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The International Journal of Renewable Energy Research (IJRER) seeksto promote and disseminate knowledge of the various topics andtechnologies of renewable (green) energy resources. The journal aimsto present to the international community important results of work inthe fields of renewable energy research, development, application ordesign. The journal also aims to help researchers, scientists,manufacturers, institutions, world agencies, societies, etc. to keep upwith new developments in theory and applications and to providealternative energy solutions to current issues such as the greenhouseeffect, sustainable and clean energy issues. The International Journal of Renewable Energy Research is a quarterlypublished journal and operates an online submission and peer reviewsystem allowing authors to submit articles online and track theirprogress via its web interface. The journal aims for a publication speedof 60 days from submission until final publication. The coverage of IJRER includes the following areas, but not limited to:

Green (Renewable) Energy Sources and Systems (GESSs) as Windpower,Hydropower, Solar Energy, Biomass, Biofuel, GeothermalEnergy, Wave Energy, Tidal energy, Hydrogen & Fuel Cells, Li-ionBatteries, CapacitorsNew Trends and Technologies for GESSsPolicies and strategies for GESSsProduction of Energy Using Green Energy SourcesApplications for GESSsEnergy Transformation from Green Energy System to GridNovel Energy Conversion Studies for GESSsDriving Circuits for Green Energy SystemsControl Techniques for Green Energy SystemsGrid Interactive Systems Used in Hybrid Green Energy SystemsPerformance Analysis of Renewable Energy SystemsHybrid GESSsRenewable Energy Research and Applications for IndustriesGESSs for Electrical Vehicles and ComponentsArtificial Intelligence Studies in Renewable Energy SystemsComputational Methods for GESSsMachine Learning for Renewable Energy ApplicationsGESS DesignEnergy SavingsSustainable and Clean Energy IssuesPublic Awareness and Education for Renewable EnergyFuture Directions for GESSs

Online ISSN: 1309-0127

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Vol 4, No 4 (2014): Vol4

Table of Contents

Articles

Aerodynamic Effect and Power from an Auxiliary Wind Turbine withSelected Motorcycles

Md Abdus Salam, Md Gholam Yazdani

PDF825

Modeling and Architectural Frame Work of Off-Board V2G Integratorfor Smart Grid

Santosh Kumar, Udaykumar R Yaragatti, Swapna Manasani

PDF831

MW Level Solar Powered Combined Cycle Plant with ThermalStorage: Thermodynamic Performance Prediction

Soumitra Mukhopadhyay, Sudip Ghosh

PDF839

Identification of Internal Parameters of a Mono-CrystallinePhotovoltaic Cell Models and Experimental Ascertainment

Ferdaous Masmoudi, Fatma Ben Salem, Nabil Derbel

PDF848

Effect of Environmental Conditions on Single and Double Diode PVsystem : Comparative Study

Ankit Gupta, Pawan Kumar, Rupendra Pachauri, Yogesh KumarChauhan

PDF858

Smart Charging of Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEVs) in ResidentialAreas: Vehicle-to-Home (V2H) and Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Concepts

Harun TURKER, Seddik Bacha

PDF871

Experimental Investigation on Combustion Characteristics of DIDiesel Engine Using Diethyl Ether Fumigation with Ethanol BlendedDiesel

sudhakar s, Sivaprakasam S

PDF878

Position Control Performance Improvement of DTC-SVM for anInduction Motor: Application to Photovoltaic Panel Position

Fatma Ben Salem, Nabil Derbel

PDF892

Study of Oscillatory Flow Heat Exchanger Used in Hybrid SolarSystem Fitted With Fixed Reflectors

VISHNU NARAYAN PALASKAR, SURESH PANDURANG DESHMUKH

PDF900

Hourly Performance Prediction of Solar Ejector-AbsorptionRefrigeration Based on Exergy and Exergoeconomic Concept

Fateme Ahmadi Boyaghchi, Reihaneh Taheri

PDF911

Wind Speed Modeling for Malaysia PDF


8 of 10 10/01/2015 9:43

Mohd Zamri Ibrahim, Yong Kim Hwang, Marzuki Ismail, AliashimAlbani

923

Determination of Optimum Fixed and Adjustable Tilt Angles for SolarCollectors by Using Typical Meteorological Year Data for Turkey

Yohannes Berhane Gebremedhen

PDF928

Numerical Analysis of Effect of Pitch Angle on a Small Scale VerticalAxis Wind Turbine

Bose Sumantraa R., Chandramouli S., Premsai T. P., Prithviraj P.,Vivek Mugundhan, Ratna Kishore Velamati

