Naming organisms and its scientific b 2. Evolution of plant Phyla in relation to geological time 3. Selection Diversity and how it is produced
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1. Naming organisms and its scientific basis
2. Evolution of plant Phyla in relation to geological time
3. Selection
Diversity and how it is produced
Linnaeus and binomial classification
Cladistic analysis
The hierarchical naming system
1. Naming organisms and its scientific basis
Carl Linnaeus 1707-1778
Carl Linnaeus 1707-1778
Binomial classification of species using Latin names. Based on sexual characteristics
Catnip was known as 'Nepeta floribus interrupte spicatis pedunculatis' Linnaeus abbreviated it to 'Nepeta
cataria' literally, pertaining to cats.
Use of type specimens
Latin descriptions
Authorities: Nepta cataria L.
http://www.nrm.se/fbo/hist/linnaeus/linnaeus.html.en
Swedish naturalist and explorer
Linnaeus and binomial classification
Fig. 15.13A
In-group and out-group
Primitive characters
Derived characters
Parsimony
Use of molecular methods
Cladistic analysis
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
(Subphylum)
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Eukarya
Animalia
Chordata
Vertebrata
Mamalia
Carnivora
Felidae
Felis
catus
CATEGORY Domestic cat
The hierarchical naming system
Page 306
Fig 15.10
A. The pattern of plant evolution
B. Major events in geological time
C. Continental drift
D. Major extinctions and the trend in numbers of families
F. Atmospheric CO2 concentration and evolution
G. Environmental influences at the Triassic-Jurassic extinction
E. Plant-environment interaction
2. Evolution of plant Phyla in relation to geological time
Over the last 450 million years (Phanerzoic Period) fossil evidence indicates that about 90% of land species have become extinct
The average life of a fossil flowering plant species is about 3.5 million years
Background points of interest
Fig 17.3A
A. The pattern of plant evolution
Mosses
Lycophytes
Liverworts
HorsetailsFerns
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms
Nonvascular plants (Bryophytes)
Vascular plants
Seedless plants
Seed plants
Anthophyta
ConifersCycadsGinko
12,0006,500
1,00015
12,000
550100
1
250,000
TOTAL =
282,350 app
Approximate numbers of plant species
Geological time scale
B. Major events in geological time
C. Continental drift
Fig 15.3B
Cretaceous extinctions
Permian extinctions
Continental drift
Fig 15.3A
The rise in the number of families
D. Major extinctions and the trend in numbers of families
Plants influence the environment
Radiation
Water
Soil
Temperature
CO 2
The environment influences plants
E. Plant-environment interaction
Plants influence the environment
Plants influence the environment
Radiation
Water
Soil
Temperature
The environment influences plants
CO 2 Reduces
Forms
Circulates
Reflects
Modulates
On geological time scales:On geological time scales:Dynamics of the carbon cycle are dominated by weathering and deposition of organic carbon stored in rocks, e.g., limestone containing calcium carbonate
Increasing root penetration into soil, incorporation of organic matter in soil, and recycling of transpired water as precipitation all lead to increased weathering and a reduction in atmospheric CO 2
Deposition of layers of organic matter that become fossil fuels
Carbon dioxide through geological time
Cre
tace
ous
exti
nct
ion
s
Per
mia
n
exti
nct
ion
s
G. Environmental influences at the Triassic-Jurassic extinction
Major extinctions of marine and terrestrial animals and changes, but not large numbers of extinctions in plants
The Triassic Jurassic extinction was the third largest in geological time
Major periods of plant and animal extinctions rarely overlap
The late Triassic
Very large reduction in leaf size during the late TriassicIndicates an increase in temperature?
Parallel reductions in stomatal density suggest increase in CO2
concentration. Estimated doubling of CO2 and 4oC temp increase CO2 came from volcanic activity due to the break up of Pangea?
Triassic Jurassic
Three conclusions and a question about evolution of plant Phyla in relation to geological time
The environment has shown marked changes over geological time
Geological processes and plants have interacted to produce some of these changes
Three conclusions and a question about evolution
How have some plant types persisted despite environmental changes?
Tomorrows lecture!!
Major plant phyla have evolved at distinct times in the earth’s history
Sections you need to have read
15.1 15.2 15.3 15.10 15.11 17.2 17.3
Courses that deal with this topic
GEOL 101 Introduction to Geological Sciences
Biology 102 General Biology
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