1 Mountains, Witnesses of Global Change Rome 16-17 Nov. 2005 Contribution of the WMO Global Atmosphere Watch(GAW) to High Mountain Observations and ABC.

1Mountains, Witnesses of Global Change Rome 16-17 Nov. 2005

Contribution of the WMO Global Atmosphere Watch(GAW)

to High Mountain Observations and ABC

Leonard Barrie

Chief, Environment Division, WMO

[email protected]

Search Engine “GAW” www.wmo.ch/web/arep/gaw/gaw_home.html


The GAW Mission

Systematic Global Monitoring Of Chemical

Composition of the Atmosphere.

Analysis and Assessment in Support of

International Conventions.

Development Of Air Pollution and Climate

Predictive Capability

GAW Monitoring ComponentsSCIENTIFIC ADVISORY

GROUPS:AEROSOL OZONE GHGs

PRECIP-CHEM UVREACTIVE GASES

QUALITY ASSURANCE-SCIENCE ACTIVITY CENTRES

WCCs, RCCs, Projects

CENTRALCALIBRATION LABORATORIES

(World Reference Standard)

GAW STATIONS & GAWSIS

Global Regional

GAW WORLD DATA CENTRES:OZONE/UV GHGs(& Related Gases) AEROSOL PRECIP-CHEM

RADIATION

Analysis

Twinning

Workshops

Calibration, Training Site Visits, Comparisons

SynthesisIGACO

ContributingNetworks

SatelliteObservations

CAS/WG Environmental Pollution

And Atmospheric Chemistry(EPAC)

WMO/GAW Secretariat

AREP


Central Calibration Laboratories{Hosts of WMO World Reference Standards}

CO2, CH4, N2O, CO NOAA CMDL USA

Total Ozone NOAA CMDL USA DobsonMSC, Canada Brewer

MGO, Russia M124

Ozone Sondes FZ-Juelich, Germany

In Situ Ozone NIST USA

Aerosol Optical Depth WORCC, Davos, CH

World or Regional Calibration Centres{Linking Observations to World Reference Standards and Ensuring Network Comparability}

Total Ozone 6 Regional Dobson Centres1 Regional EU Brewer Centre

1 Brewer travelling standard

Ozone Sondes FZ-Julich, Germany

In Situ O3, CO, CH4 EMPA, Switzerland

CO2 , CH4, N2O NOAA CMDL USA

N2O , VOC IMK-IFU Garmisch Germany

Aerosol Optical Depth WORCC, Davos, CH

Aerosol physical IFT, Leipzig, Germany

Precip. Chemistry SUNY Albany USA

GAW Station Information System …GAWSIS Online - comprehensive information on all GAW stations

• Database • Search / Update • Inventory / Audit

(Supported by Switzerland)


40

0

South Pole

Point Barrow

Mauna Loa

Alert

Pallas-Sodankylä

Minamitorishima

Kenya

Assekrem -Tamanrasset

Arembepe

Ushuaia

Izana

Amsterdam IslandCape Grim

Cape Point

Samoa

Ny Ålesund

Lauder

Mace Head

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80

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160 80 0 80 160

Nov. 2005

Zugspitze-Hohenpeissenberg

Mt Waliguan

Neumayer Station

Bukit Koto Tabang

Jungfraujoch

GLOBAL STATIONS IN GAW

Danum Valley

GAW GLOBAL TOTAL COLUMN OZONE NETWORK: 2001- 2004Stations Submitting Data

The symbols represent different instrument types.

Compliments of WOUDC, MSC, Toronto {Ed Hare Manager}.