PDF935

Optimal Sizing of Hybrid Energy System Using Ant ColonyOptimization

payal suhane

PDF942

Heat Rate Enhancement of IGCC Power Plant Coupled with Solarthermal power plant

Rasesh R Kotdawala, Jyothi V., Gaurav Kanaujia, Bharath Adapa

PDF948

Modeling and Simulation of Grid Inverter in Grid-ConnectedPhotovoltaic System

Atiqah Hamizah binti Mohd Nordin, Ahmad Maliki bin Omar,Hedzlin binti Zainuddin

PDF957

Back Surface Recombination Effect on the Ultra-Thin CIGS SolarCells by SCAPS

Naima TOUAFEK, R. Mahamadi

PDF964

Wind Power Assessment and Site Matching of Wind Turbines inLootak of Zabol

Kiana Rahmani, Alibakhsh Kasaeian, Mahdi Fakoor, AmirrezaKosari, Sayyedbenyamin Alavi

PDF976

Designing of a Small Scale Vertical Axis Wind Turbine & ItsPerformance Analysis in Respect of Bangladesh

Sanjib Kumar Nandi

PDF985

Modeling Components of Solar Street LightMohammad Ziaur Rahman, Nafisa Saraker, Afif Nazim

PDF991

Performance Evaluation of Sugarcane Stripper for Trash Recoverysidrah ashfaq

PDF997

Multi-Level Wind Turbine Inverter to Provide Grid Ancillary SupportAdel M. Nasiri, Yogesh Patel

PDF1008

Study the With Different Precursor Molarities the Calculation theUrbach Energy in the Undoped ZnO Thin Films

said benramache

PDF1012

An Alternative Model of Overshot Waterwheel Based on a TrackingNozzle Angle Technique for Hydropower Converter

Lie Jasa, Ardyono Priyadi, Mauridhi Hery Purnomo

PDF1019

New Location Selection Criterions for Solar PV Power PlantSUPRAVA CHAKRABORTY, PRADIP KUMAR SADHU, NITAI PAL

PDF1030

Dynamic Demand Balancing Using DSM Techniques in aGrid-Connected Hybrid System

Ben Christopher

PDF1041

A Study on Wind and Solar Energy Potentials in MalaysiaMuhamad Mansor

PDF1048

Development of a Microcontroller Based PV Emulator With CurrentControlled DC/DC Buck Converter

Chouki Balakishan, Sandeep Babu

PDF1055

Statistical Modelling of Wind Speed Data for Mauritiusasma zaynah dhunny, Roddy Michel Lollchund, RavindraBoojhawon, Soonil D.D.V. Rughooputh

PDF1064

Pitch Control of Wind Turbines Using IT2FL Controller Versus T1FLController

Behzad Bahraminejad, Mohammad Reza Iranpour, EhsanEsfandiari

PDF1077

Energy Characteristics of Five Indigenous Tree Species atKitulangalo Forest Reserve in Morogoro, Tanzania.

Christopher Thomas Warburg, Cecil Kithongo King'ondu

PDF1084

Investigation of Some Parameters Which Affects into the Efficiency PDF


9 of 10 10/01/2015 9:43

of Quantum Dot Intermediate Band Solar CellAbou El-Maaty M Aly

1093

A Comprehensive Study on Microgrid TechnologyRamazan Bayindir, Eklas Hossain, Ersan Kabalci, Ronald Perez

PDF1107

Multiplier Effects on Socioeconomic Development from Investmentin Renewable Energy Projects in Egypt: DESERTEC Versus Energyfor Local Consumption Scenarios

Noran Mohamed Farag, Nadejda Komendantova

PDF1118

Optimization of Parameters for Purification of Jatropha Curcas BasedBiodiesel Using Organic Adsorbents

sangita Banga, Pradeep K Varshney, Naveen Kumar, Madan Pal

PDF1125


www.ijrer.org

[email protected]



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2014

Vol 4, No 4 (2014): Vol4

Vol 4, No 3 (2014): Vol4

Vol 4, No 2 (2014): Vol4

Vol 4, No 1 (2014): Vol4

2013

Vol 3, No 4 (2013): Vol3

Vol 3, No 3 (2013): Vol3

Vol 3, No 2 (2013): Vol3

Vol 3, No 1 (2013): Vol3

2012

Vol 2, No 4 (2012): Vol2

Vol 2, No 3 (2012): Vol2

Vol 2, No 2 (2012): Vol2

Vol 2, No 1 (2012): Vol2

2011

Vol 1, No 4 (2011): Vol1

Vol 1, No 3 (2011): Vol1

Vol 1, No 2 (2011): Vol1

Vol 1, No 1 (2011): Vol1



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1 of 2 29/12/2014 19:36

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Home > Archives > Vol 4, No 4 (2014)

Vol4

Table of Contents

Articles

Aerodynamic Effect and Power from an Auxiliary Wind Turbinewith Selected Motorcycles

