequiremorethan1keywordforthemark,soaimtoincludeafewkeywords.

• Itisimportanttostickto5sentences.Itistheprocessofselectingthemostrelevantinformationandsummarizingit,thatwillhelpyourememberit.

• Writeconciselyanddonotelaborateunnecessarily,itishardertorememberandrevisefactsfromabiglongparagraph.

• Finally,identify5keywordsthatyoumayhavedifficultyrememberingandincludeabriefdefinition.Youmightliketoincludeaclipartstylepicturetohelpyourememberit.

Example:

QUESTION: Explainhowaproteinissynthesized.

Sources:

Website–www.tiny.cc/kprosynInteractive–www.tiny.cc/utahproTranscription–www.tiny.cc/transcriptionintTranslation–www.tiny.cc/translationint

1. SectionofDNAcontaininggenetobeexpressedisunzipped2. mRNAisformedbyaddingcomplimentarybasepairstoeachDNAstrandbyRNApolymerase3. mRNAisexportedtoribosomeonroughERthroughnuclearpore4. tRNAtransferaminoacidstotheribosome.EachtRNAhasacomplimentarysequenceofthree

nucleotides(anticodon)tothoseonthemRNA(codon).Thissequenceofcodonsdeterminestheorderofaminoacids.

5. Ribosomejoinsaminoacidstogetherwithapeptidebond.Proteinisreleasedandtransferredtothegolgiapparatusforfurtherprocessingandpackaging.

Anticodon–3nucleotidesonthetRNAthatarecomplimentarytothecodononthemRNA

Transcription–processofconvertingDNAintomRNA(liketranscribingabook)

Translation–processofconvertingmRNAintoapolypeptide(liketranslatingtoadifferentlanguage)

RNAPolymerase–makesRNA(notDNA)

Promotor–aproteinthatbindstotheDNAsotheRNApolymeraseknowswherethegenestarts

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QUESTION1: Comparethestructureandformationofproteins,lipidsandpolysaccharides.

Sources: Website–www.tiny.cc/kmolInteractive–www.tiny.cc/molint

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QUESTION2: Explainhowthepropertiesofwaterareessentialfortheexistenceoflife.

Sources: Website–www.tiny.cc/kwaterInteractive–www.tiny.cc/waterint

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QUESTION3: Explaintheevidencefortheoryofsemi-conservativereplication.

Sources: Website–www.tiny.cc/kreplicationInteractive–www.tiny.cc/repint

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QUESTION4: Explainhowtheuseofenzymesinachemicalreactioneffecttheactivationenergyofareaction.

Sources: Website–www.tiny.cc/kdna2Interactive–www.tiny.cc/enzymeint

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QUESTION5: ExplainhownucleotidesbondtoformthedoubleDNAhelix.

Sources: Website–www.tiny.cc/kdnaInteractive–www.tiny.cc/dnaint

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PiXLIndependence–Level3BiologyinTheNews

ALevelBiology–Biologicalmolecules

FakenewsSensationalisednewsstorieshavebeenaroundforsometime,butwiththemassgrowthofsocialmedia,theproblemseemstohavegrowninrecentyears.Attheveryleast,theUSPresidentialelectionhascertainlyhighlightedtheimpactthatmisleadinginformationcanhave.www.tiny.cc/fakenews2Athome,theBrexitvotealsosufferedfromthecirculationofmisleadingnewsstorieswww.tiny.cc/fakenews3Therefore,theabilitytoidentifyrealinformation,trackitbacktothesourcearticleandmakeyourownjudgementisaveryimportantskill.Thisactivitywillhelpyoudevelopthatskill.ArtificialsugarscausecancerNewsarticle–www.tiny.cc/sugarnewsJournalarticle–www.tiny.cc/artsugarNHSChoices–www.tiny.cc/nhssugar TaskYouneedtoproducea1pageessayonthehealtheffectsofartificialsweeteners.

