1 Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP) Primary Mission: TO LEAD NATIONAL EFFORTS TO REDUCE ILLICIT DRUG USE AND ITS CONSEQUENCES.
Mar 26, 2015
1
Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP)
Primary Mission:
TO LEAD NATIONAL EFFORTS
TO REDUCE ILLICIT DRUG USE
AND ITS CONSEQUENCES.
ONDCP/FEB02
ONDCP Created by the Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988, as amended
Develops National Drug Control Strategies and Coordinates and Oversees Implementation
Develops Federal National Drug Control Budgets
Recommends improvements in management andorganization of drug control efforts
Conducts evaluations and performance measurementto improve program effectiveness
ONDCP/FEB02
National Drug Control StrategyNational Priorities
Stopping Use Before It Starts: Education and Community Action
Healing America’s Drug Users: Getting Treatment Resources Where They Are Needed
Disrupting the Market: Attacking the Economic Basis of the Drug Trade
ONDCP/FEB02
Two and Five Year Goals
Two-Year Goals: A 10 percent reduction in current use of illegal drugs by the 12-
17 age group A 10 percent reduction in current use of illegal drugs by those
aged 18 and older
Five-Year Goals: A 25 percent reduction in current use of illegal drugs by the 12-
17 age group A 25 percent reduction in current use of illegal drugs by those
aged 18 and older
ONDCP/FEB02
These Goals translate into these declines in Past Month Drug Use
Source of 1999 and 2000 data: SAMHSA, National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, 2000.
8.7
7.3
5.95.3
4.4
9.7
0
3
6
9
12
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
12 to 17
18 or older
ONDCP/FEB02
Budget Highlights:
Funding by Major Initiatives
ONDCP/FEB02
Stopping Use Before It Starts Education and Community Action
Safe and Drug-Free Schools Program: $644 million ($634.8 million drug-related)
National Youth Media Campaign: $180 million
Drug-Free Communities Program: $60 million
Parents Drug Corps Program: +$5 million
Drug-Free Workplace Programs: $3 million
ONDCP/FEB02
HHS Drug Abuse Treatment Programs:
Substance Abuse Mental Health Services Administration Targeted Capacity Expansion Program: +$109 million Substance Abuse Prevention and Treatment Block Grant:
+$60 million
HHS Drug Abuse Treatment Research: National Institute on Drug Abuse: +$57.5 million
Healing America’s Drug Users: Getting Treatment Resources Where They Are Needed:
ONDCP/FEB02
DOJ Drug Abuse Treatment Programs:
Promoting Drug Treatment in the Criminal Justice System
Residential Substance Abuse Treatment: +$7 million ($77 million total)
Drug Courts: +$2 million ($52 million total)
Healing America’s Drug Users: Getting Treatment Resources Where They Are Needed:
(continued)
ONDCP/FEB02
Andean Counterdrug Initiative: $731 million
Coast Guard’s Deepwater Project: +$500 million
Border Control and Enforcement: +$76.3 million
($11.4 million drug-related)
Southwest Border Prosecutor Initiative: $50 million
Disrupting the Market: Attacking the Economic Basis of the Drug Trade:
ONDCP/FEB02
0
5
10
15
20
The Federal Drug Control Budget has more than quadrupled since ONDCP was established in 1988.
Dollars, in Billions
FY 2003: President’s Request
FY 2002: Enacted Level
All Other Year: Actual Expenditures
ONDCP/FEB02
0
5
10
15
20
FY
86
FY
87
FY
88
FY
89
FY
90
FY
91
FY
92
FY
93
FY
94
FY
95
FY
96
FY
97
FY
98
FY
99
FY
00
FY
01
FY
02
FY
03
Interdiction
International
Domestic LawEnforcement
Demand Reduction
Demand Reduction and Domestic Law Enforcement account for the bulk of Federal Drug Control Spending
Fiscal Year 1986 -2003Dollars, in Billions
ONDCP/FEB02
$3,811.7
$2,473.4
$9,451.9
$2,289.7
$1,153.0
Fiscal Year 2003 President’s Request, by Area Total Resources: $19.2 Billion
(Dollars in Millions)
Domestic Law Enforcement
(49%)
Treatment w/Research
(20%)
Prevention w/Research
(13%)
Interdiction (12%)
International (6%)
ONDCP/FEB02
Restructuring the NationalDrug Control Budget
One of the key changes in the new National Drug Control Strategy is a restructuring of the Drug Control Budget. The budget has partly been based on imperfect estimation techniques that gauge the portion of a program related to drug control. Under the new approach, all drug programs will tie directly to actual line items in agency budgets – establishing clearer lines of authority and accountability for results.
Principles: All funding items displayed in the drug budget should be readily identifiable
line items in the Budget of the President or agency budget justifications; and
The budget presentation should be simplified by eliminating several supporting agencies from the drug tabulation. Only agencies with a primary demand reduction or supply reduction mission would be displayed in the drug budget
ONDCP/FEB02
Restructuring the NationalDrug Control Budget
Department of Defense
Department of Education Safe and Drug-Free Schools
Health and Human ServicesSAMHSANIDA
Department of JusticeDEAOCDETFINSOJP
ONDCP Department of State
Department of Transportation Coast Guard
Department of TreasuryCustoms ServiceOCDETF
Department of Veterans Affairs
Other Presidential Initiatives Drug-Free Workplace Programs Parents
Drug Corps Program SWB Prosecutor Initiative
Proposed Agencies Included Under Budget Restructuring:
ONDCP/FEB02
Restructuring the NationalDrug Control Budget
Modified Pro Forma Drug Control Budget
Federal Drug Control Funding by Function
($ in Millions)
FY 2001 FY 2002 FY 2003 FY 02-03 %Final BA Enacted Request Change Change
Function
Treatment (w/ Research) $2,858.2 $3,044.3 $3,226.5 $182.3 6.0%
Prevention (w/ Research) 1,900.0 2,048.0 1,985.2 (62.8) (3.1%)
Supply 5,066.4 5,847.7 6,177.4 329.7 5.6%
Total $9,824.6 $10,939.9 $11,389.3 $449.4 4.1%
(Detail may not add to totals due to rounding)
17
The Current Drug Situation
Including Prevention
and Treatment
ONDCP
ONDCP/FEB02
Summary of Current Situation:The National Household Survey
The main finding in the 2000 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (NHSDA) is that overall drug use remains level. The rate of current (past month) illicit drug use is unchanged from 1999, with 6.3 percent of the population 12 years and older reporting past month use of an illicit drug in both 1999 and 2000. This represents an estimated 14.0 million current users in 2000. None of the major drug categories registered any significant change in their rates of current use.
Marijuana is the most commonly used illicit drug--76 percent of current illicit drug users used marijuana, and approximately 59 percent consumed only marijuana. The remaining 41 percent of current illicit drug users, those who used illicit drugs other than marijuana, total about 5.7 million Americans. Of these, 3.8 million were using psychotherapeutics, non-medically. This includes pain relievers (2.8 million users), tranquilizers (1 million users), stimulants (800,000 users), and sedatives (200,000 users).
This Nation is clearly moving away from cocaine. Current use of cocaine in the household population is down from its peak of 5.7 million users in 1985 to 1.2 million in 2000. The estimated number of current crack users in 2000 was 265,000.
Almost 3 million persons (2.8 million) reported having tried heroin in their lifetime (1.4 percent), but only 130,000 (0.1% of the household population) reported heroin use in the past month.
Lifetime use of methamphetamine was reported by 8.8 million persons (4.0 percent), but only 387,000 (0.2%) reported use in the past month.