Md Abdus Salam, Md Gholam Yazdani

PDF825

Modeling and Architectural Frame Work of Off-Board V2GIntegrator for Smart Grid

Santosh Kumar, Udaykumar R Yaragatti, Swapna Manasani

PDF831

MW Level Solar Powered Combined Cycle Plant with ThermalStorage: Thermodynamic Performance Prediction

Soumitra Mukhopadhyay, Sudip Ghosh

PDF839

Identification of Internal Parameters of a Mono-CrystallinePhotovoltaic Cell Models and Experimental Ascertainment

Ferdaous Masmoudi, Fatma Ben Salem, Nabil Derbel

PDF848

Effect of Environmental Conditions on Single and Double DiodePV system : Comparative Study

Ankit Gupta, Pawan Kumar, Rupendra Pachauri, Yogesh KumarChauhan

PDF858

Smart Charging of Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEVs) in ResidentialAreas: Vehicle-to-Home (V2H) and Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G)Concepts

Harun TURKER, Seddik Bacha

PDF871

Experimental Investigation on Combustion Characteristics of DIDiesel Engine Using Diethyl Ether Fumigation with EthanolBlended Diesel

sudhakar s, Sivaprakasam S

PDF878

Position Control Performance Improvement of DTC-SVM for anInduction Motor: Application to Photovoltaic Panel Position

Fatma Ben Salem, Nabil Derbel

PDF892

Study of Oscillatory Flow Heat Exchanger Used in Hybrid SolarSystem Fitted With Fixed Reflectors

VISHNU NARAYAN PALASKAR, SURESH PANDURANGDESHMUKH

PDF900

Hourly Performance Prediction of Solar Ejector-AbsorptionRefrigeration Based on Exergy and Exergoeconomic Concept

Fateme Ahmadi Boyaghchi, Reihaneh Taheri

PDF911

Vol 4, No 4 (2014) http://www.ijrer.org/index.php/ijrer/issue/view/4785074604081163

1 of 3 29/12/2014 19:38

Wind Speed Modeling for MalaysiaMohd Zamri Ibrahim, Yong Kim Hwang, Marzuki Ismail,Aliashim Albani

PDF923

Determination of Optimum Fixed and Adjustable Tilt Angles forSolar Collectors by Using Typical Meteorological Year Data forTurkey

Yohannes Berhane Gebremedhen

PDF928

Numerical Analysis of Effect of Pitch Angle on a Small ScaleVertical Axis Wind Turbine

Bose Sumantraa R., Chandramouli S., Premsai T. P., PrithvirajP., Vivek Mugundhan, Ratna Kishore Velamati

PDF935

Optimal Sizing of Hybrid Energy System Using Ant ColonyOptimization

payal suhane

PDF942

Heat Rate Enhancement of IGCC Power Plant Coupled with Solarthermal power plant

Rasesh R Kotdawala, Jyothi V., Gaurav Kanaujia, BharathAdapa

PDF948

Modeling and Simulation of Grid Inverter in Grid-ConnectedPhotovoltaic System

Atiqah Hamizah binti Mohd Nordin, Ahmad Maliki bin Omar,Hedzlin binti Zainuddin

PDF957

Back Surface Recombination Effect on the Ultra-Thin CIGS SolarCells by SCAPS

Naima TOUAFEK, R. Mahamadi

PDF964

Wind Power Assessment and Site Matching of Wind Turbines inLootak of Zabol

Kiana Rahmani, Alibakhsh Kasaeian, Mahdi Fakoor, AmirrezaKosari, Sayyedbenyamin Alavi

PDF976

Designing of a Small Scale Vertical Axis Wind Turbine & ItsPerformance Analysis in Respect of Bangladesh

Sanjib Kumar Nandi

PDF985

Modeling Components of Solar Street LightMohammad Ziaur Rahman, Nafisa Saraker, Afif Nazim

PDF991

Performance Evaluation of Sugarcane Stripper for TrashRecovery

sidrah ashfaq

PDF997

Multi-Level Wind Turbine Inverter to Provide Grid AncillarySupport

Adel M. Nasiri, Yogesh Patel

PDF1008

Study the With Different Precursor Molarities the Calculation theUrbach Energy in the Undoped ZnO Thin Films

said benramache

PDF1012

An Alternative Model of Overshot Waterwheel Based on aTracking Nozzle Angle Technique for Hydropower Converter

Lie Jasa, Ardyono Priyadi, Mauridhi Hery Purnomo

PDF1019

New Location Selection Criterions for Solar PV Power PlantSUPRAVA CHAKRABORTY, PRADIP KUMAR SADHU, NITAI PAL

PDF1030

Dynamic Demand Balancing Using DSM Techniques in aGrid-Connected Hybrid System

Ben Christopher

PDF1041

A Study on Wind and Solar Energy Potentials in MalaysiaMuhamad Mansor

PDF1048

Development of a Microcontroller Based PV Emulator WithCurrent Controlled DC/DC Buck Converter

Chouki Balakishan, Sandeep Babu

PDF1055

Statistical Modelling of Wind Speed Data for Mauritiusasma zaynah dhunny, Roddy Michel Lollchund, RavindraBoojhawon, Soonil D.D.V. Rughooputh

PDF1064


2 of 3 29/12/2014 19:38

Pitch Control of Wind Turbines Using IT2FL Controller VersusT1FL Controller

Behzad Bahraminejad, Mohammad Reza Iranpour, EhsanEsfandiari

PDF1077

Energy Characteristics of Five Indigenous Tree Species atKitulangalo Forest Reserve in Morogoro, Tanzania.

