This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Angelica Tudini, Istat (Italy, Istat – Istituto Nazionale de Statistica)
Stephan Moll, Wuppertal Institute
Jörg Alexander Hanauer, Eurostat
Workshop outline – Questions are encouraged!
1. Introduction
2. What needs to be corrected / added to the official air emissions data (Kyoto) to get to NAMEA?
3. Bridge table
4. Emissions approach
5. Energy data first approach
6. Special topics / Questions / areas that need improvement
7. Estimating EU aggregates
8. Use of NAMEA data
3
1. Introduction1. Introduction
Julie Hass – Statistics Norway
What is “NAMEA” (national accounting matrix including environmental accounts)?
Use
Supply
National accounts Environmental accounts
Intermediate consumption Final use
Household consumption
Trade margins
Output
Value added
Imports
Air emissions of industries
Household air emissions
Household energy /water consumption
Energy /water consumption of
industries
Household waste generation
Waste generation of
industries
Environmental expenditure/taxes
of industries
Household environmental
expenditure/taxes
Why are we doing this? Why isn’t Kyoto / EMEP enough? Advantages (the added value of NAMEA) to other existing (air) reporting systems:
• Definitions are part of the standard statistical system – the whole picture is included (not the case for Kyoto/EMEP).
• Combine with the national accounts – this means that the environmental pressures can be associated with the economic activities (decoupling indicators) and analysis methods used in connection with the national accounts (input-output, general equilibrium models) can be extended to include environmental information (air emissions, energy use, waste, water use, etc.).
• There is more detail.
Environment and economy: figures into a picture
Which system do we change? National accounts or the environmental data?
• Change the environmental data to fit the national accounts!
• Why not the other way around?- National accounts is a statistical standard- Defined in such a way to include all economic activities- Not possible (?) or desirable to have different GDPs- Definitions in environmental agreements can change
• But the national accounts does not cover everything…- for example, activities that are not paid for (housework)- use of “common goods” (air, water not from water supply)
What is the residence principle?
• “An institutional unit is said to be resident within the economic territory of a country when it maintains the centre of economic interest in that territory – that is, when it engages, or intends to engage, in economic activities or transactions on a significant scale either indefinitely or over a long period of time, usually interpreted as one year.”
(SNA-1993)
• National accounts uses the residence principle – includes all economic activities not just a selection.
• Kyoto / EMEP uses a territorial definition and is based on fuel purchases within the national territory – regardless of who purchases, uses the fuel and where those emissions occur
So what difference does this make?
• Territorial vs. residence principle…(system boundaries) Major difference is due to international transportation – land, ocean, air…plus some other country specific activities such as tourism, fishing in international waters or within the fishing area of a foreign country with fuel purchases in a foreign country, etc.
• Categories – - NAMEA uses NACE/ISIC standard industry classification- Kyoto/Corinair uses “activities”
Data requirements: economic, emissions, energy
• Economic (resident units)– National accounts – value added
Time series requires value added in constant prices– Industry classifications according to NACE 2-digit– Household consumption
Time series requires HH consumption in constant prices
• Emissions / energy use– From resident units – non-resident units should be removed,
resident units operating abroad need to be added– Industry classifications according to NACE 2-digit (not “activities”) – emissions assigned to the economic activity responsible for the
emissions– Emissions from households
– CO2 emissions from biofuels
Practical approach to developing NAMEA • Ask the question, What are the important areas that need to be adjusted
to arrive at the residence principal?
• Talk with the national accounts experts – ask: what do they adjust in the national accounts? Tourism? International transportation – which types… shipping, air traffic, land transportation/lorries? Military operations?
• Then ask, how do they adjust? What do they base their adjustments on? transportation statistics? Rule of thumb: if the national accounts do not adjust than neither should you – but alway ask why they do not adjust to avoid surprises!
• Economic size of the adjustments gives you some idea regarding the importance – Big? Little? Uncertain? – and where to focus your efforts
• Homogeneous or heterogeneous in the national accounts – need to be consistent between the two data sets! Secondary and auxillary production.
Mouse / Elephant (focus should be on the elephant!)
You want to avoid surprises!
Surprise... it’s a 400 kg gorilla!!!
The two main approaches that countries use…(1) assigning emissions to NACE categories or (2) assigning energy use first to NACE categories and then calculating emissions.• Which method to use?
Answer: depends on what data you have available!And how your air emissions and energy data are organized.
• Need to know if you only have emissions data or if you have energy data by industry classifications or only by activity
• Also need to know how the energy data are used in the calculation of the emissions data (consistency between NAMEA and “official” air emissions reporting)
• Emissions data to NACE – Angelica Tudini, Istat (Italy)
• Energy data first to NACE and then emissions calculations – Julie Hass, Statistics Norway
Questions?
Workshop outline
1. Introduction
2. What needs to be corrected / added to the official air emissions data (Kyoto) to get to NAMEA?
3. Bridge table
4. Emissions approach
5. Energy data first approach
6. Special topics / Questions / areas that need improvement
7. Estimating EU aggregates
8. Use of NAMEA data
16
2. What needs to be corrected / 2. What needs to be corrected / added to the official air emissions added to the official air emissions data (Kyoto) to get to NAMEA?data (Kyoto) to get to NAMEA?