Lifetime inhalant use was reported by 16.7 million persons (7.5 percent), with 622,000 reporting use in the past month (0.3 percent). Among youth, 8.9 percent reported having tried inhalants, while 1.0 percent reported current use. As noted above, a significant decline was noted among those aged 12-13.
Lifetime use of MDMA in 2000 is estimated at 6.4 million persons, compared to 5.1 million in 1999. The 2000 NHSDA was not designed to report past month or past year use of MDMA.
ONDCP/FEB02
Summary of Current Situation:Continued
There were 2 million new marijuana users in 1999 – 18 percent fewer than the 2.5 million new users in 1998. This continues the gradual decline that begun in 1995, when there were 2.6 million new users. The average age at first use was 17.0 years.
Youths aged 12 to 17 have constituted about two-thirds of the new users of marijuana in recent years, with young adults aged 18 to 25 constituting most of the remaining third. Rates of use for both youth and young adults decreased between 1998 and 1999.
New cocaine users in 1999 numbered about 768,000, down 13 percent from 1998 (882,000). However, average age at first dropped from 19.9 years in 1998 to 19.5 years in 1999.
Initiates to heroin use were estimated at 104,000 in 1991, 26 percent less than in 1998 with 140,000 new users. Average age at first use was 19.8 years, younger than the 23.5 and 21.9 years estimated for 1997 and 1998, respectively.
Initiates to hallucinogen use (incl.. LSD and PCP) were estimated at 1.2 million, the highest estimate since 1965.
Estimates of substance abuse incidence, or initiation (I.e., number of new users during a given year) provide a valuable measure of the Nation’s drug use problem. They can suggest emerging patterns of use, particularly among young people. The initiation estimates in the 2000 NHSDA are based on combined 1999 and 2000 data, so direct comparison to older data is problematic. The key findings on initiation for 2000 follow:
ONDCP/FEB02
Summary of Current Situation:Continued
Among youth (ages 12-17), the rate of any illicit drug use in the past month is statistically unchanged, from 9.8 percent in 1999 to 9.7 percent in 2000. Heroin use in the past month declined significantly from 0.2 percent in 1999 to 0.1 percent in 2000, while rates of current use for other major drugs did not change significantly from the previous year.
The youngest subset of youth (ages 12-13) reported a significantly lower rate of current use of any illicit drug, from 3.9 percent in 1999 to 3.0 percent in 2000. Inhalant use in the past month decreased significantly from 1.3 percent in 1999 to 0.7 percent in 2000. Rates of use for other specific drugs did not change significantly over the same period.
However, for the oldest subset of youth (ages 16-17), some significant increases in current use were noted. There was a significant increase in past month nonmedical use of psychotherapeutic drugs, from 3.4 percent in 1999 to 4.3 percent in 2000. Within the psychotherapeutics category, past month nonmedical use of pain relievers increased significantly from 2.6 percent in 1999 to 3.3 percent in 2000. Current use of stimulants also increased significantly, from 0.8 percent to 1.2 percent. Methamphetamines, a category of stimulants, also showed a significant increase in this age subgroup, doubling from 0.3 percent in 1999 to 0.6 percent in 2000.
Youth attitudes are unchanged from last year. Perceptions of risk of drug use among youth show no statistically significant increases or decreases from 1999 to 2000. While perceptions of risk of marijuana, cocaine, heroin, and LSD use are stable, the percentage of youth reporting great risk in smoking one or more packs of cigarettes per day increased significantly from 60.7 percent in 1999 to 64.1 percent in 2000. Also showing improvement is the percentage of youth reporting great risk in drinking five or more drinks once or twice a week, from 42.0 percent to 43.2 percent.
Youth perception of the availability of drugs declined for each drug class. Significant declines in the percentage of youth reporting that marijuana was fairly or very easy to obtain declined from 56.5 percent in 1999 to 54.1 percent in 2000. Significant declines also were reported for cocaine (27.5 percent to 25.2 percent), crack (28.4 percent to 26.8 percent), heroin (18.1 to 17.0), and LSD (24.9 to 23.0).
ONDCP/FEB02
Summary of Current Situation:Continued
Among young adults, the subgroup that has the highest rate of drug use, 15.9 percent reported current use in 2000 compared to 16.4 in 1999 (this change is not statistically significant). A significant reduction was found for current stimulant use, from 1.1 percent in 1999 to 0.8 percent in 2000. Rates of current use for the other major drugs are statistically unchanged from 1999.
For the subset of young adults aged 18-20, no significant changes were noted over the two-year period, except for a decrease in past year use of cocaine, from 5.7 percent in 1999 to 4.8 percent in 2000.
For the older young adults (ages 21-25), a significant decline in past year use of any illicit drug was noted, from 25.8 percent in 1999 to 24.1 percent in 2000. Cocaine and nonmedical use of psychotherapeutics may account for this decline. In 1999, 1.6 percent reported past month use of cocaine, declining to 1.1 percent in 2000. Current crack use also declined from 0.2 percent to 0.1 percent. Stimulant use in the past month declined significantly from 0.8 to 0.5 percent.
In the age group 26 to 34, current crack use declined significantly, from 0.4 percent in 1999 to 0.1 percent in 2000. However, nonmedical use of psychotherapeutics increased significantly for lifetime and past month use (current use increasing from 1.5 percent to 2.1 percent). Current nonmedical use of pain relievers* (a subset of psychotherapeutics) rose significantly from 0.9 percent to 1.6 percent.
The nonmedical use of this category includes drugs used when they were not prescribed for you or that you took only for the experience or feeling they caused and excludes use of over-the-counter pain relievers. It does include, among others, prescription pain relievers such as Codeine, Demerol, Hydrocodone, OxyContin, Percocet, Percodan, and Vicodin.
No statistically significant changes were noted for the age group 35 and older in any drug class.
Drug use among young adults (age 18-25):
ONDCP/FEB02
For the total population ages 12 or older, there were no significant changes in recent years.
Percent Reporting Past Month Use of Any Illicit Drug
0
5
10
15
1985 1988 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
Source: SAMHSA, National Household Survey on Drug Abuse.
*The survey methodology was changed in 1999. Estimates based on the new survey series are not comparable to previous years.
New surveyseries*
ONDCP/FEB02
This flattening is true for all major classes of drugs.
Percentage of Population Reporting Past Month Use
0
5
10
15
85
88
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
1999
2000
Any Illicit Drug
Marijuana
Cocaine
NOTE: Changes made to the design and execution of the NHSDA in 1999 make long term comparisons of trend data impossible. The second set of data provided below for 1999 and 2000 are comparable, but the data labeled “99” is the last year for long term trend data. The “99” and 1999 data differ slightly, because of the changes in the survey.
Data break
Source: 2000 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse
ONDCP/FEB02
14 million were current (past month) users of an illicit drug in 2000.
3.8
0.13
0.4
0.62
0.97
0.265
1.2
10.7
14
0 5 10 15
Nonmedical Use
Heroin
LSD
Inhalants
Hallucinogens
Crack
Cocaine
Marijuana
Any Illicit Drug
(incl. crack)
Past Month Users (in Millions)
(any psychotherapeutic)
Source: 2000 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse
ONDCP/FEB02
Among youth (ages 12 to 17), current use of any illicit drugs is unchanged in the last two years.
Percent Reporting Past Month Use of Any Illicit Drug
0
5
10
15
1985 1988 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
Source: SAMHSA, National Household Survey on Drug Abuse.
New surveyseries*
*The survey methodology was changed in 1999. Estimates based on the new survey series are not
comparable to previous years.