Essaysection ActivityIntroduction Readthroughthefirstnewsarticle.Outlinethemainargumentsputforwardfor

thehealtheffects(beneficialorotherwise)ofartificialsweeteners.Thenevaluatethetrustworthinessofthisarticle.Donotworryabouthavingtheperfectevaluationatthisstage,itismoreimportanttoshowbytheendoftheessayyouhavedevelopedyourevaluationskill.

Describe Readthejournalarticleonartificialsweeteners.Thisarticleisametastudy,ithasreviewedotherliterature.Outlinetheevidenceforandagainstthehealtheffectsofartificialsweeteners.

Evaluate Discussthereasonswhysomearticlesarelesstrustedthanothers.Considersamplesizes,whetheranimalsorsickpeoplewereusedorwhetherthereisanyevidencethattheresearchershaveanunderlyingbias.

Conclude&Reflect

FinallyputforwardyourOWNopiniononthehealthrisksofartificialsweeteners.ThenreadtheNHSchoicesarticletolookforpointsthatyouhavenotmade.Writeafinalparagraphreflectingonthepointsyouhavemadecomparedtothepointsyoudidnotmaketodemonstrateandreflectonyourlearning.

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PiXLIndependence–Level4ScientificPosters

ALevelBiology–BiologicalMolecules

ScientificPosters-Scientistscommunicateresearchfindingsinthreemainways.Primarily,theywritejournalarticlesmuchlikeanexperimentwriteup.Theseareveryconcise,appraisethecurrentliteratureontheproblemandpresentfindings.Scientiststhensharefindingsatconferencesthroughtalksandscientificposters.Duringasciencedegree,youwouldpracticeallthreeoftheseskills.

Scientificpostersareafinebalancebetweenbeinggraphicallyinterestingandattractingattentionandsharingjusttherightamountoftexttoconveyadetailedscientificmessage.Theyaremoredetailedthanatalkandlessdetailedthanapaper.Usethisinformationtohelpstructureyourposter–www.tiny.cc/posterskillsMoredetailedguidanceisavailableat:www.tiny.cc/posterskills2CreatingyourposterItiseasiesttocreateaposterinPowerPoint;however,youneedtoaddcustomtextboxesratherthanusingthestandardtemplates.

Postersneedtobeeyecatching,butreadablefromadistance.IfyouusePowerPoint,startwitha4:3slide(foreasierprinting,itcanthenbeprintedonA3)andusea14-16ptfont.Thefirstboxcouldbelargertodrawpeoplein.Youcanuseabackgroundimage,butpickasimpleonethatisofhighquality.Selecttextbox,fillandselectchangethetransparencytomaintainthecontrastandpartiallyshowthepicture.Youcanexperimentwithdifferentlayoutsandyoushouldincludeimages.Avoidachaoticlayout,postersarereadfromtopleftcolumndownwards.Remembertoincludetheauthorsandreferences.Finally,lookattheexamplesgivenontheUniversityofTexaswebsitewhichalsooffersanevaluationofeachwww.tinyurl.com/postereg

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PrionsBackgroundIn1984,anewdiseaseemerged,effectingBritishcattle.MadcowdiseaseorBovinespongiformencephalopathytogivethefullname,infectedmorethan180,000cows.4.4millioncowswereslaughteredtopreventthediseasefromspreading.Thehugedevastationwasinpartduetotheslowresponseofthegovernmentwhodidnotactuntil1986.