Christopher Thomas Warburg, Cecil Kithongo King'ondu

PDF1084

Investigation of Some Parameters Which Affects into theEfficiency of Quantum Dot Intermediate Band Solar Cell

Abou El-Maaty M Aly

PDF1093

A Comprehensive Study on Microgrid TechnologyRamazan Bayindir, Eklas Hossain, Ersan Kabalci, Ronald Perez

PDF1107

Multiplier Effects on Socioeconomic Development fromInvestment in Renewable Energy Projects in Egypt: DESERTECVersus Energy for Local Consumption Scenarios

Noran Mohamed Farag, Nadejda Komendantova

PDF1118

Optimization of Parameters for Purification of Jatropha CurcasBased Biodiesel Using Organic Adsorbents

sangita Banga, Pradeep K Varshney, Naveen Kumar, MadanPal

PDF1125


www.ijrer.org

[email protected]



3 of 3 29/12/2014 19:38

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of RENEWABLE ENERGY RESEARCH Jasa et al., Vol.4, No.4, 2014

An Alternative Model of Overshot Waterwheel

Based on a Tracking Nozzle Angle Technique for

Hydropower Converter

Lie Jasa*’ **, Ardyono Priyadi**, Mauridhi Hery Purnomo**‡

*Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Udayana University, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia

**Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Technology Industry, Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology,

Surabaya, Indonesia ([email protected], [email protected], [email protected])

‡ Corresponding Author; Mauridhi Hery Purnomo, Department of Electrical Engineering, Kampus ITS Sukolilo, Surabaya

60111, Indonesia, Tel: +62 31 594 7302, Fax: +62 31 593 1237, [email protected]

Received: 25.09.2014 Accepted: 09.11.2014

Abstract- The efficiency of a waterwheel is a measure of its capacity to convert the kinetic energy of flowing water into

mechanical energy. The rotation of a waterwheel is influenced by several parameters including blade shape, number of blades,

nozzle angle, and rim diameter. This study focuses on finding the parameters that influence the rotations per minute (RPM) of

the waterwheel. The research method involved analysis, modelling, and a validation step. The results show that the triangular

blade was an improvement over previous research on waterwheels with propeller blades. Our experiments produced 5,73 higher

efficiency than a vane having a nozzle angle θ of 20°.

Keywords- Waterwheel, RPM, blade, nozzle.

1. Introduction

Global warming is a great concern to Indonesian

people[1]. More sustainable practices require the use of clean

energy sources. Achieving sustainable energy use requires

everyone to use energy wisely, and in a way friendly to the

environment. The developments of renewable energy sources

are necessary[2] because: (a) oil prices are unstable and (b)

mineral-based energy reserves are limited.

Hydroelectricity is an important component of the world’s

renewable energy supply. In 2011, hydroelectricity accounted

for 15% of the world electricity production[3],[4] Among all

renewable energy sources, water has the lowest cost and is the

most reliable resource. Micro-hydro is popular because of its

simple design, easy operation, and inexpensive installation[5].

Recent research of micro-hydro used a waterwheel in Dusun

Gambuk Pupuan Tabanan Bali, Indonesia[6],[7],[8] to

produce only 0,7 kW of energy. It is possible that the

waterwheel was inefficient because it was unable to convert

the maximum amount of water energy. The parameters of the

waterwheel included a head of 17 m, a water discharge of 40

L/sec, 23–26 rotations per minute (RPM), and a diameter of

200 Cm, which should produce more than 0,7 kW[9].

Hydropower systems are classified, in accordance with

their installation capacities, as large, medium-size, small, and

micro[10]. Micro-hydro systems generally have a generating

capacity of less than 100 kW. The capacity of power

generation is determined by the ability of the waterwheel to

convert the water’s kinetic energy into mechanical energy.

Physicists generally describe waterwheels as analogous to

physical, biological systems[11],[12],[13],[14]. Flowing

water flow has a capacity of energy, and the waterwheel

converts the kinetic energy of flowing water to generate

electricity. This study focuses on finding the parameters of the

waterwheel to produce a maximum RPM.