ONDCP/FEB02
Among young adults (ages 18 to 25), current use of any illicit drugs is unchanged from 1999 to 2000.
Percent Reporting Past Month Use of Any Illicit Drug
0
5
10
15
20
25
1985 1988 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
Source: SAMHSA, National Household Survey on Drug Abuse.
New surveyseries*
*The survey methodology was changed in 1999. Estimates based on the new survey series are not
comparable to previous years.
ONDCP/FEB02
17%59%
24%
Marijuana only
Marijuana and some
other drug
Only a drug other than marijuana
Among Current Drug Users, Marijuana is Still the Most Abused Illicit Drug.
Percent Reporting Past Month Use of Illicit Drugs, 2000
Source: 2000 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse
ONDCP/FEB02
Among youth (aged 12 to 17), current use of any illicit drug in 2000 also is unchanged from 1999, except for heroin use, which
is significantly lower.
Percent Reporting Past Month Use
9.8
7.2
0.51.1
0.2 0.2
9.8
7.2
0.61.2
0.1 0.20
2
4
6
8
10
1999
2000
Source: SAMHSA, National Household Survey on Drug Abuse.
ONDCP/FEB02
9.7
15.9
4.2
0
5
10
15
20
12-17 18-25 26 or older
Percent Reporting Past Month Use
Young adults have the highest drug use rates.
Source: 2000 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse
ONDCP/FEB02
3
9.8
16.4
19.6
13.2
7.8
3.3
0
5
10
15
20
12-13 14-15 16-17 18-20 21-25 26-34 35 andolder
Percent Reporting Past Month Use
Drug use rates among young adults peak at age 18-20.
Source: 2000 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse
ONDCP/FEB02
9.8
19
5.4
9.5
12.7
3.1
0
5
10
15
20
25
12-17 18-25 26 or older
Male
Female
Males consistently have higher rates of any illicit drug use.
Percent Using in Past Month
Source: 2000 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse
ONDCP/FEB02
6.4 6.4 6.25.3
2.7
12.6
14.8
0
3
6
9
12
15
White Black Nat.Hawaiian/Pac
Islnd
Hispanic Asian Amer. Ind./AlaskaNative
MultipleRace
Persons of multiple race and American Indian/Native Alaskans have the highest rate of current use of any illicit drug.
Percent Using in Past Month
Source: 2000 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse
ONDCP/FEB02
6.5 6.8
3.9
0
2
4
6
8
Large Metro Non-Metro Urbanized Non-Metro Rural
Current use of any illicit drug is lowest in rural areas.
Percent Using in Past Month
Source: 2000 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse
ONDCP/FEB02
Marijuana accounts for the largest proportion of drug use, both in the general population and among youth.
11
6.3
34.2
8.34.8
38.9
0
10
20
30
40
Lifetime Past Year Current
Percent Reporting Use
18.6
9.7
18.3
13.4
7.2
26.9
0
10
20
30
40
Lifetime Past Year Current
Any Illicit Drug
Marijuana
Age 12 or OlderYouth (12 -17)
Source: 2000 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse
ONDCP/FEB02
Percent Reporting Past Month Use of an Illicit Drug
3
9.8
16.4
19.6
13.2
7.8 75.3
6.54.8
2.40.3
0
5
10
15
20
25
12-13Yearsof age
14-15 16-17 18-20 21-25 26-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-64 65+
Current Drug Use Varies Widely, by Age, but the Cohort Effect Lasts a Lifetime.
Prime example of an aging cohort of drug users -- this group began use in 1970s.
Source: 2000 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse
ONDCP/FEB02
Past Month Drug Use Varies by by Race/Ethnic Group: those reporting Puerto Rican and American Indian as Race/Ethnic
Group show highest rates of use.
. 0 3 6 9 12
White
Black
Amer. Ind/Alaskan Nat.
Chinese
Filipino
Japanese
Asian Indian
Korean
Vietnamese
Mexican
Puerto Rican
Central/South American
Cuban
Percent Reporting Past Month Use of Any Drug, Age 12 and Older, 1999
Source: 2000 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse
ONDCP/FEB02
Adults on parole or supervised release and those on probation have substantially higher rates of current drug use compared to
those not on parole or probation.
Percent Reporting Past Month Use of Any Illicit Drug
21.6
5.8
24.2
5.5
0
5
10
15
20
25
On Parole/Supervised
Release
Not on Parole/Supervised
Release
On Probation Not onProbation
Source: SAMHSA, National Household Survey on Drug Abuse.
ONDCP/FEB02
Heroin Use is a growing concern.
The ONDCP Pulse Check and the Community Epidemiology Working Group Report indicate heroin use nationwide is low, but on the rise.
High purity heroin and lower prices contribute to increased use.
Increased heroin abuse in the U.S. in the 1990s may be attributable in large part to growing polydrug use. Many heroin users also use other illegal drugs, most often cocaine or methamphetamine.
Majority of users are in their 30s and injecting; younger users beginning to inhale or smoke heroin.
ONDCP/FEB02
DUF/ADAM data and the 1999 NHSDA State-level data both indicate that methamphetamine use is primarily a problem in Western and Southwestern states, especially in certain key cities.
There are valid concerns about the potential impact and spread of methamphetamine use, especially into the Midwest.
Using treatment admission rates as a proxy for the spread of methamphetamine use shows a dramatic shift over the last five years.
The following four slides illustrate clearly the pattern of the spread and the full extent of the problem.
While methamphetamine use is low, it continues to be a major concern due to the potential for rapid spread.
ONDCP/FEB02
MAINE
SOURCE: SAMHSA, OAS, TEDS
Methamphetamine Admission Rates (per 100,000)
In 1994, five states had serious methamphetamine problems -- Hawaii and four others, all in the far west.
> 55
< 3
No data
3-27
28-54
ONDCP/FEB02
MAINE
SOURCE: SAMHSA, OAS, TEDS
Methamphetamine Admission Rates (per 100,000)
In 1996, ten states had serious methamphetamine problems, and the problem had spread into the midwest.
> 55
< 3
No data
3-27
28-54
ONDCP/FEB02
MAINE
SOURCE: SAMHSA, OAS, TEDS
Methamphetamine Admission Rates (per 100,000)
In 1998, 13 states had serious problems, including four midwestern states -- the problem was worse all over the midwest.
> 55
< 3
No data
3-27
28-54
ONDCP/FEB02
MAINE
SOURCE: SAMHSA, OAS, TEDS
Methamphetamine Admission Rates (per 100,000)
In 1999, the same 13 states still had serious problems, but two midwestern states showed improvement.
> 55
< 3
No data
3-27
28-54
ONDCP/FEB02
CURRENT DRUG USETRENDS AMONG YOUTH
BASED ON TWO NATIONAL SURVEYS FROM THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES
MONITORING THE FUTURE STUDY (MTF) AND
NATIONAL HOUSEHOLD SURVEY ON DRUG ABUSE (NHSDA)
ONDCP/FEB02
Summary of Current Situation:The Monitoring the Future Survey
The MTF is a school-based survey of 8th, 10th, and 12th graders, conducted by the University ofMichigan’s Institute for Social Research. Data is collected in the spring, and is reflective of the nationalschool population. Selected finding from the 2001 Survey follow:
11.7% of 8th graders, 22.7% of 10th graders, and 25.7% of 12th graders were current users of an illicitdrug – that is they had used within 30 days prior to being surveyed.
26.8% of 8th graders has used an illicit drug in their lifetime, and about half of 10th graders (45.6%)and 12th grades (53.9%) had done so.