Transportation in hybrid/NAMEA accounts is a big challenge
Checking the residence principle – How do we identify the “international” part?
• What is most important in your country? How do you figure this out?
– Ask your national accountants!
– Examine your transportation statistics and look for information regarding international transportation and consult with your transportation statisticians!Do you have ocean transport as a separate NACE? (61.101)
– Examine your energy data. Does your country have only an energy balance (reporting to IEA/Eurostat) or does it also have energy “accounts” that include international transportation and other corrections to make the definition as close to the national accounts as possible?
Expected corrections based on economic activity
• International shipping Greece, Norway, Denmark, Nederland, UK, Japan, S. Korea, Liberia
• International fishing Spain, Ireland, UK, Denmark, Norway, Russia, Iceland
• International air transport (most countries, especially those with “hubs”)Nederland, UK, Germany, Italy, France
• International land transport (most countries, especially those in mainland Europe)
• National fuel purchases that are used outside national territory (cross-border trade) Luxembourg (because of low national fuel taxes)
• Emissions from land transport that do not involve fuel purchases (“transit countries” – just drive through without purchasing fuel) Switzerland, Slovenia, Belgium, Germany
• TourismGreece, Spain, Portugal, France, Malta, Crete
• Biofuels – CO2 emissions (other emissions are included)
What does Norway correct?
• Ocean transport
• International air transport
What should Norway correct?• Ocean transport
• International air transport
• International fishing
• International land transport – fuel purchases outside Norway
• CO2 from biofuels
Why doesn’t Norway correct for all of these?• Elephant/mouse:
Ocean transport is the elephant!
Kyoto 54.2 million tonnes CO2-equivNAMEA 66.2 million tonnes CO2-equiv 22 per cent more than official figures!
NACE 61.101 Ocean transport = 11.9 million tonnes CO2-equiv
• Data quality is poor…so error is large!Focus efforts to improve energy data for ocean transport!
• Use economic estimate of fuel purchases x average price = amount of fuel
Why doesn’t Norway correct for all of these?
• Assumptions (mouse in comparison to elephant):
• Number of tourists coming to Norway = Number of Norwegians traveling abroad
• Foreign fuel purchases in Norway = Norwegian fuel purchases abroad (tourists and lorries)Geographic reasons… do not drive thru Norway to anywhere else! Also examine transportation statistics to see that there are few foreign operators in Norway and vice versa
• Problems (Mouse? Gorilla?):
• International fishing: fuel purchases for fishing are based on very old survey (mid-1980s), no reliable way to assign fuel purchases to foreign vessels (fish catch?)
• CO2 from biofuels – not stable figures when assign to NACE
Angelica Tudini
“From CORINAIR to NAMEA total emissions: what does Italy correct”Luxembourg, September 2007
Training and Workshop on NAMEA
Luxembourg, 19th September 2007
2007 Training and Workshop on NAMEA
Our starting point:
CORINAIR TOTAL emissions
(from anthropogenic activities)
Our starting point:
CORINAIR TOTAL emissions
(from anthropogenic activities)
What does Italy correct?
Not the same as using the UNFCCC/EMEP totals as starting point!
Not the same as using the UNFCCC/EMEP totals as starting point!
Luxembourg, 19th September 2007
2007 Training and Workshop on NAMEA
Our objective:
NAMEA TOTAL emissions:
Our objective:
NAMEA TOTAL emissions:
What does Italy correct?
emissions of resident units due to domestic journeys and international journeys
in symbols:
EMIR(d) + EMIR(I) + EMIR(A) , Where:
EMIR(d): emissions of resident units due to domestic journeysEMIR(I): emissions of resident units due to international journeys leaving
from ItalyEMIR(A): emissions of resident units due to international journeys leaving
from abroad and arriving in Italy
Luxembourg, 19th September 2007
2007 Training and Workshop on NAMEA
The example of the Italian NAMEA - Air Transport The example of the Italian NAMEA - Air Transport
What do we have in CORINAIR :What do we have in CORINAIR :
08 05 02 International airport traffic (LTO cycles - <1000 m)
08 05 03 Domestic cruise traffic (>1000 m)
08 05 04 International cruise traffic (>1000 m)(i)
The domestic component only is
included in UNFCCC reporting
(estimates of international air transport emissions are based on the number of incoming international flights regardless of the nationality of the company)
(estimates of international air transport emissions are based on the number of incoming international flights regardless of the nationality of the company)
Luxembourg, 19th September 2007
2007 Training and Workshop on NAMEA
The example of the Italian NAMEA - Air Transport The example of the Italian NAMEA - Air Transport
How do we get to the NAMEA data: some numbers How do we get to the NAMEA data: some numbers
i.e the share of emissions due to resident companies out of total international air traffic emissions is assumed to be equal to the share of international flights run by resident companies out of total flights
i.e the share of emissions due to resident companies out of total international air traffic emissions is assumed to be equal to the share of international flights run by resident companies out of total flights
EMIR(I) = EMIR(A) EMIR(I) = EMIR(A)
Luxembourg, 19th September 2007
2007 Training and Workshop on NAMEA
The example of the Italian NAMEA – International shipping The example of the Italian NAMEA – International shipping
What do we have in CORINAIR :What do we have in CORINAIR :
i.e the share of emissions due to residents out of total domestic/international shipping emissions is assumed to be equal to the share of goods shipped domestically/internationally by resident companies out of total goods transport (in tons)
i.e the share of emissions due to residents out of total domestic/international shipping emissions is assumed to be equal to the share of goods shipped domestically/internationally by resident companies out of total goods transport (in tons)
The example of the Italian NAMEA Road Transport - 1
The example of the Italian NAMEA Road Transport - 1
For all road transport processes (rt) :For all road transport processes (rt) :
What do we need for NAMEA: EMIR(d) + EMIR(I) + EMIR(A) What do we need for NAMEA: EMIR(d) + EMIR(I) + EMIR(A)
i.e. emissions of resident units only for domestic and international journeys including those leaving from abroad
i.e. emissions of resident units only for domestic and international journeys including those leaving from abroad
How do we subtract EMINR(d) + EMINR(I) and add EMIR(A) ??How do we subtract EMINR(d) + EMINR(I) and add EMIR(A) ??
