7/29/2019 1. MAC1 efiles http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1-mac1-efiles 1/52 mac1_Lesson 02 MATERIAL PRODUZIDO POR ASSOCIAÇÃO CULTURA INGLESA SP 26/01/2012 1.English has the enormous g __________ status that it currently has because of the p __________ it has enjoyed in the last 400 years. 2.M _____________ power through the British Empire. 3.T ___________ power through the Industrial revolution. 4.C __________ power in the 20 th century. 5.English has c __________ the boundaries of nations. 6. It is s __________ everywhere. 7.It affects people’s c ___________ and the way people speak their own language. 8.In today’s world, English gives you the power of c ___________. 1.English has the enormous g __________ status that it currently has because of the p __________ it has enjoyed in the last 400 years. 2.M _____________ power through the British Empire. 3. T ___________ power through the Industrial revolution. 4.C __________ power in the 20 th century. 5.English has c __________ the boundaries of nations. 6.It is s __________ everywhere. 7.It affects people’s c ___________ and the way people speak their own language. 8.In today’s world, English gives you the power of c ___________. 1. English has the enormous g __________ status that it currently has because of the p __________ it has enjoyed in the last 400 years. 2.M _____________ power through the British Empire. 3.T ___________ power through the Industrial revolution. 4.C __________ power in the 20 th century. 5.English has c __________ the boundaries of nations. 6.It is s __________ everywhere. 7. It affects people’s c ___________ and the way people speak their own language. 8.In today’s world, English gives you the power of c ___________. REUSABLE REUSABLE REUSABLE REUSABLE REUSABLE REUSABLE REUSABLE REUSABLE MAC 1 Language Work
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mac1_Lesson 03 MATERIAL PRODUZIDO POR ASSOCIAÇÃO CULTURA INGLESA SP 26/01/2012
Text A
The educational system in Brazil is compulsory for children ages 7 to 14. Brazil has both public and private sectorsin education. Public education is free to all Brazilians. Private schooling is not free. The government gives 25% of itsrevenue to the public schooling system and some to the private. Significant changes have been made in Brazil's educationstructure in the past 25 years, however, there is still a long battle to fight for the educational development in Brazil.
Public schools in Brazil are not well cared for. The building structures, plumbing, and heating are usually interrible condition. Many schools lack equipment needed and resources. In the Northeast region of Brazil, teachers are notwell educated to teach. Many of them have not completed primary school themselves. Poverty and lack of schoolingcontribute to a vicious cycle of illiteracy in Brazil. Some areas of Brazil have more than half of the population that cannotwrite their own name. The country's private schools, however, are in a much better state as more money is given to them
and educated teachers work for these institutions.
Children are required to attend school, however, many of them do not. In the major city centers children doattend public school, however, these are not all the children. Usually, children of rich or middle class families attendschool. Most children from well off families attend private schools unlike the children from poor families. Poor childrenhave to work and cannot go to school because they have to support their families. Others, living in remote areas have totravel a long
distance to get to school and therefore, usually do not attend. The dropout rate in Brazil is very high; 33 out of every 100 students who enter grade one make it to grade six. The numbers continue to drop in high school as well.Another issue that prohibits children from receiving an education are the availability of facilities. Many children want togo to school, however, there is not a school they can go to.
Sometimes schools are too far to travel to or there are not enough classrooms in a school for all children toattend. School hours are sometimes divided into three sessions during the day so that all children have an opportunity to
attend for at least part of the day. Usually, this sharing of the classrooms happens in the cities. The more affluent regionsprovide better education for their people. Today, the government is trying to improve the education system of Brazil.
Brazil still has a huge foreign debt. Much of the country's money goes to pay off the national debt, leaving littlefor the education systems. Since 1998, reform efforts have made high school free and they are allocating 18% of thecountries total budget to education. These efforts are made in hopes that the literacy level will increase. The future of Brazil is dependent on the development of their education system.
Text BAs in other areas of social life, education in Brazil is marked by great inequalities, with a highly developed
university system at one extreme and widespread illiteracy at the other.
