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CURRICULUM VITAEDr. Noormartany, dr., SpPK, MSi
Konsultan Imunologi
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Over View of Over View of BloodBlood
4-INI4A- PAT7-(Y DEPARTEMENT
"A4#-TY " MEDI4INE PAD/AD/ARAN #NI>ERSITY
Dr. Noormartany, dr., Sp PK., M Si
Konsultan Immunology
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"un;tions o *lood
7!art pumps 1 to $' pints o ?lood t0roug0 mor!
t0an &+,+++ mil!s o =!ins, art!ri!s, and ;apillari!s. 7!matology 9 t0! study o ?lood 7!matologists 9 study its un;tion and ;omposition
3
*lood 0as many un;tions, all o @0i;0 ar!important to o=!rall 0!alt0 o t0! ?ody.
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"un;tions o *lood ;ont.<*lood do!s all t0! ollo@ing:*lood do!s all t0! ollo@ing:
• Distri?ut!s oByg!n, nutri!nts, and0ormon!s to ?ody ;!lls
•
Eliminat!s @ast! produ;ts• Maintains a;id2?as! ?alan;!
• R!gulat!s ?ody t!mp!ratur!
• Atta;s in!;ting pat0og!ns
• Prot!;tion against or!ign su?stan;!s
• R!gulatory mol!;ul!s
• R!gulation o p7 and osmosis
• 4lot ormation
4
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4omposition o *lood PlasmaPlasma
liquid in which other components are suspended
R!d ?lood ;!lls !ryt0ro;yt!s
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Composition of Blood
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!lasma
-iCuid part o ?lood Pal! y!llo@ mad! up o %$ @at!r, % ot0!r
4ontain:
•
Al?umin : Important in r!gulation o @at!rmo=!m!nt ?!t@!!n tissu!s and ?lood
• (lo?ulins : Immun! syst!m or transport mol!;ul!s
• "i?rinog!n : R!sponsi?l! or ormation o ?lood ;lots
•!t;
"
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#ormed $lements
• R!d ?lood ;!lls !ryt0ro;yt!s<• W0it! ?lood ;!lls l!uo;yt!s<(ranulo;yt!s #TS<
• N!utrop0ils
• Eosinop0ils
• *asop0ils
Agranulo;yt!s
• -ymp0o;yt!s• Mono;yt!s
• Plat!l!ts t0rom?o;yt!s<
%
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!roduction of #ormed $lements
• 7!matopoi!sis or 0!mopoi!sis&!rocess of blood cell production
• St!m ;!lls& 'll formed elements derived from
single population !roerythroblasts & (evelop into red blood cells
)yeloblasts & (evelop into basophils*
neutrophils* eosinophils
+ymphoblasts & (evelop into lymphocytes
)onoblasts & (evelop into monocytes
)ega,aryoblasts & (evelop into platelets
-
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.ematopoiesis
/0
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$rythrocytes
• 1tructure Biconcave* anucleate
• Components .emoglobin
+ipids* '2!* carbonic
anhydrase
• #unction
2ransport oygen fromlungs to tissues and
carbon dioide from
tissues to lungs
//
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/
.emoglobin
• Consists of&
4 globin molecules& 2ransport carbon dioide 6carbonic
anhydrase involved7* nitric oide
4 heme molecules& 2ransport oygen
• 8ron is required for oygen transport
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$rythropoiesis
• !roduction of red blood cells 1tem cells proerythroblasts early erythroblasts
intermediate late reticulocytes
• $rythropoietin& .ormone to stimulate 9BC
production /3
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.emoglobin Brea,down
/4
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+eu,ocytes
• Prot!;t ?ody against mi;roorganisms
and r!mo=! d!ad ;!lls and d!?ris
•Mo=!m!nts• Am!?oid
• Diap!d!sis
• 40!motaBis
• Passi=! Immunity
• A;ti=! Immunity
• Antig!n 9 Anti?ody
/5
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2ypes of +eu,ocytes
N!utrop0ils : Most ;ommon p0ago;yti; ;!lls d!stroy ?a;t!ria #
Eosinop0ils : D!toBiy ;0!mi;als r!du;! inlammation
*asop0ils : Al!rgi; r!a;tions R!l!as! 0istamin!, 0!parin
-ymp0o;yt!s : * ) T 4!l typ!s
Mono;yt!s : *!;om! ma;rop0ag!s
/
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/"
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2hrombocytes: !latelet
• Cell fragments pinched
off from mega,aryocytes
in red bone marrow
• 8mportant in preventing blood loss !latelet plugs
!romoting formation and
contraction of clots
/-;/%
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4oll!;ting, Pro;!ssing and
T!sting *lood Sp!;im!ns
/-
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• EBamination o ?lood ;an
pro=id! !Bt!nsi=! inormation
a?out a pati!ntFs ;ondition.