Building A Global AOD Network Monitoring

Swiss GAW and SAG-Aerosols organize with international co-sponsors:

A WMO/GAW Experts Workshop

A Global Surface-Based Network for Long Term Observations of Column Aerosol Optical Properties

hosted by C. Wehrli, WORCC PMOD

March 2004 in Davos

Product A Blueprint For Moving Forward Foreword by

G. Mueller of MeteoSwiss & Hal Maring of NASA Headquarters

The Ground-based Global AOD Network “is currently un-coordinated”

Latitudinal distributionPolar regions: 4Midlatitude North: 50Tropics: 26Midlatitude South: 10Total 90

Major data gapsAfrica, Asia, India, Polar region and Oceans

International: AERONET, BSRN, GAWPFR, SKYNET Courtesy of Chris Wehrli Davos AOD Calibration centreNational: Australia, China, Finland, Germany, Japan, Netherlands, Russia, USA(4)

Global AOD Network Long-term Sites4+ years in operation, >50% coverage, as of March 2004

Total count = 90

AERONET-LTOther

Operational Aerosol Satellites Are Coming:So Far Only Demonstration Missions

A best estimate of the global distribution of annual average tropospheric aerosol optical depth (AOD) compiled by combining data from six satellites (operating for limited periods between 1979 and 2004). Observations for a region were selected using ground- based AOD observations as guidance ( courtesy of S. Kinne MPI, Hamburg, Germany ).

Mauna Loa

Summit

Mt.Kenya

AssekremIzana

Zugspitze-Hohenpeissenberg

JungfraujochMt Cimone Sonnblick

Mt.Waliguan

South Pole

Acknowledgements & Thanks To:

Russ Schnell Paolo Bonasoni Emilio Cuevas August Kaiser Wolfgang Fricke

Hans Claude Stefan Reimann Jorg Klausen John Burkhart Jack Dibb

Global Halocarbon Trends

Mauna Loa Aerosol Lidar

1958 1968 1978 1988 1998 2008

Sol

ar R

adia

tion

Tra

nsm

itted

(%

)

Agung 8.3 SVEI 4

El Chichón 17.4 N VEI 5

Pinatubo 15.1 N VEI 6

100

90

80

70

Volcanic Eruptions

Fuego14.5 NVEI 4

Mauna Loa Observatory Atmospheric Transmission

Mt. Cimone GAW

Research Station

Lat. 44.11 N, Lon. 10. 42 E, 2165 m asl

Measurements carried out at Mt. Cimone

IPCC report, 2001

• O3 and CO CNR

• CO2 by Italian Air Force Meteorological Service

• Halocarbons: CFC-11 ,CFC-12, CFC-113, CFC-114, CFC-115, H-1211, H-1301, HCFC-22, HCFC-141b, HCFC-142b, HCFC-124, HFC-125, HCFC-152a, HFC-134a, HFC-143a, C2F6, SF6, CH3Cl, CH3Br, CHCl3, CH2Cl2 collaboration : Urbino University - CNR

• 7Be, 210Pb, 222Rn collaboration: Bologna University - CNR

• Environmental radiation (cosmic ray) collaboration : Bologna University – INAF - CNR

• PM10 collab. Bologna Univ.- JRC Ispra - CNR

• Size aerosol distribution, BC CNR

• NO2 and O3 total column (DOAS) CNR

• Solar radiation CNR

• Bioaerosol (pollen and spore) CNR

• Meteorological parameters CNR and Italian Air Force Meteorological Service


1814 15 16 17

0

1

2

3

Part

icelle /

cm

3

July 2003

Coarse particle concentration at Coarse particle concentration at Mt. Cimone Station during a Mt. Cimone Station during a Saharan dust transport Saharan dust transport emphasize by MODIS Satellite emphasize by MODIS Satellite

image image

Mt. CimoneMt. Cimone

MODISModerate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer

July 16, 2003

P. Bonasoni, et al.: Aerosol-ozone correlations during dust transport episodes. ACP, 4, 1–15, 2004

Saharan dust events and O3 concentrations

Identification of Saharan dust transports: 2003

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep

Co

arse

par

ticl

e n

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con

cen

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(N

/cm

3)

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ET

(p

pb

v)

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90Coarse particleOzone

Colombo T. et al., Biospheric influence on CO2 measurements in Italy. Atm.Env. 34, 4963-4969, 2000