Luxembourg, 19th September 2007
2007 Training and Workshop on NAMEA
Road Transport Road Transport
For passenger road transportFor passenger road transport
Work on emissions by energy product separately (EMIj j = gasoline and diesel) For each j emissions are assumed to be proportional to the use of energy product j
Work on emissions by energy product separately (EMIj j = gasoline and diesel) For each j emissions are assumed to be proportional to the use of energy product j
For example For example
)(*) -(1 )()( pEMIWIEMIdEMI jNRj
Rj
Rj
Work on passenger and goods transport separately
Luxembourg, 19th September 2007
2007 Training and Workshop on NAMEA
Road TransportRoad Transport
Where:
Where:
i
ij
NRj
NRjNR
j
use
IuseduseW
)()(
is the share of non residents’ use on the national territory of energy product j for passenger road transport out of total passenger use for the
same energy product
)(AEMI Rj is obtained in a similar way
Luxembourg, 19th September 2007
2007 Training and Workshop on NAMEA
Some numbers
The example of the Italian NAMEA – Road Transport The example of the Italian NAMEA – Road Transport
What do we need for NAMEA: EMIR(d) + EMIR(I) + EMIR(A) What do we need for NAMEA: EMIR(d) + EMIR(I) + EMIR(A)
TG = GR(d) + GNR(d) + GR(I) + GNR(I)
Luxembourg, 19th September 2007
2007 Training and Workshop on NAMEA
Road TransportRoad Transport
MioTkm 2004 New Cronos source
GR(d) 158148,0 National annual road transport
GNR(d) 1000,6 Road cabotage transport by country in which cabotage takes place
GR(I) 18909,0 International annual road freight transportgoods loaded in reporting country
GNR(I) 31896,0 International annual road freight transport by country of loading and unloading and by reporting country;load: it; unload: world
Total TG 209953,6 Total goods transport (comparable to CORINAIR goods transport emissions)
GR(A) 19898,8 International annual road freight transport - goods unloaded in reporting countryby type of transport ; geo: itRoad cabotage by hauliers from each reporting country Quarterly cross-trade road freight transport
Luxembourg, 19th September 2007
2007 Training and Workshop on NAMEA
Road TransportRoad Transport
Each component of the emissions, including EMIR(A) is assumed to be proportional to the corresponding Tkm of goods transport , for example:
EMIR(A) : EMI(p) = GR(A) : TG,
i.e. the share of the emissions of resident companies for transport of goods outside the Italian territory, equals the share of goods transport by resident companies outside the Italian territory, GR(A), out of total goods transport, TG.
Each component of the emissions, including EMIR(A) is assumed to be proportional to the corresponding Tkm of goods transport , for example:
EMIR(A) : EMI(p) = GR(A) : TG,
i.e. the share of the emissions of resident companies for transport of goods outside the Italian territory, equals the share of goods transport by resident companies outside the Italian territory, GR(A), out of total goods transport, TG.
Luxembourg, 19th September 2007
2007 Training and Workshop on NAMEA
GR(d) 0,75
GNR(d) 0,005
GR(I) 0,09
GNR(I) 0,15Total TG 1,00
GR(A) 0,09
NAMEA share of CORINAIR emissions 0,94
Road TransportRoad Transport
Some numbers
Questions?
Workshop outline
1. Introduction
2. What needs to be corrected / added to the official air emissions data (Kyoto) to get to NAMEA?
3. Bridge table
4. Emissions approach
5. Energy data first approach
6. Special topics / Questions / areas that need improvement
7. Estimating EU aggregates
8. Use of NAMEA data
43
3. Bridge table3. Bridge table
Norway’s bridge table (draft)
Where do you find the EMEP/CLRTAP data to fill in the bridge table?• TABLE IV 1A: National sector emissions: Main pollutants, particulate
matter and heavy metals
UNFCCC – Table 10s
• Table 10s1 CO2
– Total Emissions/Removals with LUCF (Land use change and forestry)
– CO2 Emissions from biomass
• Table 10s2 CH4
• Table 10s3 N2O
• Table 10s4 HFCs, CFCs, SF6
Italy’s bridge table
Questions?