• *asi; und!rstanding o t0!anatomy and p0ysiology o t0!
;ir;ulatory syst!m @ill 0!lp you
p!rorm t0!s! tass.
0
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4oll!;ting *lood Sp!;im!ns
R!ading and int!rpr!ting t0! t!st ord!r
Ass!m?ling t0! !Cuipm!nt and suppli!s
Pr!paring t0! pati!nt
(r!!ting and id!ntiying t0! pati!nt:
4onirming pr!t!st pr!parations
EBplaining t0! pro;!dur! and sa!typr!;autions
Esta?lis0ing ;0ain o ;ustody
7andling !Bposur! in;id!nt/
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Id!ntiying t0! Pati!nt
's, patient to state their full name<
Be sure you hear both the first and last namescorrectly<
Verify that the name the patient gives is the name onthe order<
1ome places* the phlebotomist may as, for social
security* patient 8(* or chart number to furtheridentify the patient<
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3
Dra@ing *lood Som! stat!s p!rmit m!di;al
assistants to o?tain ?loodsampl!s.
Your oi;! @ill ;lariyyour duti!s
>!nipun;tur! 9 pun;tur!o a =!in
P0l!?otomy 9 pun;turing a
=!in @it0 a n!!dl! to ;oll!;t?lood into a n!!dl! or tu?!
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>!nipun;tur! ECuipm!nt
E=a;uation syst!m >A4#TAINERA4#TAINER
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>A4#TAINER
5
The VACUTAINER system uses interchangeable
collection tubes that allow you to raw se!eral bloo
s"ecimens #rom the same !eni"uncture site$
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4apillary Pun;tur!
Sup!ri;ial pun;tur! o sin @it0 s0arp point todra@ small amount o ?lood.
4oll!;t!d in small, ;ali?rat!d glass tu?!s, slid!s, orr!ag!nt strips.
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Pati!nt N!!ds
All!=iat! pati!nts !ars or ;on;!rnsPro=id! mor! inormation a?out:
• Pain• *ruis!s or s;ars
• S!rious diagnosis
•
4ontra;ting a dis!as! rom pro;!dur!
"
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Sp!;ial 4onsid!rations
40ildr!n: Tal @it0 pati!nt or ;ar!gi=!rs ?!or! @oring
@it0 ;0ild Addr!ss t0!m dir!;tly Sp!a ;almly in soot0ing =oi;! EBplain t0! pro;!dur! ?ri!ly in t!rms t0!y ;an
und!rstand K!!p ;0ild inorm!d o status o pro;!dur!
%
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Sp!;ial 4onsid!rations ;ont.<
Eld!rly Pati!nts:• 40ang!s in sin ;onditions ma! !ld!rly pati!nts
pron! to ?ruising• D!;r!as!d ;ir;ulation ma!s it dii;ult to ;oll!;t
!noug0 ?lood
• Sp!a in ;l!ar, lo@2pit;0!d ton!