View of the Po Valley from Mt. Cimone View of the Po Valley from Mt. Cimone during a summer haze dayduring a summer haze day

Influence of Po basin air masses on O3 at MTC – SUMMER 2003

Selection of transport episodes from Po basin (air mass back-trajectory)

P.Bonasoni et al.: Background ozone variations at Mt. Cimone. Atm.Env. 34, N. 29-30, 2000

Influence of polluted air masses on background OInfluence of polluted air masses on background O33 concentration concentration

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Dai

ly O

3 co

nce

ntr

atio

n

(pp

bv)

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O3

(%)

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5

10

15

20

25

30DAILY O3SI EVENTS

Mt. Cimone monitoring and analysis of stratospheric intrusion events

2) Experimental : “Six-year analysis of stratospheric intrusion events at MTC”

1) Model evaluation:

Time (hours)

Stratosphere-to-troposphere transport: A model and method evaluation

P.Cristofanelli et al., Model evaluation ... JGR, 108(D12), 2003. P.Cristofanelli et al., Six-year .. JGR, in press


CONTINUOUS MEASUREMENTS OF HALOGENATED

GREENHOUSE GASES AT JUNGFRAUJOCH,

SWITZERLAND AND OTHER EUROPEAN SITES

Materials Science&Technology

Stefan ReimannDoris Folini

Martin Vollmer

EmpaSwiss Institute of Materials Science and Technology

Increasing HFC 134a coolant agent in air conditioners/fridges

0

50

100

150

200

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

ppt

Monte CimoneJungfraujochMace HeadNy-Alesund

Merging trajectories and pollution events at Jungfraujoch and Monte Cimone for European

source allocation

2-days back trajectories,grid 7x7 km

measurements

potential source regions of the refrigerant HFC 125

European sources of the foam blowing agent HFC 152a as seen from Jungfraujoch

520 t330 t

4 t1880 t

460 t0 t

2001 2002 2003 2004

2003 National Communications to UNFCCC

AustriaBelgiumNetherlandsGermanyFranceItaly

The GAW-DACH Co-operation: Aims, structure and outcome• Co-operation between Germany, Austria and Switzerland within the GAW

Programme under the guidance of the National Weather Services• Since 1996• Aims• Common data base• Exchange of experiences in measurement techniques

• - Spatial representativeness of the measured data (NOx, CO, O3) Fricke et al., 2000 (DWD, 211) (German language)- Calculation and interpretation of the air pollution trends (NOx, CO, O3) Trend report (2003) (German lang.)

GAW-DACH Potential air pollutant source regions (red) Period: 1. 1. 1999 – 31. 12. 2002

Ozone (Dec. – Feb.) Ozone (June - Aug.)

Measurement sites: Jungfraujoch, Hohenpeißenberg, Zugspitze, Sonnblick, Mt. KrvavecWinter: Ozone from above 3000 m; summer: Ozone from the continent and from the Mediterranean

Izaña (IZO)2400 m a.s.l.

A.J. Gomez-Pelaez, R. Ramos, J. Perez-delaPuerta, Methane and Carbon Dioxide Continuous Measurements at Izana GAW Station (Spain), “Report of the 13th WMO/IAEA Meeting of Experts on Carbon Dioxide Concentration and Related Tracer Measurement Techniques (Boulder, USA, 19-22 September 2005)” GAW Report (WMO)

Carbon Dioxide daily night mean mixing ratio at Izana Observatory (INM)

A.J. Gomez-Pelaez, R. Ramos, J. Perez-delaPuerta, Methane and Carbon Dioxide Continuous Measurements at Izana GAW Station (Spain), “Report of the 13th WMO/IAEA Meeting of Experts on Carbon Dioxide Concentration and Related Tracer Measurement Techniques (Boulder, USA, 19-22 September 2005)” GAW Report (WMO)

Methane daily night mean mixing ratio at Izana Observatory (INM)