Research on hydropower converters show that some

parameters of the waterwheel design have great impact on

efficiency[15],[16]. Rotation of a waterwheel depends on the

radius, blade, water discharge, volume, and nozzle angle[17]

The volume of the blade is affected by gravitational force,

causing the waterwheel to rotate clockwise. The speed of the

waterwheel is measured in RPM, whereas the radius of the

waterwheel determines the torque produced.

Previous research examined the overshot waterwheel [15],

including the analysis of physical and mathematical models.

In this study, the authors analyzed an overshot waterwheel of

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of RENEWABLE ENERGY RESEARCH Second Author et al., Vol.4, No.4, 2014

1014

cross-flow turbine with mathematical models, especially

looking at the flow in the space between each blade, conducted

simulation of the model, made a prototype of the waterwheel,

and compared efficiency with previous research. A

waterwheel prototype was developed with an adjustable

nozzle length, nozzle position, and nozzle angle. The highest

RPM of the waterwheel is determined by adjusting these

parameters.

Propeller blade design developed by Denny[15] was

compared with our model. Both prototypes of the models were

developed with equal diameter, blade thickness, and blade

number. The purpose was to obtain real data for both models.

The technical results proved that our model was able to

produce higher RPM.

2. Design Overshot Waterwheels

2.1. Previous Model

The ideal overshot waterwheel[15] model has 12

triangular buckets attached to the wheel rim. Each bucket

moves freely on the horizontal axis. Buckets are filled with

water that drops vertically through the channel. The water-

filled bucket causes the waterwheel to spin. Low spill angles,

φ1, near the rim of the wheel cause the buckets to shed water;

otherwise, no water is spilled. It was assumed that the wheel

is frictionless and works by turning a millstone. The difference

between the ideal waterwheels and the real waterwheels is in

the mathematical analysis and physics, whereby an ideal

waterwheel does not exist. First, real waterwheels did not have

pivoted buckets. This design was adopted to ensure that water

does not spill out as the wheel turned. Instead, the rim of the

wheel is partitioned off into sections rotating with the wheel,

and so the amount of water spilled out increases as the spill

angle (φ) increases[15]. As the wheel turns, water also

splashes over the sides into the buckets and falls from the

higher buckets to lower buckets.

To make the overshot waterwheel model more realistic,

Denny[15] made a number of changes. First, real waterwheels

do not have pivoted buckets. Instead, the rim of the wheel is

portioned off into sections, as shown in Figure 1. They rotate

with the wheel, and so water spills out increasingly as φ

increases. Also, water splashes over the sides as it flows into

the buckets. Efficiency of overshot waterwheel model

developed by Denny, as shown at equation (1)

η = {1+sin(φ)} / {2 + v2/(2 g R)} (1)

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Fig.1. Overshot waterwheel with canted vanes[15]

2.2. New Model

A new design of waterwheel blade shape is changed from

propeller into a triangle. The new model is compared with the

previous design to show if RPM changes with the change of

nozzle angle. The parameters of waterwheel include diameter,

blade thickness, blade number, and length of nozzle. Water

discharge was equal for all tests. The parameters of the model

used were diameter = 50 cm, thickness = 10 cm, number of

blades = 8, and length of nozzle = 13 cm. The design of the

model can be seen in Figure 2.

The blades are attached at the edge of the wheel and

installed following the line of the diameter rim. It was placed

on each line in the opposite direction between the left and right

side. It determines the direction of rotation of the waterwheel.

Mathematical analysis of the new waterwheel model is

described in more detail in section 3.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Fig.2. Design of new model waterwheels

The waterwheel model is made from acrylic material and

rotates clockwise when water fills the blade. Details can be

seen in Figure 3. The video demonstration of this model can

be accessed at You Tube [18].


1015

Fig.3. Model of waterwheels simulation

3. Mathematics Analysis of New Model

The waterwheel model is made in a standing position, and

the blades are placed between two rims. The water is

restrained on one-half of the blades, while the others are empty.

Influence of earth gravitational force on the volume of water

causes the wheel to spin on its axis. In this study, 16 triangular

blades were attached on the edge of the wheel. The number of

blades affects the simulation model, and is a consideration for

the ease of construction. Our experience shows that if the

waterwheel is inefficient, then water energy is not optimally

converted to mechanical energy.

SECTOR

A

SECTOR

B

SECTOR

C

Fig.4. Sector blade of waterwheel

Water volume of each blade is calculated depending on

the position of the blades on the rim while it is in motion. It is

computed by multiplying surface area by thickness of wheels.