•
(i=! t0! pati!nt tim! to r!spond to Cu!stions
-
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Sp!;ial 4onsid!rations ;ont.<
Pati!nts at ris o un;ontroll!d ?l!!ding su;0
as 0!mop0ilia or taing ?lood2t0inning drugs
*! ;ar!ul and al!rt
7old ;otton ?all o=!r t0! pun;tur! sit! or at
l!ast 8 minut!s
Notiy p0ysi;ian i ?l!!ding is un;ontrolla?l!
30
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Sp!;ial 4onsid!rations;ont.<
Dii;ult =!nipun;tur!:
• Try a s!;ond tim! and t0!n gi=! t0! pati!nt
a r!st
"ainting pati!nt:
• Position ?!or! =!nipun;tur! so no in6ury
@ill o;;ur
3/
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Sp!;ial 4onsid!rations ;ont.<
Angry or =iol!nt pati!nts:Angry or =iol!nt pati!nts:
En;ourag! pati!nt to su?mit to t!st and t0!ntal @it0 do;tor
Do not or;! t0! issu!
Pati!nt 0as t0! rig0t to r!us! 3
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33
7old ;otton ?all o=!r t0! pun;tur! sit! or at l!ast
8 minut!s
*! ;ar!ul and al!rt
Notiy p0ysi;ian i ?l!!ding is un;ontrolla?l!
W0at is on! pr!;aution you ;an ta!@0!n dra@ing ?lood rom a pati!nt @0o
0ad 0!mop0iliaG
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34
P!rorming 4ommon
*lood T!stsR!sults ;an aid in t0! diagnosis o sp!;ii;
;onditions, dis!as!, and disord!rs
40!mi;als in la?:40!mi;als in la?:
• Anti;oagulants
• S!rum s!parators• Stains
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7aHardous Wast!
7aHardous @ast! produ;ts in;lud!:• *lood and ?lood produ;ts
• *ody luids and tissu!
• 4ultur!s• >a;;in!s
• S0arps
• (lo=!s
•
Sp!;ula• Ino;ulating loops
• Pap!r produ;t ;ontaminat!d @it0 ?ody luids
35
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7!matologi; T!sts P!rorm!d on =!nous or ;apillary ?lood sp!;im!ns
*lood ;ountsts
• 9ed blood cells
• =hite blood cells
• !latelets
• .ematocrit
• .emoglobin
34!ntriug!d 4apillary Sampl!
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7!matologi; T!sts ;ont.<
Eryt0ro;yt! s!dim!ntation rat! ESR
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40!mistry T!sts
7ig0ly d!tail!d t!sts ar! not
p!rorm!d in P- la?s ?!;aus!
o !Bp!nsi=!, sop0isti;at!d!Cuipm!nt and t!;0niCu!s.
Som! t!sts su;0 as ?lood glu;os!
monitoring ar! ot!n p!rorm!d
?y m!di;al assistant.
3%
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S!rologi; T!sts
D!t!;t pr!s!n;! o sp!;ii; su?stan;!s in
?lood sampl!s.
R!!r to t0! introdu;tion o an antig!n oranti?ody into t0! sp!;im!n and to d!t!;t
sp!;ii; r!a;tion to t0! antig!n or
anti?ody.
#s!d to d!t!;t dis!as! anti?odi!s, drugs,
0ormon!s and =itamins.
3-
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Immunoassays
EnHym!2lin!d immunosor?!nt assay E-ISA< W!st!rn ?lot
Radio2immunoassay RIA< !t;
40
S!rologi;al t!sts us! t0! introdu;tion o anantig!n or anti?ody into t0! sp!;im!n to
d!t!;t sp!;ii; r!a;tions to t0! antig!n or
anti?ody.
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4/
Summary
Su;;!ssul p0l!?otomy pro;!dur!s r!Cuir! not
only sup!rior t!;0ni;al sills ?ut also !B;!ll!nt
int!rp!rsonal ;ommuni;ation sills
You may ?! ;all!d on to ;ompl!t! ;!rtain t!stingpro;!dur!s or to !Bplain t0! purpos! o t!sts to
pati!nts
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