1. Natural gas:C1 2. Propane:C 3 3. Gasoline: C 7 - C 9 4. NaphtaC 6 -C 11 5. Kerosene (Paraffin):C 11 -C 18 5. Diesel oilC 13 -C 15 6. Lubricating Oil.

1. Natural gas: C1

2. Propane: C3

3. Gasoline: C7 - C9

4. Naphta C6-C11

5. Kerosene (Paraffin): C11-C18

5. Diesel oil C13-C15

6. Lubricating Oil C18-C25

7. Fuel oil C20-C27

1. Gases2. Petrol3. Naphta4. Kerosene5. Diesel oil6. Fuel oil7. Bitumen

Refineries: From Crude Oil to Distillates

Classified by b.p.

Classified by Use

Good source of information: http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/dnav/pet/pet_pnp_top.asp

NameNumber of

Carbon AtomsBoiling Point

(C)Uses

Refinery Gas 3 or 4 below 30Bottled Gas(propane or

butane).

Petrol 7 to 9 100 to 150Fuel for car

engines.

Naphtha 6 to 11 70 to 200Solvents

and used inpetrol.

Kerosene(paraffin)

11 to 18 200 to 300Fuel for aircraft

and stoves.

Diesel Oil 11 to 18 200 to 300Fuel for road

vehiclesand trains.

Lubricating Oil 18 to 25 300 to 400Lubricant for

enginesand machines.

Fuel Oil 20 to 27 350 to 450Fuel for shipsand heating.

Greases andWax

25 to 30 400 to 500Lubricants

and candles.

Bitumen above 35 above 500Road surfaceand roofing.

Distillates - A second look

Higher boiling fractions distilled under vacuum

• A high tendency to autoignite is undesirable in a gasoline engine but desirable in a diesel engine.

• We need two rating systems

Gas vs. Diesel

Octane Number (Gasoline)

Developed by the chemist Russell Marker:

2,2,4-trimethylpentane = 100

n-heptane =0.

87-octane gasoline is equivalent to a mixture of 87 vol-% isooctane and 13 vol-% n-heptane.

Selection of n-heptane as due to the availability of very high purity n-heptane distilled from the resin of the Jeffrey Pine. Heptane from crude oil is a mixture of isomers and would not give a precise zero point.

Different Octane numbers, depending on test protocol:

RON = Research Octane Number (used in Europe)

MON = Motor Octane Number

PON = Pump Octane Number = (RON + MON)/2 (US, CAN)

Iso-octane is not the most knock-resistant substance available. Racing fuels, straight ethanol (RON is 129 ) and liquified petroleum gas (LPG) have octane ratings > 110.

Typical "octane booster" additives etra-ethyl lead and toluene. Tetra-ethyl lead is easily decomposed to its component radicals, which react with the radicals from the fuel and oxygen that would start the combustion, thereby delaying ignition.

Octane Number

Plus: 500+ years of proven reserves at current consumption levels

Can substitute Oil & Gas directly (generation of el.) or indirectly

(Coal gasification).

Large reserves in countries that do not have oil, gas (SA, China, India, US).

Minus: Can’t be pumped - no pipeline must be mined (expensive undeground, cheap from strip mines

High in sulfur

Current: Main use for electricity generation, small amount for steel

(etallurgical coal).

Coal: (Coal - Oil - Coal ?)

Coal Players: Peabody, BHP, Teck-Cominco

Origin of Coal

Types of Coal

Use of Coal

Electricity From Coal

Coal and CO2

Coal production

China: The Coal Production Superpower

Australia: The Coal Reserve Superpower

Take home message:•Production/ Use are about the past•Reserves are about the future

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