With simple mathematics, the authors split the surface area of

the water on each blade into three sectors. The blades

positioned on the right side of the rim were divided into three

sectors, namely, A, B, and C, as in Figure 4. Sector A is at an

angle (α) between 0° and 45° (first quadrant includes blades 1,

2, 3, and 4). In sector A, α is the angle between vertical axis

with the surface line of blade positions 1, 2, 3, and 4 on the

rim. Sector B is at an angle (α) between 0° and 45° (first

quadrant includes blades 5, 6, 7, and 8). In sector B, α is the

angle between the horizontal axis and the surface line of blade

positions 5, 6, 7, and 8 on the rim. Sector C is an angle (α)

between 0° and (−45°) (fourth quadrant includes blades 9, 10,

11, and 12). In sector C, α is the angle between horizontal axis

with the surface line of blade positions 9, 10, 11, and 12 on the

rim.

3.1. Sector A

In Figure 5, we compute the surface area of QQXRUXQ.

It is obtained by computing the surface area of triangle QXR,

QQN, and RRM. Further, we compute the length of the line

MN, the surface area of a triangle MNX, and the area of

QQRRXQ, then the surface area of a triangle RRU and the

surface area of QQXRUXQ was obtained, as shown in

equation (3).

R

R

Q

Q

X

X

W

V

U

I

2

90

C

N

M

DQ

Q

X

RU

X

Fig.5. Surface area of sector A

Triangle QXR is computed by the following formula

LQXR = ¼ (QR)2 tan(θ) (2)

Area of RRU is computed as

LRRU =

{(PR)2 sin(½α)[cos(α)-cos(2α) sin(90-α)]/cos(θ-α)} (3)

Surface area of QQXRUXQ is equal to equation (3) minus

equation (2); the result is shown in equation (4).

Surface area of QQXRUXQ =

A = {2sin2(½α) tan(90-θ)[((PR)2+(PQ)2-½ (PR+PQ)2)]}

B = {½sin(½α)(PR+PQ) QR(tan(90-θ)tan (θ)+1)}

C = {½ (QR)2 tan(θ)}

D = {(PR)2 sin(½α)[cos(α)-cos(2α) sin(90-α)] / cos(θ-α)}

LQQXRUXQ = [A-B+C-D] (4)

3.2. Sector B

Figure 6 shows the computation of the surface area

TQXRT. First, the triangle QXR (equation 2) and TQR are

calculated. It is used to compute line TR and QS, then the

surface area of triangle TQR is obtained by summing the

triangle TQR and QXR, as shown by equation (7).


1016

Q

90

Q

X

R

R

2

T

S

2

X

X

R

Q

T

Fig.6. Surface area of sector B

Surface area of a triangle between points QRT is

computed by the formula:

LQRT = ½ (QR)2 tan(α) (5)

where the area of QXR is

LQXR = ¼ (QR)2 tan(θ) (6)

The surface area of TQXRT is computed with the

triangles QXR and QRT, and the result is shown in equation

(7)

LTQXRT = ¼ (QR)2[tan(θ)-2 tan(α)] (7)

3.3. Sector C

In Figure 7, we compute the plane area of AXR, where

line AR is the surface area of the water contacting the blade.

The angle BXA is represented with (β), the angle XRQ is

represented with θ, and the angle ARQ is represented with α;

therefore, the angle XRA is represented as (θ) − (α). The blade

angle of XRQ is equivalent to 180° − 2θ, which makes the

blade an isosceles triangle. So, a triangle of XBR is a right

triangle, whereby the angle of BXR is 90° − (θ − α).

Fig.7. Surface area of sector C

Surface triangle area of AXR is computed to use a length

line of RA and a height of triangle AXR. The area of triangle

AXR is shown in equation (8).

LAXR =

(QR)2{sin2(θ-α) tan(β)+sin(θ-α)cos(θ-α)}/(8cos2(θ)) (8)

4. Result and Discussion

4.1. Volume Blade Calculation

4.1.1. Simulation result

Applying equations (4), (7), and (8), the surface area of

each blade is computed using Matlab simulation. When

compared with previous research results[15], this study more

clearly shows the volume of each blade and inference during

blade movement at various angles (α). If the distribution of

water on each blade is known, then a moment of inertia of each

blade can be calculated. This result shows the influence of

water mass inside the blade that causes the waterwheel to spin.

4.1.2. Experiment result

To test the validity of equations (4), (7) and (8), we

compared the calculated results with manual measurements.

The process measurement is performed in the laboratory of

FMIPA Chemistry ITS Surabaya using a cup of 100 ml

PYREX brand IWAKI ±0.5 ml, whereby it is recorded when

a cup of water enters the blade. Similar steps are completed on

blades 2–12. The results of the experiment can be seen in

Figure 8.

Fig.8. Relationship volume and the number of blades

4.2. Obtaining the highest RPM by experiments

4.2.1. Nozzle length

During the experiment the nozzle length was varied, and

effect on the waterwheel was measured in RPM. The nozzle is

made of ½-inch-diameter-PVC pipe with lengths including 3,

5, 8, 10 and 12 cm. The position of the nozzle upon the blade

was at angles (α) of 0°, 11.25°, 22.5°, 45°, 56.25°, 67.5°,

78.75°, 90°, 101.25°, and 112.5° with the angle between

blades being 11.25°. Measurement RPM of the turbine uses

tachometer. It is placed on the horizontal axis of the

waterwheels. The experiment shows that a shorter nozzle will

result in a higher RPM. The highest RPM measurement

obtained was seen when the nozzle angle position was 56.25°

(blade 6) is 68.3. This is one adjustment that may increase the

efficiency of the turbine.