Marijuana is the most commonly used illicit drug among all three grades, 9.2% of 8th graders, 19.8%of 10th graders, and 22.4% of 12th graders were current users.
MDMA (ecstasy) use among all three grades appears to have leveled in 2000 – 5.2% of 8th graders,8% of 10th graders, and 11.7% of 12th graders have used MDMA in their lifetime.
MDMA use has been rising rapidly among youth in recent years – lifetime use among 12th gradersdoubled from 1998 to 2001 (from 5.8% to 11.7%). This follows a 28% increase the year before –MDMA also shows the largest increases in perceived availability of any drug in the 27-year history ofthe MTF. This year’s leveling in use is particularly encouraging since students’ (12th graders)perception of ecstasy’s availability continued to rise in 2000, from 51.4% in 2000 to 61.5% in 2001 –a 20% increase.
Unlike other drugs, inhalants are used more frequently by the youngest students, 4.0% percent of 8 th
graders are current users of inhalants, compared with 2.4% of 10th graders and 1.7% of 12th graders.
ONDCP/FEB02
Summary of Current Situation:The Monitoring the Future Survey (continued)
OPBRE/Dec. 2001
ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO USE
The most commonly used substance among all three grades is alcohol. More thanone-fifth (21.5) of 8th graders are current users of alcohol, increasing to 39.0% for10th graders, and 49.8% for 12th graders. And almost 30% of 12th graders reportedthey had consumed five or more drinks in a row in the last two weeks (prior to thesurvey).
In 2001, the declining trend observed for teen smoking over the past several yearscontinued. 12.2% of 8th graders, 21.3% of 10th graders, and 29.5% of 12th graderswere current smokers – down between 19% and 42% from their 11-year peaks inthe mid-1990s.
ONDCP/FEB02
Summary of Current Situation:The Monitoring the Future Survey (continued)
ATTITUDES AND BELIEFS REGARDING ILLICIT DRUG USE
Attitudes toward substance use, often seen as harbingers of changes in prevalence of use,showed few changes from 2000 to 2001.
Among 12th graders*, perceived harm from trying MDMA once or twice increased notably. Perceived harmfulness of regular marijuana use decreased among 8th graders. Perceived harm from trying inhalants once or twice increased among 8th and 10th graders. Perceived risk of harm from using LSD regularly declined among 8th and 10th graders. The proportion of seniors disapproving of heroin use without a needle decreased. Disapproval of steroid use decreased among seniors*. Perceived availability of MDMA increased sharply among seniors, as stated above*. Perceived availability of crack and of cocaine powder decreased among 10th graders Perceived availability of heroin declined among 10th graders. Perceived availability of tranquilizers increased among 8th graders. Perceived availability of steroids decreased among 10th graders.
ONDCP/FEB02
Summary of Current Situation:2000 National Household Survey
Among youth (ages 12-17), the rate of any illicit drug use in the past month is statistically unchanged, from 9.8 percent in 1999 to 9.7 percent in 2000. Heroin use in the past month declined significantly from 0.2 percent in 1999 to 0.1 percent in 2000, while rates of current use for other major drugs did not change significantly from the previous year.
The youngest subset of youth (ages 12-13) reported a significantly lower rate of current use of any illicit drug, from 3.9 percent in 1999 to 3.0 percent in 2000. Inhalant use in the past month decreased significantly from 1.3 percent in 1999 to 0.7 percent in 2000. Rates of use for other specific drugs did not change significantly over the same period.
However, for the oldest subset of youth (ages 16-17), some significant increases in current use were noted. There was a significant increase in past month nonmedical use of psychotherapeutic drugs, from 3.4 percent in 1999 to 4.3 percent in 2000. Within the psychotherapeutics category, past month nonmedical use of pain relievers increased significantly from 2.6 percent in 1999 to 3.3 percent in 2000. Current use of stimulants also increased significantly, from 0.8 percent to 1.2 percent. Methamphetamines, a category of stimulants, also showed a significant increase in this age subgroup, doubling from 0.3 percent in 1999 to 0.6 percent in 2000.
Youth attitudes are unchanged from last year. Perceptions of risk of drug use among youth show no statistically significant increases or decreases from 1999 to 2000. While perceptions of risk of marijuana, cocaine, heroin, and LSD use are stable, the percentage of youth reporting great risk in smoking one or more packs of cigarettes per day increased significantly from 60.7 percent in 1999 to 64.1 percent in 2000. Also showing improvement is the percentage of youth reporting great risk in drinking five or more drinks once or twice a week, from 42.0 percent to 43.2 percent.
Youth perception of the availability of drugs declined for each drug class. Significant declines in the percentage of youth reporting that marijuana was fairly or very easy to obtain declined from 56.5 percent in 1999 to 54.1 percent in 2000. Significant declines also were reported for cocaine (27.5 percent to 25.2 percent), crack (28.4 percent to 26.8 percent), heroin (18.1 to 17.0), and LSD (24.9 to 23.0).
ONDCP/FEB02
Drug use remains highest among 12th graders. More than 50 percent of them have tried an illicit drug, and
more than one in four are current users.
Percent Reporting Use of “Any Illicit Drug”
Source: Monitoring the Future Study
26.8
45.6
53.9
19.5
37.2
41.4
11.7
22.7
25.7
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
8th
10th
12th
30-Day
Annual
Lifetime
ONDCP/FEB02
By the time they are seniors, almost a quarter of youth are current marijuana users
and more than 1 in 20 use every day.
MarijuanaPercent Reporting Use
Source: Monitoring the Future Study
20.4
40.1
49
15.4
32.7
37
9.2
19.8
22.4
1.3
4.5
5.8
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
8th
10th
12th
Daily
30 Day
Annual
Lifetime
ONDCP/FEB02
5.2
8
11.7
3.5
6.2
9.2
1.8
2.6
2.8
0 5 10 15
8th
10th
12th
30-Day
Annual
Lifetime
MDMA/ecstasy use is found in all grades.
Source: Monitoring the Future Study
MDMA/ecstasyPercent Reporting Use
ONDCP/FEB02
Cocaine use is less prevalent, but almost 9 percent of seniors have used cocaine during their lifetime.
Cocaine Percent Reporting Use
Source: Monitoring the Future Study
4.3
5.7
8.2
2.5
3.6
4.8
1.2
1.3
2.1
0 2 4 6 8 10
8th
10th
12th
30 Day
Annual
Lifetime
ONDCP/FEB02
1.7
1.7
1.8
1
0.9
0.9
0.6
0.3
0.4
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
8th
10th
12th
30 Day
Annual
Lifetime
Heroin use among students is low, but any use among students is a cause for great concern.
Source: Monitoring the Future Study
Heroin Percent Reporting Use
ONDCP/FEB02
50.5
70.1
79.7
41.9
63.5
73.3
21.5
39
49.8
13.2
24.9
29.7
0 20 40 60 80 100
8th
10th
12th
Lifetime Annual 30 Day 5+ Drinks/Past 2 Weeks
Alcohol is a serious problem among youth -- 30 percent of high school seniors and 25 percent
of 10th graders are heavy, binge drinkers.
Source: Monitoring the Future Study
Alcohol Percent Reporting Use
ONDCP/FEB02
36.6
52.8
61
12.2
21.3
29.5
5.5
12.2
19
0 20 40 60 80
8th
10th
12th
Daily
30-Day
Lifetime
More than one in five high school seniors are daily smokers.
