1 Medical Assisting Chapter 32 PowerPoint ® to accompany Ramutkowski • Booth • Pugh • Thompson • Whicker Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Second Edition
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1
Medical Assisting Chapter 32
PowerPoint® to accompany
Ramutkowski • Booth • Pugh • Thompson • Whicker
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Second Edition
2
The Endocrine SystemObjectives32-1 Describe the general functions of the endocrine system.32-2 Compare the endocrine and exocrine glands.32-3 Define hormone.32-4 Describe the locations of the pituitary gland, thyroid gland,
parathyroid glands,adrenal glands, pancreas, thymus, and gonads.
32-5 List the hormones released by the pituitary gland and give the functions of each.
32-6 List the hormones released by the thyroid gland and parathyroid glands, and give the functions of each.
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The Endocrine SystemObjectives (cont.)32-7 List the hormones released by the adrenal glands and give
the functions of each.32-8 List the hormones released by the pancreas and give the
functions of each.32-9 List the hormones released by the thymus and gonads,
and give the function of each.32-10 Describe the signs, symptoms, causes, and treatments of
various endocrine disorders.
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The Endocrine System The endocrine system includes the organs of
the body that secrete hormones directly into body fluids such as blood.
glandssecrete
hormones
into
bloodstream
to
target tissues
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Hormones Hormones are chemicals secreted by a cell that
affects the functions of other cells. Many hormones are derived from steroids that can
easily cross the cell membrane . Examples of steroid hormones:
Estrogen Progesterone Testosterone Cortisol
hormones
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Hormones (cont.)
Nonsteroid Hormones Made of amino acids or
proteins Cannot cross the cell
membrane with ease Binds to receptors on
the surface of the cells G-protein is usually
activated by the hormone-receptor complex.
Prostaglandins Local hormones Derived from lipid
molecules Typically do not travel
into the blood stream Target tissues are located
close by Produced by organs such
as the: Kidneys Uterus Heart Brain Stomach
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This gland is located at the base of the brain and is controlled by the hypothalamus.
A bony structure called the sella turcica protects the pituitary gland.
The optic chiasm is located just above the pituitary gland.
The pituitary gland is divided into two lobes: Anterior Lobe Posterior Lobe
Pituitary Gland
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AnteriorLobe
Growth Hormone Prolactin
Adrenocorticotrophic
Thyroid-stimulating
Follicle-stimulating
Luteinizing
Stimulates increase in size of muscles and bones.
Stimulates milk production
Stimulates the adrenal cortex to release its hormones
Stimulates the thyroid gland to release its hormones.
In females stimulates estrogen production and maturation of the ova. In males, it stimulates sperm production.
Stimulates ovulation in females and estrogen production. Stimulates production of testosterone in males
Pituitary Gland
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PosteriorLobe
PosteriorLobe
Antidiuretic Hormone Oxytocin
Stimulates the kidneys to conserve water
In females causes contraction of the uterus and ejection of breast milk.
Pituitary Gland (cont.)
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Apply Your KnowledgeThe medical assistant in a local medical office is about to administer an injection of cortisol. The patient asks “Once you inject that steriod in my arm, why won’t it affect my arm and other body parts?” Which of the following would best answer this patient’s question?
a. Hormones do not affect any cells.b. Cortisol is not a hormone so there is no need for concern.c. Hormones have specific target cells that they bind with.
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Apply Your Knowledge - AnswerAnswerThe medical assistant in a local medical office is about to administer an injection of cortisol. The patient asks “Once you inject that steriod in my arm, why won’t it affect my arm and other body parts?” Which of the following would best answer this patient’s question?
a. Hormones do not affect any cells.b. Cortisol is not a hormone so there is no need for concern.c. Hormones have specific target cells that they bind with.
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Thyroid Gland and Parathyroid Glands
Thyroid Gland• Located below the larynx• Is covered by a capsule• Is divided into follicles that store some of the hormones
Major Hormones
Stimulate protein synthesis and increase cellular energy production
Lowers blood calcium levels by activating osteoblasts
T3 T4
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Most people have four parathyroid glands
These glands are located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland.
They secrete the parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Parathyroid hormone acts to raise the blood calcium levels by activating osteoclasts.
Thyroid Gland and Parathyroid Glands (cont.)