Despite considerable progress in coverage, serious problems of quality remain. In 1995 the federal governmentwas spending almost twice as much on the universities as on basic education, which is the primary responsibility of statesand municipalities. Local governments often paid teachers wages that were well below the legal minimum.
In 1990 there were 37.6 million students, as compared with 10 million in 1964. Of the 1990 total, 3.9 millionstudents were in preschool, 29.4 million in elementary school, 3.7 million in secondary school, and 1.7 million inuniversity. Despite this progress, less than 40 percent of the high school-age population was enrolled in school.
Because of the economic and social changes that have occurred in Brazil in recent decades, parents now placehigh value on education for their children. Availability of schools has become an important factor in deciding where tolive and how to make a living, even in how many children to have.
Source: U.S. Library of Congress (http://countrystudies.us/brazil/50.htm)
Hello I’m Rikke Hansen from Career Concierge and I’m going to show you how to ace that job interview.
Step 1: Put the interview into perspective
You should make sure it's the right company for you as well as be on your best form for them.
Try to think of this as an exchange between two people rather than a one way interrogation. They have an
interest in you, you have an interest in them. It should be a two-way thing. It’s very helpful actually for you to
think of it as a first date. You know, you wanna make sure you showing your best side, but you also want to
make sure it’s the best thing for both of you.
Step 2: Be clear
What are your unique selling points?
Be absolutely clear about why they should hire you. You know, what are your unique selling points? And how
can you match that to what they are looking for. Think about that upfront and really give example throughout
the interview as to just how good you are and how relevant your experience is. It’s up to you to show themthat you are the right candidate, for the following reasons. So take every opportunity to get your selling points
across.
Step 3: Give examples
Examples, examples, examples! An example is proof. It’s a proof that you’ve already done what the interviewer
is asking for and you can do it for them again. So, really, throughout the interview, give as many examples as
you can. And think about it in the following way, each example should illustrate: what was the problem, what
did you do and what was the result. The great thing about using examples is that it helps you avoid clichés, or
answering the question like anybody else would. Your experience and your example is unique and by giving
them examples you’ll really sound like a unique candidate.
Step 4: Never Assume
Never assume that the interviewer has read your CV. So, feel free you know to talk about things in your CV,elaborate on them, expand on them, using some of the examples in there. On the other hand, make sure you
know your CV as well. There’s nothing worse than saying: Ah! Did I put that in my CV?
Step 5: Never Slag Off
Don’t ever slag off any former employers, colleagues, products or experiences. Be very positive about your
experience so far.
Step 6: Prepare at least 3 questions
Prepare at least 3 pertinent questions to actually ask them. Think about what you really wanna know… do you
want to know about the management style, the culture of the company, what’s important for you to know, and
then have them prepared, and know exactly what you’re gonna ask.
Step 7: Listen
Listen! And read between the lines as to what are they really asking. If you have any doubt, then ask them to
clarify, but listen, and, answer the question asked.
Step 8: Don’t talk too much
Don’t talk too much or go into excessive details. You know, keep it brief, keep it succinct and answer the
question. If they want more detail, they’ll ask you. Don’t just sit there like a lemon and give very short answers.
It’s the most straining thing for the interviewer. So do engage in conversation.
Step 9: Do you research
Know the company: research, research, research! Make sure you do all your research before the interview, so
you know all the things that are relevant about the company. And make sure that throughout the interview you
bring out some snippets or comments, to show them that, yes, you really know what they are all about.
Most interviews no matter what the industry are designed to access a few key areas: professionalism, interest in the job
being offered, fit for the job, including applicable skills and personality. Here are some tips of dos and don’ts of
interviewing.
Dress for Success
Do be sure to dress appropriately for your interview.
If you’re a man wear a suit. You can never go wrong with navy blue, charcoal grey, a white shirt and a nice tie.
If you’re a woman make sure you wear a suit for the interview.