Source: Monitoring the Future Study
CigarettesPercent Reporting Use
56
LONG TERM DRUG USE TRENDS
AMONG YOUTH
AND
SPECIAL DATA ABOUT
MARIJUANA USE
ONDCP
ONDCP/FEB02
While drug use is still unacceptably high, 2001 is the fifth year without significant changes in the current use of "Any Illicit Drug. ”
Current (past month) Use of Any Illicit Drug
Source: Monitoring the Future Study
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
8th 5.7 6.8 8.4 10.9 12.4 14.6 12.9 12.1 12.2 11.9 11.7
10th 11.6 11 14 18.5 20.2 23.2 23 21.5 22.1 22.5 22.7
12th 16.4 14.4 18.3 21.9 23.8 24.6 26.2 25.6 25.9 24.9 25.7
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
ONDCP/FEB02
Marijuana continues to predominate youth drug use.
Current (past month) Marijuana Use.
Source: Monitoring the Future Study
0
5
10
15
20
25
8th 3.2 3.7 5.1 7.8 9.1 11.3 10.2 9.7 9.7 9.1 9.2
10th 8.7 8.1 10.9 15.8 17.2 20.4 20.5 18.7 19.4 19.7 19.8
12th 13.8 11.9 15.5 19 21.2 21.9 23.7 22.8 23.1 21.6 22.4
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
ONDCP/FEB02
MDMA/ecstasy use has increased notably among students in each grade, but there is some limited good news for 2001.
Current (past month) MDMA/ecstasy Use.
Source: Monitoring the Future Study
0
1
2
3
4
8th 1 1 0.9 0.8 1.4 1.8
10th 1.8 1.3 1.3 1.8 2.6 2.6
12th 2 1.6 1.5 2.5 3.6 2.8
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
ONDCP/FEB02
Trends in 30-day use of alcoholare generally stable.
Current (past month) Alcohol Use
Source: Monitoring the Future Study
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
8th 25.1 26.1 26.2 25.5 24.6 26.2 24.5 23 24 22.4 21.5
10th 42.8 39.9 41.5 39.2 38.8 40.4 40.1 38.8 40 41 39
12th 54 51.3 51 50.1 51.3 50.8 52.7 52 51 50 49.8
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
ONDCP/FEB02
Trends in current Cigarette use show declines for all grade, with significant declines since 1998 for all grades.
Current (past month) Cigarette Use.
Source: Monitoring the Future Study
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
8th 14.3 15.5 16.7 18.6 19.1 21 19.4 19.1 17.5 14.6 12.2
10th 20.8 21.5 24.7 25.4 27.9 30.4 29.8 27.6 25.7 23.9 21.3
12th 28.3 27.8 29.9 31.2 33.5 34 36.5 35.1 34.6 31.4 29.5
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
ONDCP/FEB02
For those age 12 to 17, there is a clear relationship between the amount of alcohol consumed and current use of an
illicit drug other than alcohol.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998Perc
en
t w
ho
rep
ort
past
mo
nth
dru
g u
se
Heavy drinker Binge drinker Other drinker non-drinker
Past Month Illicit Drug Use by Intensity of Alcohol Use
Source: 1998 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse
ONDCP/FEB02
For those age 12 to 17, there is also a clear relationship between smoking cigarettes and current illicit drug use.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
Percen
t w
ho r
ep
ort
past
mon
th d
ru
g u
se
Current-smoker Non-smoker
Past Month Illicit Drug Use by Whether or not They Smoke Cigarettes
Source: 1998 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse
ONDCP/FEB02
Percentage of those ages 12 to 17 who reported aggressive behavior in past 6 months, by number of days marijuana was used in the past year
Aggressive Anti-Social Behavior Among Youth is Clearly Linked to Frequency of
Marijuana Use
Source: NHSDA Household Survey Data, 1994-1996
Destroyed Other's PropertyPhysically Attacked People
Per
cen
tag
e o
f ti
mes
ac
tivi
ty w
as
en
gag
ed
in
.
Frequency of Marijuana Use
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
No Use 1 to 11 12 to 51 52 Plus
0
5
10
15
20
25
No Use 1 to 11 12 to 51 52 Plus
ONDCP/FEB02
Percentage of those ages 12 to 17 who reported delinquent behavior in past 6 months, by number of days marijuana was used in the past year
Marijuana use is also related to other delinquent behaviors
Source: NHSDA Household Survey Data, 1994-1996
Cutting Classes Stealing
Per
cen
tag
e o
f ti
mes
act
ivit
y w
as e
ng
aged
in.
Frequency of Marijuana Use
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
No Use 1 to 11 12 to 51 52 plus
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
No Use 1 to 11 12 to 51 52 plus
ONDCP/FEB02
Percent Dependent on or who Abuse Illicit Drugs Among Adults, by Age Marijuana First Used (Dependence Based on DSM-4 Diagnostic Criteria)
10.5
4.4
2
0
3
6
9
12
Age 14 or Younger Age 15-17 Age 18 and Older
Drug Dependence as an Adult is Clearly Related to the Age at which a Person Starts Using Marijuana. The Younger the Age
at First Use, the Higher the Rate of Adult Drug Dependency.
Source: 2000 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse
ONDCP/FEB02
Role and Objectives of Drug Prevention
Deter new use and encourage existing users to stop using
Take steps to deter progression into more serious use
Break intergenerational cycle
Reduce risk factors and increase protective factors
Improve knowledge and attitudes
Reduce drug and alcohol problem behaviors
ONDCP/FEB02
0
800
1,600
2,400
3,200
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
Marijuana Cocaine Inhalants Hallucinogens
Initiates (1000s)
Marijuana and cocaine initiation show a downturn, but hallucinogen and inhalant initiates are trending upwards.
Source: SAMHSA, 2000 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse.
ONDCP/FEB02
0
50
100
150
200
250
70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98
Heroin initiation rates are lower than for any other major drug. Movement over the past few years illustrates how rapidly the heroin
situation can change.
Heroin Initiates (1000s)
Source: 2000 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse
Data not available for 1982
ONDCP/FEB02
What hypotheses seem most promising to account for the observed changes [in drug use] ?
Possible factors thought to have an affect on Risk Perception
Source: ONDCP Report on the Meeting of the Ann Arbor Group, June 1994.
Rates of delinquent behaviors and risk takingUse of gateway drugs (cigarettes)Changes in perceived harmfulness of drug useImpacts of mass culture (e.g., media)Changes in informal learning about risks of drug useChanges in Executive Leadership (Federal, State, local, civic)Changes in illicit drug availability and lower price/higher purity
(e.g., Marijuana, Heroin)
ONDCP/FEB02
Consequences of Drug Use
Drug Use
Consequencesof Drug Use
CrimeViolence Health
Economic
Family Community
ONDCP/FEB02
Consequences of Drug Use•The Social Costs of illicit drug abuse reached $143 billion in 1998 •U.S. drug users spend substantially more than $60 billion annually to purchase drugs •Cocaine and heroin problems seriously impact our Hospital Emergency Departments: cocaine continues to be the most frequently mentioned illicit drug, followed by heroin and marijuana. For the most recent year (2000), heroin visits rose, cocaine visits were statistically unchanged, and marijuana rose, but the change was not statistically significant •There are more than 1.5 million drug arrests each year -- half of all arrestees test positive for illicit drug use
•There is a high correlation between drug use and gang behavior, violence, threats, and carrying a gun to school •There is a high incidence of property crime among drug users
•Violence is common to drug trafficking
ONDCP/FEB02
The money spent on drugs saps our economic power
U.S. Users Spend $63.2 Billion Annually
Billions of Dollars (Projections for 1999)
2.31.6
10.411.9
37.1
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0
Cocaine Heroin Marijuana Meth Other
Source: ONDCP Paper, What America’s Users Spend on
Illegal Drugs
ONDCP/FEB02
The Economic Costs relating to drug abuse are increasing, reaching $143.4 billion in 1998.
