New findings on life history traits of Xenos peckii (Strepsiptera: Xenidae) M. Hrabar, A. Danci, S. McCann, P.W. Schaefer, G. Gries 1 Abstract—We studied life history traits of Xenos peckii Kirby (Strepsiptera: Xenidae), a little- known parasite of the paper wasp Polistes fuscatus (Fabricus) (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) in North America. We field-collected 24 wasp nests in early July 2012, isolated parasitised wasps, tracked life history events of X. peckii, and recorded such behaviour as emergence of males and mating by normal-speed and high-speed cinematography. To emerge, males first cut the puparium with their mandibles along an ecdysial suture line, and then push aside the pupal cap during emergence. The endoparasitic females engage in active calling (pheromone release) behaviour by slowly inflating their cephalothorax, and then extruding it even farther out of, and tilting it away from, the host wasp abdomen. Seasonal and diel (afternoon) emergence periods of males coincide with seasonal and diel receptivity and calling periods of females. Males approach calling females in a swaying flight with smooth turns. They typically land on the anterior portion of the host wasp’s abdomen, and then step backward until they make contact with the cephalothorax of the female. As soon as their meso- thoracic legs contact the female’s cephalothorax, they curl around it, and the male initiates mating. Thereafter, the female fully retreats and never re-mates. Re ´sume ´—Nous avons e ´tudie ´ des caracte ´ristiques du cycle biologique de Xenos peckii Kirby (Strepsiptera: Xenidae), un parasite mal connu de la gue ˆpe a ` papier Polistes fuscatus (Fabricius) (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) en Ame ´rique du Nord. Nous avons re ´colte ´ 24 nids de gue ˆpes en nature au de ´but de juillet 2012, isole ´ les gue ˆpes parasite ´es, suivi les e ´tapes du cycle biologique de X. peckii et enregistre ´ certains comportements, tels que l’e ´mergence des ma ˆles et l’accouplement, par cine ´matographie a ` vitesse normale et a ` haute vitesse. A ` l’e ´mergence, les ma ˆles coupent d’abord le puparium avec leurs mandibules le long de la ligne de de ´hiscence et poussent ensuite de co ˆte ´ la calotte de la pupe. Les femelles endoparasites entreprennent des comportements actifs d’appel (par e ´mission de phe ´romones) en gonflant lentement leur ce ´phalothorax, l’extirpant encore plus vers l’exte ´rieur et le faisant pivoter loin de l’abdomen de la gue ˆpe ho ˆte. Les pe ´riodes d’e ´mergence saisonnie `res et journalie `res (en apre `s-midi) des ma ˆles coı ¨ncident avec les pe ´riodes saisonnie `res et journalie `res de re ´ceptivite ´ et d’appel des femelles. Les ma ˆles s’approchent des femelles en appel en un vol sinueux a ` virages en douceur. Ils se posent typiquement sur la partie ante ´rieure de l’abdomen de la gue ˆpe ho ˆte et reculent jusqu’a ` ce qu’ils entrent en contact avec le ce ´phalothorax de la femelle. De `s que les pattes me ´sothoraciques du ma ˆle touchent le ce ´phalothorax de la femelle, elles se replient autour de lui et le ma ˆle commence l’accouplement. Ensuite, la femelle se retire totalement et ne s’accouple plus. Introduction Strepsiptera are a peculiar and poorly under- stood insect order. As obligate endoparasites of other insects, they exhibit a high degree of adaptive specialisation. Most notable is the extreme dimorphism between male and female adults. The grub-like females never leave their host (except for females of the basal group Menengillidae) (Kathirithamby 1989), whereas males undergo an additional instar and pupate (Kinzelbach 1971; Kathirithamby 2005), meta- morphosing into winged adults that exit their host and search for mates (Fig. 1). Strepsiptera have an unusual lifecycle, char- acterised by heteromorphosis (Reynolds 2013). M. Hrabar, A. Danci, S. McCann, G. Gries, 1 Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6 P.W. Schaefer, 4 Dare Drive, Elkton, Maryland 21921, United States of America 1 Corresponding author: (e-mail: [email protected]). Subject editor: Heather Proctor doi:10.4039/tce.2013.85 Received 12 June 2013. Accepted 14 August 2013. Can. Entomol. 00: 1–14 2014 Entomological Society of Canada 1