Either a skirt suit or a pant suit is fine. Don’t wear large jewelry, loud colours, or too much make up
Hand Shake 101
Don’t give a lump hand shake. Do give a firm but not bone-crushing hand shake. The key to good hand shake is to get the
web between your thumb and forth finger fully in contact with that of the person with whom you’re shaking hands. Also,
don’t forget to make eye contact and smile.
How to handle some key Questions
“So tell me about yourself…”
“Well, I was born in San Francisco and then my family moved to Boston. Well, actually the suburbs of Boston,
about twenty minutes outside, but you know, you tell everyone Boston. And then I went to “ Upham” in
Pennsylvania, and I started out as an Art History Major, then I switched to Economics, but then I wasn’t so sure,
so I switched back to Art History and then I had to complete more credits to do the major - it was kind of a pain…
so now I’m here with the possibility that I might, might apply to Law school next fall….”
This isn’t a license to tell your life story, rather use this opportunity to give a concise summary of your career, abilities and
goals.
“I’m a very energetic and organized person, which is why “I’m interested ” in opportunities such as this one. I haveover five years experience at the associate level and I’d like to further my career path. And I’m also fluent in
French and I studied and lived in Paris…”
“Great!”
Assessing your weaknesses
Interviewers want to know how you access your good points and your bad points.
“What would you say is your greatest weakness or area that you can improve upon?”
“I have a tendency to oversleep. In the past I’ve overslept and missed important meetings.”
When discussing your weakness, avoid personality or character flaws. Instead, focus on areas that could be improved
upon, over time.
“If someone is not working hard enough, sometimes I ended up picking up the slack. I’m working on sticking to
my own order of business.”
Inappropriate Questions
“So… are you married?”
“I’m single.”
It’s actually illegal for interviewers to ask you certain personal questions, such as your age or marital status, so you don’t
need to volunteer this information. If you like you can answer like this:
“Let me ask you, are you planning to have a baby in the next few years?”
“I’d rather keep the focus on the job, not my personal life.”
“Ok, that’s fine.”
Some Important things to remember
Stand up and greet you employer
Don’t wear too much perfume Have an extra Copy of CV
Well, I’ve just finished my BA in English Language and Literature. Certainly for the next
year I’m not thinking of any postgraduate work. Having said that, I’m not ruling it out.
It’s just I’m not sure whether I want to do an MA or an MBA. I have no intention of
doing a PhD. It’ll just take up too much of my life. I have already taken IELTS when I
applied to studying at Reading and I don’t think a BEC will help me right now.
Well, I’m pretty confident. I’m definitely planning to enter the job market this year and
as I got a first. I’m expecting it to be easy to find a job. I hadn’t thought about what job
I wanted to do before I chose my university subject and I suppose some people might
say that English Language and Literature isn’t very useful unless you are planning to
enter Education. However, I think companies want applicants to have finished
university and done well rather than finishing any specific subject. My sister studied
archeology and by the end of this year she will have been working for five very
successful years as Sales Manager at Arkins.
My friends still haven’t made a decision as they are waiting to see what market will do.
My best mate, Raul, had been thinking about taking a year out until he saw theamount of money he had to pay back on his student loan, so now he’s desperate to
find something. Personally, I think the markets have been fluctuating for years but if
you’ve got what people need then you’re sure to get the right job.
I know there aren’t many people out there who’ve got the background and
qualifications that I’ve got. And I can tell you I’m going to be tough in negotiating my
salary. Companies have been fighting for people like me so I won’t be considering a
starting salary of anything less than $ 35,000 a year when I start.
All in all I’m pretty confident so postgraduate work just seems to be wasted time when
Sample Job Interview QuestionsKelly Services wants to help you successfully advance your career objectives. We've spent more than 60 years interviewing and being
interviewed and have compiled a list of the top 18 most common job interview questions and effective, appropriate responses. Be
prepared, be yourself and make sure you're ready to answer some tough questions.
Be prepared to talk for two minutes about yourself. Be logical. Start anywhere, such as high school, college or your first
professional position. The interviewer is trying to evaluate your communication skills and linear thinking. You may try to
score a point or two by describing a major personal attribute.
2."Why do you believe you are qualified for this position?"