Dol
lars
, in
Bil
lion
s
$44.1$58.3 $66.9
$102.2 $109.8
$143.4
$0
$20
$40
$60
$80
$100
$120
$140
$160
1985 1988 1990 1992 1995 1998
Source: Office of National Drug Control Policy, 2001.
ONDCP/FEB02
$98.5
$32.1$12.9
Health Care
Lost Earnings
Other Impacts
The bulk of the economic costs relate to lost earning potential.
(Billions of dollars)
Source: Office of National Drug Control Policy, 2001.
ONDCP/FEB02
$0
$50,000
$100,000
$150,000
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
Other Costs
Health Care
ProductivityLosses
Estimated cost (in millions)
All components of the costs of drug abuse to society are increasing at about the same rate.
Source: Office of National Drug Control Policy, 2001.
ONDCP/FEB02
62%
38%
Source: Office of National Drug Control Policy, 2001.
Total is $143 billion
Crime-Related $88.9B
Non-Crime-Related $54.5B
The costs of crime that can be attributed to drug abuse are substantial.
ONDCP/FEB02
$2,479
$548
$4,827
$12,688
$30,133
$24,627
$9,096
$4,489
$548
$0 $10,000 $20,000 $30,000 $40,000
Economic costs to victims
Private legal defense
Federal spending to reduce supply
Corrections
Incarceration productivity costs
Crime career productivity costs
Police protection
Legal adjudication
Private legal defense
Total: $89 billion(Millions of dollars)
Breakdown of crime-related costs, 1998
Source: Office of National Drug Control Policy, 2001.
ONDCP/FEB02
Productivity Cost Components
Lost productivity from: Premature death due to drug abuse Drug abuse related illness Institutionalization/hospitalization Victims of crime Incarceration Crime careers
ONDCP/FEB02
Health Care Cost Components
Community-based specialty treatment Federally provided specialty treatment Support for drug abuse related services Medical consequences of drug abuse
hospital and ambulatory carespecial disease costscrime victim health care costshealth administration costs
ONDCP/FEB02
Other Cost Components Goods and services lost to crime
Criminal justice system and other public costs police protection legal adjudication state and federal corrections local corrections federal spending to reduce drug supply
Private costs private legal defense property damage for victims of crime
Social welfare
ONDCP/FEB02
$0
$50,000
$100,000
$150,000
$200,000
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999* 2000*
Estimated cost (in millions)
The economic costs of drug abuse increased at an average annual rate of 5.9 percent from 1992 to 1998.
Source: Office of National Drug Control Policy, 2001.
*1999 and 2000 are projections.
2000dollars
currentdollars
ONDCP/FEB02
Drug-related murders have declined substantially over the past 10 years.
Source: FBI, Uniform Crime Reports
Murders Related to Narcotic Drug Laws
Number of
Deaths
1,027
1,402 1,367 1,3531,302 1,295
1,239
1,031
843 802
682581 572
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
ONDCP/FEB02
In 2000, more than 600,000 drug-related ED episodes were reported in DAWN -- cocaine is the most often mentioned drug.
Number of Drug Emergency Episodes
4,511
4,969
13,513
174,896
601,776
96,446
97,287
0 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 500,000 600,000
MDMA
GHB
Meth
Marijuana
Heroin
Cocaine
All Episodes
Source: SAMHSA, Drug Abuse Warning Network, 1999.
ONDCP/FEB02
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
Heroin Marijuana
Since 1990 marijuana ED mentions have been rising. In 2000 they were at about the same level as Heroin.
Source: HHS Drug Abuse Warning Network
Hospital Emergency Room Mentions, Heroin and Marijuana
ONDCP/FEB02
Since 1990, ED mentions of marijuana/hashish have increased by more than 500 percent.
16,25123,997
28,873
40,18345,271
53,789
64,744
76,870
87,15096,446
15,706
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
Number of Marijuana/Hashish Mentions
Source: SAMHSA, Drug Abuse Warning Network.
ONDCP/FEB02
Among youth, ED mentions of marijuana/ hashish have shown a seven-fold increase since 1990.
2,1303,104
4,247
6,539
7,974
9,98211,056
13,135 12,734
15,683
2,170
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
Number of Marijuana/Hashish Mentions (Ages 12-17)
Source: SAMHSA, Drug Abuse Warning Network.
ONDCP/FEB02
Mentions per 100,000 population for Marijuana
0
20
40
60
80
100
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
12-17 18-25 26-34 35+
Rates for ED mentions of marijuana are highest for young adults and are increasing.
Source: SAMHSA, Drug Abuse Warning Network.
ONDCP/FEB02
Drug-related criminal activity is still a serious problem
Source: NIDA, Drug Procurement Study.
NIDA study of drug users not in treatment found:
-- 46 percent report legal-only sources of income
-- 10 percent report illegal-only sources of income
-- 42 percent report both legal and illegal sources
-- 2 percent report no income
-- 30 percent of illegal income was generated from property crimes; 42 percent was from commercial sex
ONDCP/FEB02
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
19
88
19
89
19
90
19
91
19
92
19
93
19
94
19
95
19
96
19
97
19
98
19
99
20
00
Drug-related arrests continue at high levels
Source: Uniform Crime Reports, FBI.
Arrests for Drug Abuse Violations (in millions)
ONDCP/FEB02
Arrests for Drug Abuse Violations, 2000
9.3%
5.6%
4.1%
40.9%
24.2%
15.8%
Sale/ManufactureHeroin/CocaineSale/ManufactureMarijuanaSale/ManufactureOther DrugsPossession Marijuana
PossessionHeroin/CocainePossession otherDangerous Drugs
Reason For Drug Arrest
Source: Uniform Crime Reports, FBI.
ONDCP/FEB02
Less than 7 percent of drug trafficking convictions in State Courts are for marijuana
Breakdown of Drug Trafficking Convictions, by Drug
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
300,000
6.9%
60.2%
39.7%
27.4%
63%
ONDCP/FEB02
0
350
700
1,050
1,400
1,750
2,100
1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000
The total number of people in State or Federal prisons or local jails reached more than two million in 2000. However the rate
of annual increase was the lowest since 1972.
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2001
State Prisons1,236,476
Local Jails621,149
Federal Prisons145,416
Nu
mb
er o
f In
mat
es, i
n M
illi
ons
ONDCP/FEB02
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
300,000
80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99
The number of Prisoners Serving Time for Drug Offenses is Climbing- Up More Than 1000 Percent Since 1980
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics
251,200 Drug Offenders in State Prisons in 1999
68,360 Drug Offendersin Federal Prison in 1999
95
Drug Treatment
ONDCP
ONDCP/FEB02
0
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
1,200,000
19
80
19
82
19
87
19
89
19
90
19
91
19
92
19
93
19
94
19
95
19
96
19
97
19
98
Clients in Specialty Treatment for Drugs and Alcohol (one-day census of active clients)
More than 1 million personsare in treatment, every day
Source: Uniform Facility Data Set, DHHS/SAMHSA, 1995-98
ONDCP/FEB02
$2,051
$3,813$2,895
$4,160
$7,630
$13,902
$7,954
$5,259
$2,547$2,575
$0
$3,000
$6,000
$9,000
$12,000
$15,000
AmbulatoryOutpatient
Long-TermResidential
Short-TermResidential
OutpatientMethadone
Short-TermHospital
Cost
Benefit
On average, the benefits of drug treatment outweigh the costs by a margin of 3 to 1.