4.2.2. Nozzle angle direction

Nozzle angle (α) direction is an angle between the nozzle

and a vertical axis can be seen in Figure 9. It is always higher

than the blade’s position, because water fills the blades.

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 160

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

Number of blades

Vo

l[m

l]

Simulation

Experiment


1017

1

2

3

4

5

67 8

Nozzle

AngleNozzle

Blades

Axle

Axis

Angle

Fig.9. Position of theta and alpha angle.

The process is done with a nozzle in a fixed position on the

blades; the direction of the nozzle is then adjusted from an

angle 0° to the angle at which water comes out of the rim (the

waterwheel is not turning). The direction of the nozzle is

adjusted, and then the RPM of the wheel is measured and

recorded. The analysis shows that the same angle position of

nozzle and blades results in greater RPM compared to a

perpendicular position. The largest RPM of the waterwheels

occurs when the blade angle is approximately 40.4°.

4.3. Comparison with the new model

This author makes two model waterwheels from acrylic

material with equal size where one of the blades is shaped like

a propeller (model A) and the other is shaped like a triangle

(model B). The RPM of the waterwheels is measured with a

tachometer. The RPM values are recorded at various positions

(i.e., nozzle angles). Each waterwheel consists of eight blades,

as compared to the mathematical analysis that evaluates

waterwheels with 16 blades.

The experiment is performed at angles of 0° and the

nozzle angle adjusted from 0° to 60°. The nozzle angle (α) of

model A is adjusted from 0° to 25°, but the nozzle angle in

model B ranges from 0° to 22.5°. The maximum RPM of

model A is 158.18 with a nozzle angle of 20°. The maximum

RPM of model B is 200.80 with a nozzle angle of 17.5°. This

result shows that the model B waterwheel moves 35% faster

than the model A waterwheel. Figure 10 shows the RPM of

model A versus model B.

Fig.10. RPM of model A higher than that of model B.

The next step is to compare the RPM of model A to model

B at angles of 5° and 10°. The maximum RPM of model A

was at 124.85 and 170.28 with nozzle angles of 20°. Model B

RPM was 182.95 and 194.70 with angles of 17.5° and 15°.

This result shows that the RPM of model A was lower than

that of B by approximately 50% and 13.4%, respectively.

The same comparisons were made for an angle axis (θ) of

15°, 20°, and 40°, which resulted in model A being nearly

equivalent to model B. The maximum RPM of model A was

224.52, 222.08, and 201.97, whereas the RPM of model B was

215.58, 213.58 and 204.025. Figure 11 shows the RPM of

model A versus model B.

Fig.11. RPM of model A equal model B.

The same experiment for an angle axis of 35° resulted in

model A being faster than model B. Maximum RPM of model

A was 193.1, whereas the maximum RPM of model B was

152.68. Figure 12 shows the RPM of model A as compared to

model B.

Fig.12. RPM of model A lower than that of model B

Having obtained the RPM ratio because of changes in

nozzle angle and axis, we can find the value of the efficiency

of the waterwheel. The value of the efficiency is calculated by

comparing the output power with input power. The input

power is calculated from the energy of water entering the

turbine. The output power is calculated from the value of

measuring currents and voltages on the generator. The results

of measurements of current (I) and voltage (V), and the results

of the calculation of power (P) and efficiency (η) is shown in

Table 1.

0 10 20 30 40 50 600

50

100

150

200

250Theta 0 Degrees

Alpha degree

RP

M

Model A

Model B

0 10 20 30 40 50 600

50

100

150

200

250Theta 15 Degrees

Alpha degree

RP

M

Model A

Model B

0 10 20 30 40 50 600

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200Theta 35 Degrees

Alpha degree

RP

M

Model B

Model A


1018

Table 1. Comparison all of angle (θ) model A and model B

Angle

(θo)

Model A (Propeller) Model B (Triangle) (η)

efficiency

status

Opti

mal

(αo)

I

(A)

V

(V)

P

(W)

η

(%)

RPM

Max

Opti

mal

(αo)

I

(A)

V

(V)

P

(W)

η

(%)