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New findings on life history traits of Xenos peckii(Strepsiptera: Xenidae)
M. Hrabar, A. Danci, S. McCann, P.W. Schaefer, G. Gries1
Abstract—We studied life history traits of Xenos peckii Kirby (Strepsiptera: Xenidae), a little-known parasite of the paper wasp Polistes fuscatus (Fabricus) (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) in NorthAmerica. We field-collected 24 wasp nests in early July 2012, isolated parasitised wasps, trackedlife history events of X. peckii, and recorded such behaviour as emergence of males and mating bynormal-speed and high-speed cinematography. To emerge, males first cut the puparium with theirmandibles along an ecdysial suture line, and then push aside the pupal cap during emergence. Theendoparasitic females engage in active calling (pheromone release) behaviour by slowly inflatingtheir cephalothorax, and then extruding it even farther out of, and tilting it away from, the host waspabdomen. Seasonal and diel (afternoon) emergence periods of males coincide with seasonal and dielreceptivity and calling periods of females. Males approach calling females in a swaying flight withsmooth turns. They typically land on the anterior portion of the host wasp’s abdomen, and then stepbackward until they make contact with the cephalothorax of the female. As soon as their meso-thoracic legs contact the female’s cephalothorax, they curl around it, and the male initiates mating.Thereafter, the female fully retreats and never re-mates.
Resume—Nous avons etudie des caracteristiques du cycle biologique de Xenos peckii Kirby(Strepsiptera: Xenidae), un parasite mal connu de la guepe a papier Polistes fuscatus (Fabricius)(Hymenoptera: Vespidae) en Amerique du Nord. Nous avons recolte 24 nids de guepes en natureau debut de juillet 2012, isole les guepes parasitees, suivi les etapes du cycle biologique de X.peckii et enregistre certains comportements, tels que l’emergence des males et l’accouplement, parcinematographie a vitesse normale et a haute vitesse. A l’emergence, les males coupent d’abord lepuparium avec leurs mandibules le long de la ligne de dehiscence et poussent ensuite de cote la calottede la pupe. Les femelles endoparasites entreprennent des comportements actifs d’appel (par emissionde pheromones) en gonflant lentement leur cephalothorax, l’extirpant encore plus vers l’exterieuret le faisant pivoter loin de l’abdomen de la guepe hote. Les periodes d’emergence saisonnieres etjournalieres (en apres-midi) des males coıncident avec les periodes saisonnieres et journalieres dereceptivite et d’appel des femelles. Les males s’approchent des femelles en appel en un vol sinueux avirages en douceur. Ils se posent typiquement sur la partie anterieure de l’abdomen de la guepe hote etreculent jusqu’a ce qu’ils entrent en contact avec le cephalothorax de la femelle. Des que les pattesmesothoraciques du male touchent le cephalothorax de la femelle, elles se replient autour de lui et lemale commence l’accouplement. Ensuite, la femelle se retire totalement et ne s’accouple plus.
Introduction
Strepsiptera are a peculiar and poorly under-
stood insect order. As obligate endoparasites of
other insects, they exhibit a high degree of
adaptive specialisation. Most notable is the
extreme dimorphism between male and female
adults. The grub-like females never leave their
host (except for females of the basal group
Menengillidae) (Kathirithamby 1989), whereas
males undergo an additional instar and pupate
(Kinzelbach 1971; Kathirithamby 2005), meta-
morphosing into winged adults that exit their
host and search for mates (Fig. 1).
Strepsiptera have an unusual lifecycle, char-
acterised by heteromorphosis (Reynolds 2013).
M. Hrabar, A. Danci, S. McCann, G. Gries,1 Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University,8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6P.W. Schaefer, 4 Dare Drive, Elkton, Maryland 21921, United States of America
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