1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004200

220

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400

OZ

ON

O T

OT

AL

(U

nid

ad

es

Do

bs

on

)

Brw#033

Brw#157

N7-TOMS

M3-TOMS

EP-Toms

Izaña Total Ozone series TOMS+BREWER

Total ozone (DU) over Izaña; Redondas & Cuevas

Manuel Gil & Margarita Yela (INTA)

Time series of the NO2 total column density over Izaña Observatory

-560C

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

To

tal

Ozo

ne

(DU

)

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400

South Pole Ozone Hole

October 15-30 Average

Ozone Partial Pressure (mPa)

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35Before - 23 August 2000During - 29 September 2000After - 19 November 2000

South Pole Ozone HoleOzonesonde Profiles

Dobson Total Column Ozone

Alt

itu

de

(km

)


GEOSummit

Site of the GISP II project (1989-93) Currently manned year round by a

minimum of four personnel Berthing, office, and laboratory space

available and powered continuously Research results led to the Memorandum

of Understanding between the US-NSF, Danish Polar Centre, and the Greenland Home Rule

Special issue on Air-Snow Exchange Studies at Summit to be published by Atmospheric Environment in 2006

72º 34’ N, 38º 29’ W, 3250 m.a.s.l.

Greenland Environmental Observatory ~ Summit

Cooperating Agencies:

GEOSummit Science Coordination OfficeJack Dibb

John BurkhartRoger Bales

http://www.noaa.gov/

7Be and 210Pb Radionuclides

Summer peak in 7Be unique at Summit among Arctic sites, indicating significant seasonal influence from the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere

210Pb concentrations decrease with increasing elevation to Summit. Distinct lack of a winter peak confirms that Arctic Haze rarely extends to 3 km altitude over Summit

(Filter samples analyzed by J. E. Dibb at Univ. NH)

Year round sampling of trace gases NOAA ESRL/GMD sampling

at Summit demonstrates the value of the site as a unique, high latitude, free troposphere observatory.

Opposing secular trends in CO2 and δ13C reflect anthropogenic input, antiphase seasonality due to C uptake by terrestrial biosphere.

Methane and CO show little recent change, yet clear seasonality.

N2O and SF6 (minor GH gases) show anthropogenic increases.

Hydrocarbon Seasonality

Seasonal cycles of hydrocarbons mainly reflect anthropogenic emissions and a weaker winter OH sink

Reproducibility of cycles over 8 years indicates source/sink balance, providing sensitive baseline to detect/quantify future changes

(Whole air samples analyzed by the D. R. Blake group at UC Irvine)

50

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400T

OT

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JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

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TA

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(D

ob

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its)

JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN

SOUTH POLE Average Total Column Ozone: 1991-2001

SUMMIT Total Column Ozone: 2004 / 2005

NASA TOMS Satellite

NOAA CMDL

Ozonesondes

ANTARCTICA 90º S

GREENLAND 72.6º N

NOAA CMDL

Ozonesondes

< 220 DU “ozone hole” conditions

Match Campaign time period

Carbon Monoxide at the Global GAW Station Mt. KenyaJörg Klausen1, Stephan Henne1, Josiah Kariuki Murageh2

1Empa Dübendorf, 2Kenya Meteorological Department

Materials Science &Technology

QA/SAC Switzerland

Contact: [email protected]

Science Issues

• Long-range transport (India, Arabia, Southern ocean)

• Trends in global equatorial background

• Biomass burning

Monsoon patterns dominate general airflow

Very low CO due to clean marine air

2002-10 2003-02 2003-06 2003-10 2004-02 2004-06 2004-10

6080

100

140

180

MKN - in situ CO (preliminary)

Date

Dai

ly C

O (p

pb)


THANK YOU

WMO

1 Mountains, Witnesses of Global Change Rome 16-17 Nov. 2005 Contribution of the WMO Global Atmosphere Watch(GAW) to High Mountain Observations and ABC.

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