RPM

Max

0 22,5 0,20 2,35 0,46 14,60 131,90 22,5 0,15 1,30 0,19 6,00 81,00 A>B

5 20 0,19 2,30 0,44 13,92 133,30 22,5 0,17 1,80 0,31 9,75 106,80 A>B

10 20 0,20 2,35 0,46 14,60*) 131,10 20 0,16 1,65 0,26 8,41 95,10 A>B

15 30 0,19 2,40 0,44 14,14 132,30 20 0,18 2,40 0,44 13,91 130,90 A=B

20 20 0,19 2,30 0,43 13,70 129,20 20 0,21 2,60 0,53 16,98 138,60 A<B

25 17,5 0,19 2,25 0,42 13,26 131,10 20 0,21 2,65 0,54 17,31 141,60 A<B

30 17,5 0,19 2,40 0,46 14,53 132,40 20 0,18 2,05 0,36 11,43 117,30 A>B

35 17,5 0,18 2,10 0,37 11,71 120,60 20 0,22 2,90 0,64 20,32*) 161,70 A<B

40 17,5 0,17 1,85 0,31 10,02 107,30 20 0,21 2,80 0,57 18,28 150,80 A<B

45 17,5 0,18 2,10 0,37 11,71 121,60 20 0,18 2,35 0,43 13,70 126,00 A<B *) Maximum of efficiency

Figure 13 and Figure 14 respectively show the resulting of

RPM waterwheel based on changes in nozzle angle (α) and

axis angle (θ) for models A and Model B. The maximum RPM

of Waterwheel triangle Model higher than the propeller model.

Fig.13. RPM of model A base on nozzle angle (α)

Fig.14. RPM of model B base on nozzle angle (α)

The total extractable hydraulic power from the flowing

water is given by the following expression: Pin = ρ g Q H.

Where Pin is the hydraulic power input to the wheel (W), ρ is

the density of water (1.000 kg/m3), g is the acceleration due to

gravity (9,81 m/s2), Q is the volumetric water flow rate

(0,00064 m3/s), H is the difference in line upstream and

downstream of the wheel = 0,5m. Pin is calculated (3.14 W).

Pout = V I. Where Pout is power output of small generator (W),

V is the measurement voltage (V) and I is the measurement

current of the circuit (A). The Efficiency is following

expression: η = Pout / Pin. The comparison of power output for

all axis angles between model A and B is shown in Figure 15.

Fig.15. Power output of model A versus model B

Fig.16. Efficiency of model A versus model B

The experimental results show that the maximum

efficiency of model A is approximately 14.60 at θ = 10°,

whereas in model B the maximum efficiency is approximately

20.32 at θ = 35°. The Efficiency of model A was lower than

that of model B at θ = 20°, 25°, 35°,40°, and 45°, but at θ = 0°,

0 2.5 5 7.5 10 12.5 15 17.5 20 22.5 25 27.5 30 32.5 350

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180Alpha VS Theta

Alpha (degrees)

RP

M

=0

=5

=10

=20

=35

=45

0 2.5 5 7.5 10 12.5 15 17.5 20 22.5 25 27.5 30 32.5 350

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180Alpha VS Theta

Alpha (degrees)

RP

M

=0

=5

=10

=20

=35

=45

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

0.5

0.55

0.6

0.65

Theta degree

Wat

t

Model AModel B

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 456

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

Theta degree

Eff

icie

ncy

Model B

Model A

Maximum


1019

5°, 10°, 15°, and 30°, the RPM of model A was higher than

that of model B.

In Figure 16 is shown that the efficiency of the model A

higher than model B at an angle theta 0o until 15o. At this point

the water on the blades is able to optimally convert into energy.

Indeed, the energy is not so great because of it resulted from

the influence of the mass of water and gravity. This is

evidenced when the angle theta increases, the energy produced

on the wane.

5. Conclusion

Based on the section 4.1.2 above is found that the actual

volume of water attached to the waterwheel is 5.36 times the

volume of the blade. The capacity of water in the waterwheel

can be increased by increasing the width of the waterwheel

linearly, assuming that water flow is constant.

Rotation of the waterwheel is affected by the length of

nozzle, with a shorter nozzle producing higher RPM. This

shows that the coefficient of the nozzle used affects the RPM.

Base on the section 4.2.1 above is found that the highest RPM

measurement obtained was seen when the nozzle angle

position was 56.25° is 68.3.

Waterwheels with triangular blades produce higher RPM

than waterwheels with propeller-type blades, because the

volume of water retained in the triangular blade is higher than

the volume retained by a propeller blade. The mass of water

in the waterwheel produced the moment inertia and then

produced higher angular velocity, which caused the

waterwheel to spin faster.

Nozzle angle 20° is optimal to produce the highest

efficiency for waterwheel propeller and triangle. While the

optimal axis angle, found respectively for the propeller 10o and

20o triangle. With axis angle of 15o will produce the same

RPM.

Acknowledgements

The authors convey their greatest gratitude to the Ministry

of Culture and Education, Indonesia, which provided

scholarships through the Sandwich-like program 2013 at

Hiroshima University, Japan.

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