MadCowdiseasestrikesfearamongsthealthcareworkers,governmentofficials,farmersandscientistsbecauseitcanbetransmittedtohumansthrougheatinginfectedtissues,usuallynervoustissue,butitispresentinalltissues.177peoplehavediedofthehumanformofthediseaseknownasCreutzfeldt-Jakobdisease.However,itisnotjustthehumandeathtoll,buttherestrictionsthatgetplacedoncattleexports.IthasbeenreportedthattheimpactontheUKeconomycost£5Billion.Whatisthepathogenthatcausesmadcowdisease?Itisnotactuallyapathogeninthetraditionalsense,itisaproteinthatfailstofoldcorrectlyand“infects”otherproteinscausingthemtodothesame.ItisaPrion.Sourcearticle:www.tinyurl.com/tgprionPriondiseases:www.tinyurl.com/cdcprionAnimations:www.tinyurl.com/prionmgh(thereisasecondanimationontheleft)Useothersourcesasnecessary.TaskProduceascientificposteronadifferentPriondisease.Decideinyourclasswhoresearcheseachdisease.Youshouldstartwithanoutlineofthestructureofaproteinandhowitfolds.TargetyourposterateducatedscientistsofatleastA-levelstandard,whomayunderstandtheconceptofProteins,butnotPrions.Recall Describethebasicstructuresofaprotein.Describe Writeadescriptionofyourdisease.Explain Explainhowprionscausedisease.

Discuss Discusstheglobalimpactofyourdisease,bothintermsofeconomyandhealth.

Figure2Prionprotein

Figure1Notamadcow!

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PiXLIndependence–Level5

VideosummariesA-levelBiology–Biologicalmolecules

CornellNotesAtAlevelandUniversity,youwillmakelargeamountsofnotes,butthosenotesareonlyofuseifyourecordtheminasensibleway.OnesystemforrecordingnotesisknownastheCornellnotessystem.Thismethodencouragesyoutoselectrelevantinformation,ratherthantryingtowriteatranscriptofeverythingsaid.Moreimportantly,itforcesyoutospendafewminutesreviewingwhatyouhavewritten,whichhasbeenscientificallyproventoaidlearningandmemoryretention.Theidealistowriteeverythingononepage,butsomestudentsmayprefertotypeandotherswilltohandwritetheirnotes.Whicheveroptionyouuse,remembertheaimistosummariseandcondensethecontentwithafocusontheobjectivesthatyouaretryingtolearnandunderstand.TherearethreemainsectionstotheCornellnotes

1 Cue/Objectives–Thiscanbedonebeforeorafterthelecture.Youmayhavebeenprovidedwiththeobjectivesoryoumayneedtodecidewhattheywereoryoumaywanttomakethelinktoyourlearningifthisisanadditionaltaskorlectureyouareviewing,suchasthisvideo.

2 Notes–Inthisspaceyourecordconcisely,simplythethingsyouareLESSlikelyremember-TheNEWknowledge.

3 Summary–Themostimportantstepthatiscarriedoutafterthelectureorvideo.Thishelpstoreinforcelearning.

Background

Thefollowingseriesofvideoslinktoyourlearning.Thefirstvideoexplainshowlifeevolvedfromaprimordialsoupandhowthefirstbiologicalmoleculesformedthatlaterledtotheformationofacell.ThesecondonediscussesthefamousworkofWatsonandCrickandtheevidencetheyusedtodiscoverDNA.Thefinalvideodiscusseshowproteinsfoldinto3Dshapes,somethingthathappensnaturallyandcorrectlyinacellbutdoesnotalwayshappenifscientiststrytorecreatethisinalaboratory.

Sourcearticle:Video1–OriginofLifeYouTube:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xyhZcEY5PCQVideo2–DiscoveryofthedoublehelixHHMIBio-education–www.tiny.cc/dnadiscoveryYoucanalsofindfurtherresourceslinkedtothisvideoat:www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/double-helixVideo3–TheproteinfoldingproblemTedXTalk–www.tiny.cc/fold

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Task:YouneedtoproduceasetofCornellnotesforeachofthevideosgivenabove.Usethefollowingobjectivetoguideyournotetaking,thislinkstoyourlearning.

1. Discussthemajordevelopmentsinbiochemistrythattookplaceinorderforlifetoevolve

2. DiscusstheevidenceusedtoidentifythestructureofDNA3. Explainhowproteinsfoldandhowwecouldinferits3Dstructureifweknowthe

geneticcode

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TitleDate

Objectives

Summary

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