1 Modelling Ecosystem Services at the Landscape Scale: A case study of the UNESCO Biosphere Reserve Spreewald Department of Ecosystems and Environmental Informatics by Ernest Fongwa, Albrecht Gnauck
Dec 20, 2015
1
Modelling Ecosystem Services at the Landscape Scale: A case study of the UNESCO Biosphere
Reserve Spreewald
Department of Ecosystems and Environmental Informatics
by Ernest Fongwa, Albrecht Gnauck
Contents
• Introduction
• Methodology
• Application to UNESCO Biosphere Reserve Spreewald
• Discussion
• Conclusions
Introduction
• Ecosystem Services are the benefits that human derive from the natural ecosystem
• They are spread over the landscape depending on the water catchment area and also from rural to urban areas or from one administrative unit to another
• However, they can be find everywhere, but their capacity differ with landscape characteristics
• They are classified under 5 types
Provisioning Services
Type of ES Examples
Food Crops, livestock, fisheries, aquaculture, wild foods
Water Fresh water, rivers, sea and oceans etc.
Fibre Timber, cotton, hemp, silk
Energy
Biomass, photosynthesis, solar-rays, oil plants, hydrothermal, geothermal, tidal wave energy, hydro-carbons, fuel wood
Bio-chemicals
Biomedical plants, bio-remediation compounds, herbs, aromatics, chemical substances from plant , animals, insects and bees such as honey from bee wax, snake oil
Regulating Services
Type of ES Examples
Air quality regulation
Climate regulation: sequestration like CO2, evapo-transpiration (precipitation)
Filtering dust particles in air
Regulation of air pollutant like NOx, SOx
Water quality regulation (Surface and ground water)
Water purification, water softening
Pests and diseases regulation Regulation against : parasite, fungi and bacteria invasion of human, plant and animals, air and water born diseases, exposure to poisonous substances
Regulating Services
Type of ES Examples
Regulation of soil and erosion
Regulate soil depletion through soil
buffering, removal of impurities in
soil through soil shrinking, control
of wind and water erosion
Natural hazards regulation
Storm and flood control, control of tectonic movement in soil to reduce earthquakes and volcanic explosion
Supporting Services
Type of ES Examples
Nutrient cycling and soil formation
Nutrient balancing by micro-organisms, soil formation by decomposition of dead plants and animals
Crop pollination Pollination by bees, insects and other micro-organisms etc.
Support the earth surface Life on earth, platform for houses, farming, roads and highways
Preserving Services
Type of ES Examples
Biodiversity Habitat for plant and animal species, noise reduction
Development and maintenance of genetic resource against uncertainty (extinction)
Richness/abundance of genetic species, bio-refugia, hybridisation of species
Cultural services
Type of ES Examples
Spiritual and religious values
Social relations (indigenous culture), sense of place (cultural identity), Secret and inspirations places like churches
Recreational and ecotourism
Aesthetic values, monuments, sanctuaries, natural parks, natural and cultural tourism, heritage sites
Methodology
• Typical service units for studying ecosystem services can be defined and constructed by Petri nets
• A Petri net is a graphical and mathematical technique for modelling flow system and have been used in many fields such like fresh water ecology, molecular biology, business, transport and logistic etc.
• It can be used for continuous, discrete, stochastic and hybrid modelling and simulation
• That is continuous, time, stochastic, hybrid, place /transition and high level nets like coloured Petri net, which may be discrete, continuous or stochastic and even hybrid Petri nets
• Data are collected in the UNESCO biophere reserve Spreewald based on observation and scaling by give rank values that are aggregated for simulation of the model
Petri Net Modelling Framework
An ecosystem example of algae growth
Conceptual Model Building with Petri Nets
Description of relationships
• N= (S,T,W)
• Petri net is defined as N and described as a triple (S, T, W)
• S= {s1, s2, s3, s4}
• T= {t1, t2, t3, t4, t5, t6, t7, t8}
• W- Flow rate
• Each Set in S contain markings with tokens
Definition of Coloursets
• Markings and their set of tokens are differentiated by colours
• Markings: Comp = {Comp1, Comp2, Comp3}
• Tokens: ES= {ES1, ES2, …, ES5}
• Coloursets:
Colours =
53...331352...221251...2111
ESCompESCompESCompESCompESCompESCompESCompESCompESComp
Execution
Verification of Net Properties
Properties Results
Net Class Asymmetric
Liveness Cannot decide
Boundedness Yes
Conservative Yes
Repetitiveness Yes
Consistent Yes
Data Sampling Strategy
• Data Collection is based on cross-sectional field observation in the UNESCO biosphere reserve Spreewald
• The data source comprises of landscape components associated with ES, activities that lead to their balance, improvement and deficit and indicators
• They are quantified by qualitative value judgement based on ranking them to a scale of 0 to 5
• 0 (no relevant capacity), 1 (very low relevant capacity), 2 (low relevant capacity), 3 (medium relevant capacity), 4 (high relevant capacity) and 5 (very high relevant capacity)
Data Sampling Strategy
• Preparatory Set Up for Data Collection
• Data Collection
• Data Aggregation Procedures
• Quality Assurance of Data
- Estimators: Unbias and Consistency
Data Conversion
Ranking Scale
Conversion % (1500)
Meaning
0 0 Not relevant capacity
1 20 (300) Very low relevant capacity
2 40 (600) Low relevant capacity
3 60 (900) Medium relevant capacity
4 80 (1200) High relevant capacity
5 100 (1500) Very high relevant capacity
Parameter for EstimatingEcosystem Services
If :
ΣSt - old stock of ES in a particular region
Then:
ΣSt ± ΔΣSt- current stock (phase transition)
For environmental balancing for preserve ES:
ΔΣSt 0 or ΔΣSt = 0
For environmental improvement for preserving:
ΔΣSt > 0
For environmental deficit for preserving ES:
ΔΣSt < 0
Application in UNESCO Biosphere Reserve Spreewald
Landscape Identification
Land Use from 1991- 2010
Ecosystem Services
Petri Net Simulation Framework
• Data conversion
• Encoding data in the Petri net
• Specification of initial marking based on data set
• Simulation
• Show case and scenarios
Discussion
Conclusions
• MES can encourage the preservation of ES with market for certification scheme already growing in Spreewald region, but there are no markets for permit and conservation credit/banking.
• These markets for ecosystem services need to be encourage by increasing measures for preservation of ecosystem services.
• However, there are current discussion on the legal system on pools for balancing landscape problems, this may favour the growth of MES and community-based financial participation.
• Therefore data management systems are essential for analysis and structuring strategic measures for preserving ES, which has been realised in the modelling and data sampling framework.
Thanks for your attention