Pick two or three main factors about the job and about yourself that are most relevant. Discuss for two minutes, including
specific details. You may mention a technical skill, a management skill and/or a personal success story.
3. "How do you handle pressure? Do you like or dislike these situations?"
High achievers tend to perform well in high-pressure situations. Conversely, these questions could imply that the open
position is pressure-packed and out of control. Know what you're getting into. If you do perform well under stress, provide agood, detailed example. Be descriptive.
4. "The sign of a good employee is the ability to take initiative. Can you describe a situation where you did this?"
The proactive, results-oriented person doesn't have to be told what to do. To convince the interviewer you possess this trait,
give a series of short examples describing your self-motivation. Discuss one example in-depth, describing the extra effort,
your strong work ethic and your creative, resourceful side.
5. "How have you grown or changed over the past few years?"
Maturation, increased technical skills and increased self-confidence are important developmental aspects. To discuss these
effectively is indicative of a well-balanced, intelligent individual. Overcoming personal obstacles or recognizing manageable
weaknesses can help identify you as an approachable and desirable employee.
6. "What do you consider your most significant strength?"
Know your key five or six strengths—the ones most compatible with the job opening. Discuss each with specific examples.
Don't include your management or interpersonal skills unless you can describe specific examples of good management, or
how your relationship skills have been critical to your success.
7. "Deadlines, frustrations, difficult people and silly rules can make a job difficult. How do you handle these types of
situations?"
Most companies, unfortunately, face these problems daily. If you can't deal with petty problems, you'll be seen as
uncooperative. How you overcome these are important. Diplomacy, perseverance and common sense will prevail in difficult
circumstances.
8. "How has your technical ability been important in accomplishing results?"
A potential employee needs a strong level of technical competence. Most strong managers have good technical backgrounds.
Describe specific examples of your technical abilities, and how you resolved a technical issue.
9. "How would you handle a situation with tight deadlines, low employee morale and inadequate resources?"
Your interviewer is looking for strong management skills. You need to be creative and describe your toughest management
task, even if it doesn't meet all the criteria. Most situations don't. Organizational and interpersonal skills, handling pressure
and good handling of this question are indicative of effective management skills.
10."What are your career goals? Where do you see yourself five or ten years from now?"
Be realistic! Pie-in-the-sky goals label you as immature. One or two management jumps in 3-5 years is a reasonable goal. If
your track record indicates you're in line for senior management in 10 years, then mention it. If you've had a rocky road, be
introspective.
11."Why should we hire you for this position? What kinds of contributions would you make?"
This is a good chance to summarize. By now, you should know the key problems. Restate and show how you would address
them. Don't be arrogant—
instead demonstrate a thoughtful, organized and strong attitude
I was reading this article the other day on the internet and it talks
about two things: f f iirrsstt iitt eexxppoosseess the day by day of Indian call centers
workers and, sseeccoonnddllyy,, iitt eexxppllaaiinnss wwhhyy they hhaavvee iinnccrreeaassiinnggllyy bbeeeenn
ttrraaiinneedd in speaking with a “neutral” global accent.
I thought you might be interested because by reading this article we
get to know how tthhee IInnddiiaann ccaallll cceennttrree IInndduussttrryy has to ddeeaall wwiitthh tthhee
pprreessssuurreess oof f tthhee gglloobbaall mmaarrkkeett which, by ssuubbssccrriibbiinngg ttoo tthhee mmyytthh oof f a
International English accent, iimmppoosseess aa lloott oof f eemmoottiioonnaall bbuurrddeenn oonn the
workers.
What surprised me the most was that the IInnddiiaann wwoorrkkeerrss aarree sseeeenn aass uuppwwaarrddllyy mmoobbiillee ccyybbeerr--ccoooolliieess, forced to act and bbeehhaavvee iinn wwaayyss tthhaatt
However, there is more at stake than phoney identities and neutered accents. As
opposed to physical labour, service work involves 'emotional labour', wherein
workers are called on to amiably display particular emotions. In call centres,
management technologies penetrate to the very core of your identity. During
training sessions employees are told that the customer can see their smile and sense
their mood through their voice.