Source: CSAT, National Evaluation Data Services Report
ONDCP/FEB02
More than half those in treatment are being treated in outpatient settings
Percentage of Clients in Treatment, by Facility Setting
Source: Uniform Facility Data Set, DHHS/SAMHSA, Dec 97
54.7
20.2
12.8
8.3
4.1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Percents
Community Settings
Correctional Settings
Physical Health
Mental Health
Free Standing
ONDCP/FEB02
44.5%
27.9%
27.6%
Alcohol OnlyDrugs OnlyDrugs & Alcohol
Presenting problems can include both alcohol and other drugs, but illicit drug use is present for 72 percent of
those in treatment
Source: Treatment Episode Data Set, DHHS/SAMHSA, Sept 2000
ONDCP/FEB02
Primary Substance of Abuse for Treatment Admissions
20.2%
14.9%
14.9%13.3%
4.5%
5.9%
26.3%
Alcohol only
Alcohol w/drug
Opiates
Cocaine
Marijuana
Stimulants
Other
SOURCE: TEDS, 1998
ONDCP/FEB02
Referral source for treatment admissions, by primary substance
38.7
65
3617.5
27.9
30.3
11.4
26.653.9
42
18.218.2
24.3 12.4 13.3
12.8 13.1 16.2 16.85.5
0%
25%
50%
75%
100%
Individual Criminal justice A/D or health care provider Other
SOURCE: TEDS, 1998
ONDCP/FEB02
A total of 15.3 million persons were drug or alcohol dependent or abusers in the past year.
Number of Dependents or Abusers (in 1000s)
15,275
12,830
4,465
2,020
0 3000 6000 9000 12000 15000 18000
Alcohol or AnyIllicit Drug
Alcohol
Any Illicit Drug
Alcohol and AnyIllicit Drug
ONDCP/FEB02
4.5 million Americans reported substance dependence* or abuse* in 2000.
1,104
182
430
190
778
2,953
4,465
0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000
Prescription
Inhalants
Hallucinogens
Heroin
Cocaine
Marijuana
Any Illicit Drug
(nonmedical use)
Abusers or Drug Dependents (in 1000s)
*Dependence or abuse is based on the definition found in the 4th Edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV)
ONDCP/FEB02
Only half of those in the household population 12 and older that were drug dependent actually received drug
treatment in the 12 months prior to the interview.
6.3
1.20.6
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Current DrugUser
DrugDependent
ReceivedTreatment
Percent of Population 12 or Older
.
ONDCP/FEB02
One year after treatment
Illicit drug use decreased 50 percent
Illegal activity decreased 60 percent
Drug selling fell by nearly 80 percent
Arrests by down more than 60 percent
Trading sex for money or drugs down by nearly 60 percent
Homelessness dropped by 43 percent and receipt of welfare by 11 percent
Employment increased 20 percent
Source: Drug Abuse Treatment Outcome Study (DATOS) National Treatment Improvement Evaluation Study (NTIES)
THE EFFECTS OF DRUG TREATMENT LAST
ONDCP/FEB02
FIVE YEARS AFTER TREATMENT
Users of any illicit drugs reduced by 21 percent Cocaine users by 45 percent Marijuana users by 28 percent Crack users by 17 percent Heroin users by 14 percent
Numbers engaging in illegal activity significantly reduced 56 percent fewer stealing cars 38 percent fewer breaking and entering 30 percent fewer selling drugs
23 percent fewer victimizing others 38 percent fewer injecting drugs
34 percent fewer homeless
THE EFFECTS OF DRUG TREATMENT LAST
(continued)
Source: Services Research Outcome Study (SROS)
ONDCP/FEB02
In summary
Drug dependent people who participate in drug treatment
decrease their drug usedecrease their criminal activityincrease their employmentimprove their social and intrapersonal functioningimprove their physical health
Drug use and criminal activity decrease for virtually all who enter treatment, with increasingly better results the longer they stay in treatment.
108
Supply Reduction
ONDCP
ONDCP/FEB02
Interdiction must be included as a key element in a comprehensive approach
Interdiction alone cannot greatly impact the drug flow. It must be supported by other programs and approaches, if it is to have the desired impact.
Without production control at the source, with every interdiction the producers can simply increase production. We must focus attention on destroying the source of drugs in the prime source countries.
Targeted interdiction based on solid intelligence data will have the greatest longterm impact.
ONDCP/FEB02
The Source Country Focus Provides for better intelligence, so interdiction assets can be
strategically placed and efficiently used
Focuses attention close to where drugs are produced, increasing the leverage from each action
Limits production to maximize the impact from interdiction and eradication
Interdiction is most effective when it occurs closest to the source because alternative supplies of coca leaf and base are limited
Thus, stopping the flow before the drugs can be moved into the broader expanse of the transit zone is the most effective strategy
ONDCP/FEB02
Breaking Up the Delivery System
Our strategy also focuses on breaking up the delivery system, at all levels
The air bridge between Peru and Colombia has historically been seen as the weakest link, and, over the years, there has been some success there
Peru and Colombia end game participation is key to success
Successfully attacking the air bridge and other key supply routes can cause backups all the way back to the sources of coca leaf, depress the price, and impact profits
ONDCP/FEB02
An estimated 80% of the MDMA (Ecstasy) in the U.S. is thought to come from the Netherlands and Belgium
Global Drug Threat
Opium Production
Coca Production
MEXICO
COLOMBIA
PERU
BOLIVIA
GOLDEN
TRIANGLE
GOLDEN
CRESCENT
MDMA Production
• Cocaine fuels organized crime/violence; corruption; and addiction• Threatens regional stability• Social costs to U.S.: more than $ 140B/year • 52,000 drug related deaths/yr in U.S.
90% of all cocaineconsumed in U.S.comes from Colombia
About 200 MT
About 150 MT
About 278 MT
75% of theheroin seizedin the U.S.comes fromColombiaor Mexico
ONDCP/FEB02
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
Bolivia
Peru
Colombia
Global Drug Production and Trafficking
Amphetamine Type Stimulants
Cocaine
MDMA
Pot
enti
al C
ocai
ne P
rodu
ctio
n (m
t)
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
Pot
enti
al O
pium
Pro
duct
ion
(mt)
Mexico
Colombia
SE Asia
SWAsia
Heroin
ONDCP/FEB02
The Worldwide Cocaine ThreatA Hemispheric Perspective
U.S. Portion of Worldwide Consumption
Declining 1990 = 400 MT 2000 = 300 MT
Worldwide Consumption Increasing
1990 = 500 MT 2000 = 600 MT
All coca grown in theAndean Region
Andean Region Coca & Poppy Cultivation1995-2000 Success and Displacement
BOLIVIA• Coca cultivation decreased 70% to 15K hectares• Alternative development and forced eradication• Sound economic policies but slow growth
PERU• Coca cultivation decreased 70% to 34K hectares• Air-bridge denial and abandonment• Alternative development and forced eradication• Democratic transition, economy slow
COLOMBIA• Coca cultivation increased 166% to 136K hectares• Cocaine yield per hectare increased 250%• Opium poppy cultivation reached 2500 hectares• Displaced cultivation from Peru and Bolivia• Violence increasing as peace process falters and economy lags
ONDCP/FEB02
ONDCP/FEB02
Nature of the Problemand the Interdiction Response
0
50
100
150
200
250
CO
CA
INE
SE
IZE
D (
MT
)
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
Source Zone Transit Zone Arrival Zone
1990 2000CHANGES IN THREAT
• World consumption dominated by US•Transit movement via aircraft•Cultivation primarily from Peru and Bolivia
• Increasing European consumption•Transit movement via maritime vessels•Cultivation primarily from Colombia
TRANSIT ZONE
SOURCEZONE
ARRIVAL ZONE
50%
3% direct
16%
21% 10%
SOURCE: Annual Interagency Assessment of Cocaine Movement, April 2001ONDCP/FEB02
ONDCP/FEB02
0
400
600
800
1,000
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
460
230
240
435
300
325
350
200
240
435
175
520
145
580
METRIC TONS HCl
215 150 70 43
200
930 950 875 825 765 768
ANDEAN POTENTIAL COCAINE PRODUCTION 1995 - 2000
PERU
COLOMBIA
BOLIVIA
TOTALS
ONDCP/FEB02
54 percent
Mexico/CentralAmerican Corridor
1999 Estimate of Cocaine Flowfrom South America
43 percentCaribbean Corridor
3 percentDirect to U.S.