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Adrenal Glands Located on top of each kidney Divided into the adrenal medulla and adrenal
cortex
Adrenal Medulla Adrenal Cortex
• central portion • secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine• secretions prepare the body for the stress response
• outermost portion• aldosterone and cortisol are the main two hormones secreted
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Pancreas Located behind the stomach Considered as both an endocrine and exocrine gland Contains structures known as islets of Langerhans
which secretes insulin and glucagon
Blood glucose concentrations
Protein synthesis
Blood glucose concentrations
Protein synthesis
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A surgical patient is considered to have experienced physical external stress. All of the following are symptoms associated with stress except:
a. Increased blood pressureb. Decreased blood glucosec. Increased heart rate
Apply Your Knowledge
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A surgical patient is considered to have experienced physical external stress. All of the following are symptoms associated with stress except:
a. Increased blood pressureb. Decreased blood glucosec. Increased heart rate
Apply Your Knowledge - AnswerAnswer
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Other Hormone Producing Organs
The Pineal Body• Located between the cerebral hemispheres• Secretes melatonin
The Thymus Gland• Located between the lungs• Secretes thymosin
The Gonads• Ovaries and testes• Ovaries release estrogen and progesterone• Testes produce testosterone
Other Sites• Stomach produces gastrin• Small intestines release secretin and cholecystokinin• Heart secretes atrial natriuretic peptide • Kidneys secrete erythropoietin
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The Stress ResponseA stressor is any stimulus that produces stress.
Physical Factors Psychological Factors Positive Factors
The body’s response consist of a group of reactions called the general stress syndrome which is caused by the release of hormones.
Heart rate Breathing rate Blood pressure Glucose levels
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Common Diseases and Disorders ofthe Endocrine System
Causes Increased productions of the growth hormone or a tumor.
Signs and Symptoms Enlargement of skull, and hands and feet bones Thickening of the skin Headache, fatigue, pain, weight gain, heart disease
Treatment Medications to decrease growth hormone production Radiation therapy Surgery
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Common Diseases and Disorders ofthe Endocrine System (cont.)
Causes Specific causes unknown but may be due to cancer, or an
autoimmune dysfunction Signs and Symptoms
Weakness, fatigue, dizziness, weight loss, muscle pain, vomiting, diarrhea and dehydration
Treatment Corticosteriods Medications or hormones to balance sodium and
potassium levels
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Common Diseases and Disorders ofthe Endocrine System (cont.)
Causes Excessive production of ACTH (adrenal gland tumor) Long-term use of steriods
Signs and Symptoms Round or full face, hump of fat between the shoulders,
fatigue, thin arms and legs with large abdomen, high blood pressure, high blood glucose levels
Treatment Lifestyle changes Radiation and surgery for tumor removal
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Common Diseases and Disorders ofthe Endocrine System (cont.)
Causes Decreased or absent production of insulin by the pancreas Obesity, high blood pressure, pregnancy, high cholesterol levels
Signs and Symptoms High blood glucose levels, excessive thirst, frequent urination,
increased appetite, blurred vision, slow wound healing, weight loss, foot problems, impotence in men
Treatment Insulin (injection and oral tablets) Lifestyle changes
Complications Kidney disease, blindness, atherosclerosis, amputations
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Common Diseases and Disorders ofthe Endocrine System (cont.)
Causes Underproduction of the growth hormone Trauma to pituitary gland or pituitary tumor
Signs and Symptoms Short height, abnormal facial features, cleft lip or
palate, delayed puberty, headache, frequent urination, thirst
Treatment Administer supplemental growth hormone
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Common Diseases and Disorders ofthe Endocrine System (cont.)
Causes Overproduction of the growth hormone or a pituitary
tumor Signs and Symptoms
Very tall height, delayed sexual maturity, thick facial bones, thick skin, weakness, vision problems
Treatment Medications to decrease growth hormone levels Radiation therapy or surgery for tumor
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Common Diseases and Disorders ofthe Endocrine System (cont.)
Causes Over production of thyroid hormones Also considered an autoimmune disorder
Signs and Symptoms Exophthalmos, goiter, insomnia, weight loss, muscle
weakness, increased appetite, vision problems, increased heart rate
Treatment Medications Radiation and surgery to the thyroid gland
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Common Diseases and Disorders ofthe Endocrine System (cont.)
Causes Removal of the thyroid gland, neck radiation treatments
and obesity Signs and Symptoms
Weakness, fatigue, weight gain, depression, dry skin, general body aches, pale or yellow skin, slow heart rate, enlarged heart, coma
Treatment Supplemental thyroid hormones Close monitoring of thyroid hormone levels
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A patient enters the medical office with complaints of fatigue and body aches. You notice that the patient’s arms are thin and the abdomen appears enlarged. The physician states to you “ This looks like a case of hypercortisolism.” You realize this refers to which of the following diseases?
a. Cushing’s diseaseb. Addison’s diseasec. Diabetes mellitus
Apply Your Knowledge
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A patient enters the medical office with complaints of fatigue and body aches. You notice that the patient’s arms are thin and the abdomen appears enlarged. The physician states to you “ This looks like a case of hypercortisolism.” You realize this refers to which of the following diseases?
a. Cushing’s diseaseb. Addison’s diseasec. Diabetes mellitus
Apply Your Knowledge - AnswerAnswer
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END OF CHAPTER
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