Workshop outline
1. Introduction
2. What needs to be corrected / added to the official air emissions data (Kyoto) to get to NAMEA?
3. Bridge table
4. Emissions approach
5. Energy data first approach
6. Special topics / Questions / areas that need improvement
7. Estimating EU aggregates
8. Use of NAMEA data
49
4. Emissions Approach4. Emissions Approach
Angelica Tudini, Istat
Training and Workshop on NAMEA
Angelica Tudini
“From CORINAIR to NAMEA activity emissions”Luxembourg, September 2007
Luxembourg, 19th September 2007
2007 Training and Workshop on NAMEA
to estimate air emissions caused by:
• production – industry
• consumption - households
NAMEA air emissions - objective
NMVOC : non-methane volatile organic compounds
NOX : nitrogen oxides
Pb : lead
PM10 : Particulate Matter up to 10 micrometers in size
SOX : sulphur oxides
SF6 : sulphur hexafluorids
PFC : perfluorocarbons
CH4 : methane
CO : carbon monoxideCO2 : carbon dioxideCO2 from biomassN2O : nitrous oxide
NH3 : ammonia
HFC : hydrofluorocarbons
For the air pollutants:
Luxembourg, 19th September 2007
2007 Training and Workshop on NAMEA
Classification for NAMEA-Air
industry (60 items or more!) : NACE Rev.1.1 nomenclature(statistical classification of economic activities in the European Community)
households (3 items) : COICOP(Classification of Individual Consumption by Purpose)
NAMEA functions:transport, heating, other
NAMEA economic activities +
NAMEA households consumption functions
NAMEA economic activities +
NAMEA households consumption functions
= NAMEA activities= NAMEA activities
Luxembourg, 19th September 2007
2007 Training and Workshop on NAMEA
What to do if basic data on air emissions come from CORINAIR inventory
CORINAIR air emission data are classified - for each pollutant - according to the process-based SNAP classification.
SNAP97: Selected Nomenclature for Air Pollution 1997
International conventions relevant for CORINAIR:UNFCCC = United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change CLRTAP = UNECE/EMEP Convention on Long Range Transboundary Air Pollution
Luxembourg, 19th September 2007
2007 Training and Workshop on NAMEA
From CORINAIR to NAMEA
GENERAL PROBLEMS:
Derive NAMEA consistent emission totals
How to shift from the process-based SNAP classification to the activity-based NAMEA classification?
covered elsewhere in the Workshopcovered elsewhere in the Workshop
Luxembourg, 19th September 2007
2007 Training and Workshop on NAMEA
1. Analysis of the qualitative links between each SNAP97 process and NAMEA activities,i.e. the identification of the NAMEA activities
in which a SNAP97 process takes place
2. Allocation of the emissions of each SNAP97 processto the related NAMEA activities
How to shift from the process-based SNAP97 classification to the activity-based NAMEA 2000 classification?
Luxembourg, 19th September 2007
2007 Training and Workshop on NAMEA
1. Analysis of the qualitative links
Which are the NAMEA activities in whicheach SNAP97 process takes place?
Main Criterium:
the emissions of each SNAP97 process are always attributed
to the NAMEA activities that directly produce them
(general rule)
Luxembourg, 19th September 2007
2007 Training and Workshop on NAMEA
There is no standard connection between SNAP and NAMEA activities.
Attribution of SNAP-based emission data to NAMEA activities depends on:
•the economic structure of the countries •how the emissions are actually produced•whether the economic accounts are based on industries or
on homogenous branches
There is no standard connection between SNAP and NAMEA activities.
Attribution of SNAP-based emission data to NAMEA activities depends on:
•the economic structure of the countries •how the emissions are actually produced•whether the economic accounts are based on industries or
on homogenous branches
Luxembourg, 19th September 2007
2007 Training and Workshop on NAMEA
Industries vs homogenous branches
According to the ESA 95 two kinds of units are appropriate for the analysis of technico-economic relationships:
local kind of activity units (local KAUs) - grouped into industries
units of homogenous production - grouped into homogenous branches
Luxembourg, 19th September 2007
2007 Training and Workshop on NAMEA
Industries vs homogenous branches
Local KAU groups all parts of an institutional unit […] which are located in a single or closely located sites and which contribute to the performance of an anctivity at the class level (4 digits) of the NACE rev.1. In principle, as many local kind-of –activity units must be registered as there are secondary activities; however, if the accounting documents that would be necessary to describe such activities are not available, a local kind-of-acitivity unit may include one or several secondary activities. The group of local KAUs engaged on the same, or similar, kind-of-activity constitutes an industry. […] (§ 1.29).
Luxembourg, 19th September 2007
2007 Training and Workshop on NAMEA
Industries vs homogenous branches
For more refined analysis of the production process, use is made of an analytical unit of production. This unit, which is not observable(except in the case of a lcal KAU only producing one type of product), is the unit of homogenous production, defined as covering no secondary activities. Groupings of these units constitute homogenous branches” (§ 1.29).