ONDCP/FEB02
Estimated Cocaine Flow to the United States: Calendar Year 1999
512Metric Tons
DepartSouth
Americafor U.S.
Arrival Zone Seizures
Transit Zone Seizures
MEXICO /CENTRAL
AMERICANCORRIDOR
-60 MT -37 MT
3% 15 MT
43%220 MT
54%277 MT
75 METRIC TONS DETECTED
DEPARTING FOR NON-US MARKETS
-14 MT -7 MT
-12 MTDIRECT TO CONTINENTAL U.S.
CARIBBEANCORRIDOR
382 MTPotentially
Arrives in the U.S.
ONDCP/FEB02
EUROPE 92%
AFRICA < 1%
CANADA 7%
ASIA < 1%
1999 COCAINE FLOW DIRECT TO NON-U.S. MARKETS -- 75 MT TOTAL
ONDCP/FEB02
Colombia - Crisis in 1999
DRUGS• Colombia producing 74% of world coca leaf -- and 90% of all cocaine HCl shipped to U.S.• Cultivation exploding and concentrating in isolated, guerrilla-dominated areas east of Andes
GUERRILLAS• Especially FARC, moving heavily into Colombia’s expanding drug production• Becoming stronger and more capable of attacking government
PARAMILITARIES• Maintaining some links with COMIL, at least at local level• Challenging FARC in the south, and vying for access to drug revenue
ECONOMY• Going into deep recession, first in 50 years• Foreign investment drying up• Domestic capital fleeing• World bank seeking austerity budget
PEACE PROCESS• Began in 1998• DMZ established• Process moving slowly• FARC unwilling to make concessions
ONDCP/FEB02
GOC Response - Plan Colombia (July 1999)
Comprehensive Strategy - Peace, Counternarcotics, Economy - Justice Reform and Human Rights
Goals - 30% reduction in coca by end of 2002 - 50% reduction in coca by end of 2006 - Reduce insurgent drug profits - Increase pressure for real peace negotiations - Spur economic growth
Estimated Total Cost - $7.5B with $GOC paying $4.0B - First nationwide counternarcotics effort
ONDCP/FEB02
USG Response - FY 2000 Emergency Supplemental(July 2000)
• Amount ($1.319B) is in addition to regular appropriations • Augments existing $300M appropriated for annual regional programs (all sources)• Expands existing military and alternative development programs
Support to Colombia - $938M
Support to Region - $382M
TWO MAJOR COMPONENTS
ONDCP/FEB02
Widespread Effects of Narcotrafficking
• Adversely impacts democracy and social development
• Destabilizes governments
• Undermines rule of law
• Exacerbates corruption
• Distorts legitimate economies • Inhibits investment and economic growth
ONDCP/FEB02
• Colombia’s drug-fueled violence, exploding drug production, economic distortion and efforts to combat them have regional implications and require a regional approach
Implications for Andean Region
ONDCP/FEB02
• Promote and support democracy and democratic institutions
• Foster sustainable economic development and trade liberalization
• Significantly reduce the supply of illegal drugs to the U.S. at the source, while simultaneously reducing U.S. demand
Proposed Andean Regional Initiative supports seven countries and supports overarching United States goals in the Andes
SUMMARY
ONDCP/FEB02
ONDCP/FEB02
Overview of Successes Over Time
Development of expanded international cooperation and consensus, with aggressive international engagement.
Increased European cooperation. Hemispheric Strategy, Action Plan, and Multilateral Evaluation
Methodology. Reduction in potential cocaine production, with cultivation in Peru
down 66 percent, 1995 to 1999, and cultivation in Bolivia down 55 percent in the same time period.
Cali and Medillin Cartels dismantled. Improved interagency coordination of interdiction, C3I, and Force
Structure, with new Intelligence Architecture (GCIP). Improved budget and resource processes, performance targets and
measures, Intelligence Architecture.
ONDCP/FEB02
Meeting New Challenges
Concentration of cocaine industry in Colombia.
Adapting programs in Peru and Bolivia. Increasing regional coordination. Countering globalization of drug industries, with
internationalization of money laundering. Responding to increases/improvements in trafficker technology. Continue to improve interdiction performance. Arrival Zone planning and coordination (AZIC). More accurate flow modeling for cocaine, heroin, marijuana, and
methamphetamine.
ONDCP/FEB02
Positive News on Worldwide Opium/Heroin Production
For the U.S. heroin market, the predominate supplier is Colombia.
Mexico also supplies the U.S. market with black tar and brown heroin, but there are indications that higher purity Mexican heroin is entering the market, in competition with high purity Colombian heroin.
In recent years the UNDCP has reported that the world’s largest producer of opium/heroin was Afghanistan. Actions in the past year have radically reduced production.
This success shows what can be done when political will and alternative development are in place and working together. The lesson learned should not be lost, even given the current world situation and the impact of terrorism in Afghanistan.
The following slides illustrate the current heroin situation, both in Southwest Asia and worldwide.
Southwest Asia: Opium Poppy Cultivation, 1992-2001
A Success for Eradication and Alternative Development
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 2001
Pakistan
Afghanistan
Hectares
ONDCP/FEB02
Afghanistan: Potential Opium Production has dropped to near zero.
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 2001
Hectares
ONDCP/FEB02
Afghanistan vs. the World Opium Production 1992-2001
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 2001
Rest of World
Afghanistan
Metric Tons
ONDCP/FEB02
World Potential Opium Production1991-2001
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01*
Colombia
Mexico
Pakistan
Thailand
Vietnam
Laos
Afghanistan
Burma
* Values for Latin America are projected
3,441 3,3893,671
3,302
4,068
5,106 5,000
4,452 4,263
5,082
1,264
Metric Tons
ONDCP/FEB02
ONDCP/FEB02
FEDERAL-WIDE DRUG SEIZURE SYSTEM
ANNUAL SEIZURES, BY FISCAL YEAR
Source: DEA's Federal Drug Seizure System
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
Cocaine(MetricTons)
107 111.7 137.9 110.8 140.6 106.2 115.4 114.5 120.7 132.6 106.5
Cannabis(MetricTons)
227 304.3 357.2 362.5 472.9 607.6 663.1 699.2 806.5 1,052.7 1,187.8
Heroin(Kilos)
773 1,391.3 1,157.4 1,594.8 1,312.8 1,347.5 1,530 1,415.7 1,587.2 1,239.4 1,414.5