1. Persistence is a measure of A.the concentration of a toxin B.the time it takes for a toxin to degrade. C.how chemically reactive a toxin is. D.how harmful a toxin is to an organism. the concentration of a toxin the tim e i t t a kesf or a tox.. ho w c hem ically r eact ive ... ho w harm ful a toxin is to... 10% 0% 15% 75%
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1. Persistence is a measure of A.the concentration of a toxin B.the time it takes for a toxin to degrade. C.how chemically reactive a toxin is. D.how harmful.
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1. Persistence is a measure of
A. the concentration of a toxinB. the time it takes for a toxin
to degrade.C. how chemically reactive a
toxin is.D. how harmful a toxin is to an
organism.
the co
ncentra
tion of a to
xin
the time it
take
s for a
tox..
how chemica
lly re
active ...
how harmfu
l a to
xin is
to...
10%0%
15%
75%
2. The endocrine system is the system that
A. fights infectious disease.B. breaks down toxins in the
body.C. sends chemical messages
throughout the body.D. sends sensory input to the
brain.
fights infecti
ous dise
ase.
breaks down to
xins in t..
sends c
hemical m
essage
s...
sends s
ensory in
put to ...
0% 0%
76%
24%
3. Which type of toxin were used widely as insulators, fire retardants and lubricants between 1929 and 1977?A. BPAB. VOC’s such as
benzeneC. DDTD. PhthalatesE. PCB’s
BPA
VOC’s su
ch as b
enzene
DDT
Phthalate
sPCB’s
5% 5%
86%
5%0%
4. PCB’s A. are water solubleB. biomagnify C. biodegrade quicklyD. have been linked to liver
cancer and learning disabilities
E. A and BF. B and CG. B and D
are w
ater s
oluble
biomagnify
biodegrade quick
ly
have been lin
ked to liv
er...
A and B
B and C
B and D
5% 5%0%
65%
10%5%
10%
PCB’s are one of the POP’s (Persistent Organic Compounds). They do not degrade easily so PCB’s used decades ago are still in the environment.PCB’s are fat soluble so they bioaccumulate (remain in body tissue) and can therefore be biomagnified throughout the food chain.
5. A toxin that can damage brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves is called
A. a neurotoxinB. a mutagenC. a teratogenD. an immunosuppressantE. an endocrine disruptor
77%
9% 9%0%
5%
6. Examples of neurotoxins include
A. LeadB. ArsenicC. Methyl mercuryD. All of the above
Lead
Arsenic
Meth
yl mercu
ry
All of t
he above
10%
75%
5%10%
7. What fraction of mercury comes from anthropogenic (human-caused) sources and what is the main source?
A. 2/3; pesticidesB. 1/10; pesticidesC. 2/3; coal-burningD. 1/10; coal-burning
2/3; p
esticid
es
1/10; p
esticid
es
2/3; c
oal-burn
ing
1/10; c
oal-burn
ing
15%5%
75%
5%
8. Humans can be exposed to mercury through
A. Consuming fish, esp. top-consumer fish like tuna.
B. Inhaling mercury vapors.
C. Eating beef and other red meat
D. Both A and B
Consuming fish
, esp
. top...
Inhaling m
ercury
vapors.
Eating beef a
nd other r
e...
Both A and B
20%
80%
0%0%
9. A chemical used to soften polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic and as a solvent in many consumer products like hair spray, body lotion and shampoo is
A. BPAB. DDTC. POPD. PhthalatesE. Cadmium
BPADDT
POP
Phthalate
s
Cadmium
50%
0%
10%
30%
10%
10. What chemical is used in water bottles, microwave dishes, and food and beverage can liners?
A. BPAB. DDTC. CadmiumD. Lead
BPADDT
CadmiumLe
ad
75%
5%5%
15%
Both phthalates and BPA are endocrine disruptors.
Both have recently been banned from products for infants.- Phthalates were banned as of 2010 for baby toys and BPA was banned from use in baby bottles and cans of baby formula. But both chemicals are in use in many other products.
11. Effects produced from a long-term, low-level exposure is called
A. acuteB. chronicC. pathologicalD. symptomaticE. synergistic
acute
chro
nic
pathologic
al
sympto
matic
synergisti
c
11%
68%
5%5%11%
12. Chemicals that cause changes in DNA are known as
A. teratogensB. mutagensC. antigensD. carcinogensE. gametogens
terato
gens
mutagens
antigens
carci
nogens
gameto
gens
0%
100%
0%0%0%
Mutagens may increase the risk of cancer because mutations But not all carcinogens cause mutations in genes- may promote the growth of cancer cells. So mutagen is the correct term for a substance that increases the rate of mutations.
13. The LD50 dose
A. shows a response in 50% of the population.
B. kills half of the population.C. has a threshold of 50%.D. is administered to 50% of
the population.
shows a
resp
onse in
50%...
kills half o
f the population.
has a th
resh
old of 50%.
is administ
ered to
50% of...
28%
0%
22%
50%
14. 50 parts per million (ppm) is equivalent to
A. 5 x 10-3 ppbB. 5 x 10-2 ppbC. 5000 ppbD. 50,000 ppbE. 500,000 ppb
5 x 10-3 ppb
5 x 10-2 ppb
5000 ppb
50,000 ppb
500,000 ppb
21%
16% 16%
42%
5%
15. Which of the following is equivalent to ppm?
A. mg/gB. g/mgC. kg/gD. g/kgE. mg/kgF. kg/mg
mg/gg/m
gkg/
gg/k
g
mg/kg
kg/mg
19% 19%
0%
38%
10%
14%
16. If the graph is a dose-response curve, what might be the labels of the x and y axes, respectively
A. Time; number of organismsB. Number of organisms; timeC. Dose concentration;
percent mortalityD. Percent mortality; Dose
concentrationTim
e; number o
f orga
nisms
Number of o
rganism
s; time
Dose co
ncentra
tion; per..
.
Percent m
ortality
; Dose
...
17%11%
67%
6%
17. Using the graph below, determine the LD50.
A. 7.5 mgB. 20 mgC. 25 mgD. 30 mg
7.5 mg
20 mg
25 mg
30 mg
5%11%
5%
79%
18. What is the threshold level for this toxin?
A. 30 mgB. 25 mgC. 20 mgD. 7.5 mgE. 0
30 mg
25 mg
20 mg
7.5 mg 0
29%
12%
0%
59%
0%
19. What is the TC50 for the toxin shown in the graph?
A. 0.1 µg/mLB. 9 µg/mLC. 15 µg/mLD. 80 µg/mL
0.1 µg/mL
9 µg/mL
15 µg/mL
80 µg/mL
6%0%
76%
18%
20. If a chemical with a concentration of 8 g/L is diluted in a serial dilution that is a 10 fold dilution for each step, what is the concentration after the fourth dilution?