1 Organic vs. Inorganic Organic vs. Inorganic All compounds can be separated All compounds can be separated into two groups: into two groups: Inorganic Inorganic • Doesn’t contain carbon Doesn’t contain carbon • Non-living Non-living • Examples: Oxygen gas, metals, rocks, Examples: Oxygen gas, metals, rocks, water water Organic Organic • Contains carbon Contains carbon • Living (or dead) Living (or dead) • Examples: wood, grass, diamonds, Examples: wood, grass, diamonds, petroleum petroleum
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1 Organic vs. Inorganic All compounds can be separated into two groups: All compounds can be separated into two groups: Inorganic Inorganic Doesn’t contain.
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Organic vs. InorganicOrganic vs. Inorganic All compounds can be separated All compounds can be separated
into two groups: into two groups: InorganicInorganic
MonomersMonomers One unit of a compoundOne unit of a compound
PolymersPolymers Many monomers combine to make a Many monomers combine to make a
polymerpolymer MacromoleculesMacromolecules
Many large molecules combined Many large molecules combined
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CarbohydratesCarbohydrates Made of C, H, OMade of C, H, O FunctionsFunctions
Main energy source in organismsMain energy source in organisms Structural component in plants (CELLULOSE)Structural component in plants (CELLULOSE)
TypesTypes Sugars Sugars
• gives off energy when broken downgives off energy when broken down• Ex. Sucrose, fructose, glucoseEx. Sucrose, fructose, glucose
Starches Starches • used as a storage molecule for sugarsused as a storage molecule for sugars• Ex. Bread, rice, pasta, cornEx. Bread, rice, pasta, corn
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LipidsLipids Made of C, H, O Made of C, H, O
in the form of glycerol and fatty acid chainsin the form of glycerol and fatty acid chains Commonly called fats, oils, waxesCommonly called fats, oils, waxes FunctionsFunctions
Storage of energyStorage of energy Parts of biological membranesParts of biological membranes Water proof coveringsWater proof coverings Chemical messengers (steroids)Chemical messengers (steroids)
Insoluble in waterInsoluble in water Ex. Lard, butter, oil, hormones, steroids Ex. Lard, butter, oil, hormones, steroids
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Saturated fats (lard) lack double bondsSaturated fats (lard) lack double bonds They are solid at room temperatureThey are solid at room temperature
Fatty acid
Figure 3.8C
Figure 3.8B
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Nucleic acidsNucleic acids Made of C, H, O, N, PMade of C, H, O, N, P Monomers are called Monomers are called
nucleotidesnucleotides Nucleotides are made up Nucleotides are made up
of a 5-carbon sugar, of a 5-carbon sugar, phosphate group and a phosphate group and a nitrogen basenitrogen base
FunctionsFunctions Store hereditary Store hereditary
RNA (ribonucleic acid)RNA (ribonucleic acid) DNA (deoxyribonucleic DNA (deoxyribonucleic
acid)acid)
Phosphate
groupSugar
Figure 3.20A
Nitrogenous
base (A)
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RNA vs DNARNA vs DNA There are THREE main differences There are THREE main differences
between DNA & RNAbetween DNA & RNA The sugarThe sugar
• In DNA its DEOXYribose sugarIn DNA its DEOXYribose sugar• In RNA it’s Ribose sugarIn RNA it’s Ribose sugar
Number of strandsNumber of strands• DNA is usually double strandedDNA is usually double stranded• RNA is ONLY single strandedRNA is ONLY single stranded
Nitrogen BasesNitrogen Bases• DNADNA
• Adenine pairs with ThymineAdenine pairs with Thymine• Guanine pairs with CytosineGuanine pairs with Cytosine
• RNA RNA • Adenine pairs with UracilAdenine pairs with Uracil• Guanine pairs with CytosineGuanine pairs with Cytosine
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ProteinsProteins Made of C, H, O, N (P, S)Made of C, H, O, N (P, S) Monomers are amino acidsMonomers are amino acids
There are 20 different amino There are 20 different amino acids that combine in different acids that combine in different ways to make millions of proteinsways to make millions of proteins
The most diverse The most diverse macromoleculesmacromolecules
FunctionsFunctions Control the rates of chemical Control the rates of chemical
reactions (enzymes)reactions (enzymes) Regulate cell processesRegulate cell processes Used to form bone & musclesUsed to form bone & muscles Transport substances into or out Transport substances into or out
of cellsof cells Help fight diseaseHelp fight disease
Aminogroup
Carboxyl (acid)group
Figure 3.12A
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Figure 3.15, 16
Amino acid
Hydrogen bond
Pleated sheet
Primarystructure
Secondarystructure
Figure 3.17, 18
Polypeptide(single subunitof transthyretin)
Transthyretin, with fouridentical polypeptide subunits
Tertiarystructure
Quaternarystructure
Alpha helix
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EnzymesEnzymes
Reaction pathwaywithout enzyme Activation energy
without enzyme
Activationenergywith enzymeReaction pathway
with enzyme
Reactants
Products
Special PROTEINSSpecial PROTEINS Act as biological CATALYSTS:Act as biological CATALYSTS:
speed up the rate of a chemical reaction by speed up the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy of the lowering the activation energy of the reactionreaction
Activation Energy: energy needed to Activation Energy: energy needed to transform reactant substances into product transform reactant substances into product substancessubstances
• Enzymes are specific in the reactions they catalyze (Lock and Key model)
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• They will only catalyze one specific substance, in one direction (a -> b, but not b -> a)
• They are reusable• A substance that an enzyme reacts on is called the
enzyme’s substrate• Only the active site in the enzyme actually binds to