Luxembourg, 19th September 2007
2007 Training and Workshop on NAMEA
Industries vs homogenous branches
When national accounts data in the economic module are presented by industry, each activity is responsible for the emissions stemming from its principal, secondary (if any) and ancillary activities, whereas when national accounts data are presented according to homogeneous branches, each activity is responsible for the emissions stemming from its principal and ancillary activities while emissions related to secondary activities should be placed under the branches that group all production of the same kind.
Luxembourg, 19th September 2007
2007 Training and Workshop on NAMEA
SNAP97 processes with only one link to the NAMEA activities
can be directly allocated to the related NAMEA activity
without further calculation
what is the share of air emissions to be attributed to each of the related NAMEA activities?
Possible outcomes of the FIRST STEP:
SNAP97 processes with multiple links to the NAMEA activities
2. Quantitative allocation
Luxembourg, 19th September 2007
2007 Training and Workshop on NAMEA
For SNAP97 processes linked to more than one NAMEA activity, basic data are needed in order to distribute the emissions among the related NAMEA activities.
Specifically:
energy data (data on emissions by fuel and energy use data
by activity)
activity-related CORINAIR background datadata on full time employees
Examples of methods to distribute the emissions
Luxembourg, 19th September 2007
2007 Training and Workshop on NAMEA
Energy use data
(p)EMI...(p)EMI...(p)EMI(p)EMIEMI(p)pnj21
where:
EMI(p) are the total emissions from the SNAP97 process p
EMIj(p) is the quantity of emissions arising from the use of the energy product j in the SNAP97 process p
j=1, 2, …, np is the generic element of the group of np energy products used for estimating the emissions of the SNAP97 process p
(for example for SNAP97 processes: 0201, 0203, 0701, 0702, 0703, 0704, 0705 )(for example for SNAP97 processes: 0201, 0203, 0701, 0702, 0703, 0704, 0705 )
Example 1Example 1
Luxembourg, 19th September 2007
2007 Training and Workshop on NAMEA
For each energy product j used in the SNAP97 process p, weights have to be found s.t.)( pW i
j
where:
represents the part of emissions to be attributed to each NAMEA activity i in which the SNAP97 process p is carried out
is the quantity of emissions arising from the use of the energy product j in the SNAP97 process p allocated to the NAMEA activity i
i = 1, ..., hp is the generic element of the group of hp NAMEA activities in which the SNAP97 process p is carried out
(p)W ij
(p)EMI ij
)(*)()( pEMIpWpEMI jij
ij
pn
j
ij
i pEMIpEMI1
)()(Total emissions from SNAP97 process p allocated to the NAMEA activity i are given by:
Total emissions from SNAP97 process p allocated to the NAMEA activity i are given by:
Luxembourg, 19th September 2007
2007 Training and Workshop on NAMEA
In the Italian NAMEA weights are calculated as follows:
ph
1i
(l)ij
(l)iji
j
use
use(p)W
where:
l indicates the specific function (“heating use”, “road transport use”, “off road transport use”, “other energy use”, “non energy use”) of the energy use data, associated to the SNAP97 process p
is the quantity of product j used by the NAMEA activity i for the function l(l)ijuse
Source: Istat energy use table (TIE) by energy product, by economic activity and households and by function
Luxembourg, 19th September 2007
2007 Training and Workshop on NAMEA
Building the Istat energy use table (TIE)
For each energy product, the Istat TIE data are calculated in three main steps:
1. Set up the input data
2. Analysis of the residuals of the non-balanced equation system
3. Balancing
For each energy product, the Istat TIE data are calculated in three main steps:
1. Set up the input data
2. Analysis of the residuals of the non-balanced equation system
3. Balancing
In order to be used in the NAMEA estimates, the Istat TIE is needed – for a given year – for each energy product used in the CORINAIR for SNAP97 processes whose emissions are distributed on the basis of energy data
In order to be used in the NAMEA estimates, the Istat TIE is needed – for a given year – for each energy product used in the CORINAIR for SNAP97 processes whose emissions are distributed on the basis of energy data
Luxembourg, 19th September 2007
2007 Training and Workshop on NAMEA
a) intermediate consumption by economic activity (101) and households’ final consumption - 102x1 column vector (ex ante estimate of the TIE column marginal values)
a) intermediate consumption by economic activity (101) and households’ final consumption - 102x1 column vector (ex ante estimate of the TIE column marginal values)
1. Set up the input data: 1. Set up the input data:
b) total (final and intermediate) consumption by function (road transport, off road transport, heating, other energy use, non-energy use) - 1x5 row vector (ex ante estimate of the TIE row marginal values)
b) total (final and intermediate) consumption by function (road transport, off road transport, heating, other energy use, non-energy use) - 1x5 row vector (ex ante estimate of the TIE row marginal values)
c) ex ante estimates (based on prior knowledge and hypothesis) on energy use by economic activity and households and by function - 102x5 matrix
c) ex ante estimates (based on prior knowledge and hypothesis) on energy use by economic activity and households and by function - 102x5 matrix
d) variance (ranging between 0 and 1) of the individual ex ante estimates - 103x6 matrix (containing the relative degree of reliability of the individual ex ante estimates)
d) variance (ranging between 0 and 1) of the individual ex ante estimates - 103x6 matrix (containing the relative degree of reliability of the individual ex ante estimates)
e) set of constraints (not always satisfied by data under points “a”, “b” and “c” above, that are independently estimated)
e) set of constraints (not always satisfied by data under points “a”, “b” and “c” above, that are independently estimated)
Luxembourg, 19th September 2007
2007 Training and Workshop on NAMEA
2. Analysis of the residuals of the non-balanced equation system: 2. Analysis of the residuals of the non-balanced equation system:
if the residuals generated by the independent ex ante estimates are too high, the final (next) step may lead to non significant results
if the residuals generated by the independent ex ante estimates are too high, the final (next) step may lead to non significant results
i.e. redistributing the discrepancies among the ex ante estimates by means of prior information on the accuracy of the individual estimates (variance values under point “d” above): the less the accuracy, the bigger the value change deriving from the redistribution of the residual
i.e. redistributing the discrepancies among the ex ante estimates by means of prior information on the accuracy of the individual estimates (variance values under point “d” above): the less the accuracy, the bigger the value change deriving from the redistribution of the residual
3. Balancing 3. Balancing
Luxembourg, 19th September 2007
2007 Training and Workshop on NAMEA
for the SNAP97 process 091001 the total methane emissions are calculated as a sum of the emissions from six economic activities and therefore, on the basis of the basic data, it is possible to exactly distribute the total methane emissions among the six NAMEA activities 15, 17, 21, 23, 24 and 27; the emissions of N2O are distributed with the same percentages calculated for methane
CORINAIR background data
Example 2Example 2
Luxembourg, 19th September 2007
2007 Training and Workshop on NAMEA
Data on full time employees
for the SNAP97 process 060107 the emissions to allocate to the corresponding NAMEA activities (20 and 36) are estimated on the basis of national accounts data on the number of full time employees by economic activity; the considered economic activities are: 20.10, 20.20, 20.30, 20.40, 20.51, 36.11, 36.12, 36.13, 36.14 e 36.15
Example 3Example 3
Luxembourg, 19th September 2007
2007 Training and Workshop on NAMEA
When the quantitative allocation is completed, you get:
Process 1 Process p Process zEmissions bySNAP97 process p
EMI(1) ... EMI(p) ... EMI(z)
NAMEA activity Emissions by process and by activity
The intermediate matrix:emissions by SNAP97 process and by NAMEA activity
Luxembourg, 19th September 2007
2007 Training and Workshop on NAMEA
z
1p
ii (p)EMIEMI
SNAP97 process (p) linked to only ONE NAMEA activity i
EMI(p)(p)EMIi
SNAP97 process (p) linked to MANY NAMEA activities i(e.g. emissions distributed on the basis of energy use data)
pn
1j
ij
i (p)EMI(p)EMI
Questions?
Workshop outline
1. Introduction
2. What needs to be corrected / added to the official air emissions data (Kyoto) to get to NAMEA?
3. Bridge table
4. Emissions approach
5. Energy data first approach
6. Special topics / Questions / areas that need improvement
7. Estimating EU aggregates
8. Use of NAMEA data
75
5. Energy data first approach5. Energy data first approach
Julie L. Hass, Statistics Norway
Energy and emissions statistics – multi-purpose statistical system to address all user needs
• Need to first assign energy use according to NACE before emissions are calculated
• How do we know how much energy is used by the different industries? We have specific industry survey about energy use, get electricity from the producers, sometimes have economic information and then use average prices.
• Can then use more industry specific and process related emission factors to give more precise emissions calculations
Norwegian energy balances and accounts
Norwegian residents’ energy use on domestic territory excl. energy sectors
Norwegian residents’ energy use abroad
Foreigners’ energy use in Norway
Norwegian residents’ use of energy as raw materials
Energy use in the Norwegian residents energy sectors
THE ENERGY SOURCES BALANCE SHEET
THE ENERGY ACCOUNT
5 (6) dimensions in the air emissions database • Pollutants – 21 (CO2, CH4, SO2, HFCs, PFCs, SF6, metals,
particulates, etc.)
• Industries (NACE) – 130 including households (different detail than the national accounts)
• Fuels – 26(for example: coal, coke, fuel wood, wood pellets, natural gas, blast furnance gas, motor gasoline, aviation gasoline, jet kerosene, auto diesel, heavy fuel oil, municipal waste, special waste, etc.)
• Sources in use – 20(for example: direct fired furnaces, gas turbines, boilers, flaring, passenger cars, heavy duty vehicles, snowscooter, aviation helicopter, ships, small boats 2 stroke, equipment 4 stroke, tractors, etc.)
• Geographic location
• (Elevation – air transport )
Emissions from 5 different sources – summation of all of these different components• Energy carriers – combustion and non-combustion
uses (catalysts) – energy accounts as starting point
• Industrial processes (already identified by NACE since the LKAU report these to the Norwegian Pollution Control Authority (SFT) and these are identified by establishment number in the business register which then gives NACE)
• Solvent and other product use (need to assign to NACE) – sales of these products gives amounts, need to assign… use surveys of industries or producers sales information
• Agriculture (own NACE – need number & types of animals, manure management)
• Waste (assigned to those who own the waste disposal sites, primarily municipalities)
Consistency with UNFCCC emissions?
• Norway, yes! Because this is how we calculate our emissions – methodology is the same so it is then just to add or subtract various component from the main database
• Other countries, England, Denmark, the Netherlands will have a difference between their UNFCCC/EMEP/CLRTAP emissions and their NAMEA emissions that will not be corrections but will be recorded as statistical differences in the bridge table
81
Special topics / Questions / Special topics / Questions / areas that need improvementareas that need improvement
Energy balances vs energy accounts
• Differences between these two sets of data
• Trouble with balancing supply and use – how do countries balance these?
• NAMEA-energy tables – detailed tables to help produce the totals
Training and Workshop on NAMEA
Angelica Tudini
“NAMEA transport table”Luxembourg, September 2007
Luxembourg, 19th September 2007
“2007 NAMEA Workshop”
In NAMEA, emissions are allocated to economic activities as defined in national accounts. The emissions from transport are allocated to the industries that undertake the transport activities and to households, when households use their own motorised vehicles. Emissions from own account transport are allocated to industries other than the Transport industries (NACE 60-63).
Luxembourg, 19th September 2007
“2007 NAMEA Workshop”
Hence: transport emissions are potentially included within the emissions of every
NAMEA activity
The idea of the transport table is to isolate transport emissions while keeping the activity breakdown
Pollutants: CO2, NOx, SO2, NMVOC, CO, particulate matter, and Pb
Luxembourg, 19th September 2007
“2007 NAMEA Workshop”
Definition of transport for NAMEA: it includes movements of passengers and goods on land, on water, and in the air, using motorised engines. When using motorised vehicles, transport implies the use of infrastructures accessible to the public such as roads, railways, pipelines, inland waterways, seaports and airports. This includes movements of empty vehicles for repositioning but excludes movements of passengers and goods within private property and installations.
Luxembourg, 19th September 2007
“2007 NAMEA Workshop”
Process 1 Transport process p
Transport process q
Process
Emissions by SNAP97 process p
EMI(1) ... EMI(p) EMI(q) EMI(z)
NAMEA activity Emissions by process and by activity
The transport intermediate matrix:emissions by SNAP97 process and by NAMEA activity
CO2 from biomass – estimating? Assigning to industries?
• CO2 from biomass is NOT included in the Kyoto figures
• Usually the emissions coefficient is = 0 in Kyoto calculations but estimated and reported as a memo item
• This coefficient needs to be changed to a value >0 so that CO2 emissions from biomass will be calculated.
• Have tried to assign to 2-digit NACE and the figures are inconsistent from year to year – needs improvement before this can be included with confidence.
• Norway reports NAMEA without CO2 biomass emissions
Developing consistent time series
• What do you do when an establishment changes NACE category? Merger/acquisition; one activity becomes the ‘major source of income’ so that the LKAU needs to be redefined into a different NACE.
• Need to coordinate this change with the change in the National Accounts – the unit needs to change at the same time in both sets of statistics
• National accounts revision is every 5 years whereas air emissions are revised every year
What the new NACE can mean for NAMEA
• There are 2 changes being implemented in the near future:– National accounts– NACE rev. 2
• Need to be aware of when and how this is going to happen in your countries!
• Coordination between the national accounts and air emissions/energy data – when are the new and old classifications going to be used?
• Data requirements for assigning emissions or energy to industries – this needs to be kept at the most detailed level because these factors may need to change!
Questions?
Workshop outline
1. Introduction
2. What needs to be corrected / added to the official air emissions data (Kyoto) to get to NAMEA?
3. Bridge table
4. Emissions approach
5. Energy data first approach
6. Special topics / Questions / areas that need improvement
7. Estimating EU aggregates
8. Use of NAMEA data
95
Estimating EU aggregatesEstimating EU aggregates
Stephen Moll, Wuppertal Institute
6 Survey 2006 (last data collection exercise)
• Data collection: – June until September 2006– 29 countries– new electronic Questionnaire (13 air pollutants, 2
energy use, 4 economic variables)• Response:
– 24 countries reacted– 20 countries provided data (thereof 16 filled
questionnaire)– Varying coverage:
• variables, time, industry-breakdown
6 Survey 2006 – new questionnaire
1995 1996 … 2003 1995 1996 … 2003
Industries Industries
Nac
e b
ased
in
du
stry
cl
assi
fica
tio
ns
Nac
e b
ased
in
du
stry
cl
assi
fica
tio
ns
Households, total Households, total-- transport -- transport
--heating --heating
--other --other
NAMEA totalsless national residents
plus non-residents
less/plus other
totals accordingUNFCCC or CLRTAP 1995 1996 … 2003
Industries
Nac
e b
ased
in
du
stry
cl
assi
fica
tio
ns
economicvariable
years
Air emissionsby industry
Householdair emissions
Bridging items
air pollutant
Economic variableby industry
Scheme for economic variables data sheet
years
Energy useby industry
air pollutant
scheme for air emissions data sheet Scheme for energy use data sheet
Energy useby households
years
6 Areas that need improvement identified from the last data collection exercise• Data coverage
– Countries,
– variables (air emissions, energy uses, economic variables),
– time,
– industry-breakdown
• Obviously, some countries apply the “inventory-first-approach” in a very crude way:
– e.g. linking broad inventory-classes (Common Reporting Format, CRF) to NACE 2-digit activities (e.g. all transport related emissions are attributed to the transport services NACE 60-63)
– CORINAIR’s SNAP97 classes seem not be available in all countries; instead CRF is used
7 Estimating EU aggregates (Stephan)
• What needed to be estimated?
• Methodologies for estimation used
Estimation of EU aggregates
• time series 1995 to 2004,
• for several EU-aggregates: EU15, EU25 and EU27
• at A36-level of disaggregation
• for 8 air pollutants (CO2, N2O, CH4, SOx, NOx, NH3, CO, NMVOC), and
• 2 energy uses
.
Estimation of EU aggregates
Questions?
Workshop outline
1. Introduction
2. What needs to be corrected / added to the official air emissions data (Kyoto) to get to NAMEA?
3. Bridge table
4. Emissions approach
5. Energy data first approach
6. Special topics / Questions / areas that need improvement
7. Estimating EU aggregates
8. Use of NAMEA data
103
Use of NAMEA dataUse of NAMEA data
Decoupling indicators
Data requirements:
• Consistent time series for air emissions and economic data – with the same years
• Economic data – constant basic prices
• Same groupings (NACE, households)
Presentation
• Often indexed to a single year – usually 1990 because of Kyoto
Source for examples: http://www.ssb.no/english/subjects/09/01/nrmiljo_en/
8 Input-output analysis?
• Air emissions are re-attributed to products finally consumed
• Priority consumer areas can be identified
– Eating & drinking
– Housing & infrastructures
– Transport of persons & goods
• Taken together this causes 74% of material use and 70% of global warming potential while all other categories together only account for the remaining third
8Decomposition
Structural Decomposition Analyses (SDA)• a methodology to determine several factors‘
influence • on the development of a certain variable
• e.g.• development of CO2-emissions in the EU• Can be „decomposed“ into several factors or
effects
Decoupling of environmental pressures from total economic output, EU25 1995-2004
Total change Total output Economic structure Emission intensity
Training and Workshop on NAMEA
Angelica Tudini
“Making the users aware”
Luxembourg, September 2007
Luxembourg, 19th September 2007
2007 Training and Workshop on NAMEA
Uses of NAMEA are potentially manyfold but…
need for “educating” the users to the potential of using the accounting approach for analysis and policy
making
Luxembourg, 19th September 2007
2007 Training and Workshop on NAMEA
The Italian experience: Istat and Public Investment Evaluation Unit (UVAL) formerly belonging to Ministry of Economy and Finance and now to Economic Development Ministry – [ provides technical support to public administrations; specific tasks include to help improve effective spending and to favour better performance of European structural funds]
One of the main aims: identifying ways in which environmental accounting can improve the design, monitoring and evaluation of development policies
Luxembourg, 19th September 2007
2007 Training and Workshop on NAMEA
Relevant output in this context:
examples of policy-makers’ questions concerning environmental issues, to which environmental accounting data can provide proper answers
One of the outputs
“Development policies and the environment: using environmental accounts for better decision making”
(htpp://www.dps.mef.gov.it/materialiuval)
Luxembourg, 19th September 2007
2007 Training and Workshop on NAMEA
Questions-answers: a framework
POLICY-MAKER QUESTIONS
Choice of objectives
Allocation among forms
of capital
Allocation among
territories
Choice of policy instruments
ENVIRONM. ACCOUNTING
MODULES
in what way can DIFFERENT
ENVIRONMENTAL ACCOUNTING MODULES be used for A SPECIFIC
TYPE OF ALLOCATIVE DECISION
in what way can
A SPECIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL ACCOUNTING
MODULE be used for the DIFFERENT
TYPES OF ALLOCATIVE DECISIONS
Luxembourg, 19th September 2007
2007 Training and Workshop on NAMEA
Allocative decisions by kind and related policy-maker questions
kind of allocation
examples of questions
among different forms of capital
To what extent is the natural resources’ intake needed to satisfy the key economic sectors’ requirements?
Luxembourg, 19th September 2007
2007 Training and Workshop on NAMEA
kind of allocation
examples of questions
among different target groups
• What is the relationship between the economic performance and the environmental performance of various production activities?
• Are the economic activities that pollute the most the same ones that spend the most on environmental protection?
Luxembourg, 19th September 2007
2007 Training and Workshop on NAMEA
kind of allocation
examples of questions
among distinct territories
• Are there significant differences among territories in terms of the availability of various natural resources and their quality?
• Are the territories with the greatest pollution and degradation the same ones that spend the most on
environmental protection?
Luxembourg, 19th September 2007
2007 Training and Workshop on NAMEA The case of Italy: some lessons learnt
• money for the project obtained from a public fund for the enhancement of knowledge in general, not from a budget specific for environmental issues
Users’ interest
• users’ willingness to assess the potential of using environmental accounts due to their involvement in public expenditure
• examples of policy-makers’ questions concerning environmental issues to which environmental accounting data can provide proper answers
Users’ capacity to understand environmental accounting
• calculation of indicators identified as especially important