Thus call centre workers find themselves in a paradoxical situation: they are reaping
the benefits of international businesses outsourcing their call centres to India but
they are also bearing the burdens.
The issue is not just about neutral accents. Call centre work involves 'emotional
labour'. Workers have to be friendly and show certain emotions to customers.
Workers are told that customers can see their smile and sense their mood.
So there are two sides to businesses outsourcing their call centres to India. They give
people work but the work brings problems.
There is thus more at stake than phony identities and neutered accents. Asopposed to physical labour, service work involves "emotional labour", wherein workers are called on to amiably display a particular emotional repertoire. Incall centres, management technologies penetrate to the very core of youridentity. As I witnessed during training sessions, employees are told that thecustomer can see their smile and sense their mood through their voice.
Workers must be able to "pass" as American or British and maintain theircomposure in the face of sometimes racist abuse by irate customers; it issimply part of the job.(…)
Thus the animating paradox of their condition: they are reaping the benefitsof the corporate search for cut-rate labour but also bearing the burdens. They are upwardly mobile cyber-coolies.
Global warming can bring severe consequences to the entire planet, including
plants, animals and humans, because the retention of heat on the Earth’s surface
has a strong influence on the levels of rainfall, affecting crops and forests. Onemajor impact of global warming is the melting of the ice caps moving away from
Antarctica. Antarctica’s western ice sheet is melting at a rate of 250 km³ per year,
causing the sea levels to rise by 0.2 mm every 12 months. This fact alone can cause
oceans to rise 4.9 meters on all the vast coastal areas and islands around the world,
causing huge natural disasters for wildlife and whole populations.
"Moreover, global climate change poses great environmental threats to
wetlands," according to the analysis, "fundamentally altering their
ecology, biodiversity and species composition."
The UNU analysis says a warming of 3-4ºC could eliminate 85% of all
remaining wetlands in the world. It says wetlands hold roughly one-sixth
of all carbon held in terrestrial sinks, most of it organic matter in soilwhich can be released when the soil is disturbed, for example through
wetlands drainage and destruction.
"Traditional Pantanal commodities - mainly cattle and fishing - cannot
compete in today's marketplace," says UNU-PREP Director Dr. Teixeira.
"Traditional farmers are selling their land to outsiders and large scale
agriculture is taking place in the highlands surrounding the Pantanal. In
most cases, these newcomers do not know how to manage the land in a
sustainable way."
Several major development projects have been initiated, aimed at increasing the contribution of thePantanal and its catchment area to the economy. "This economic development and consequent population
growth, pose a new threat to the Pantanal due to their negative environmental consequences," the
analysis says.
Roads and electricity lines have been constructed, while large agri-industrial projects have emerged on the
Pantanal's periphery - large-scale cattle ranching and plantations of soybean and sugarcane - all fostering
population growth.
"The resultant pollution of water and soil from farm chemicals, as well as increasing industrial pollution
from urban centres, has become a problem."
The complex interconnections and inter-linkages at the ecological level - as for example, between climate
change and biodiversity - underline the need to develop inter-linkages at the policy level as well, UNU says.
In other words, the environmental, economic, and social impacts of activities of stakeholders in the
Pantanal should be considered in managing the wetlands.
It says improved coordination at the regional level will lead to more effective management of the Pantanal
and similar wetlands.
"In order to identify and effectively use the synergies that exist in the natural environment, a systematic
approach to environmental decision making and management is urgently needed. The Interlinkages
approach offers a coordinated way to achieve this goal," the analysis says.
"Because of the transboundary nature of many ecosystems and environmental problems, they are often
addressed at the regional level; the Pantanal is a case in point. Regional institutions can take global
environmental issues and refocus them into priorities and a manageable agenda for national governments"
"So far, however, most work on Inter-linkages has been undertaken at the global rather than regional or
national levels. Recognizing the importance of cooperation at the regional level between Brazil, Bolivia and
Paraguay-the three countries in whose territory the wetland lies- stakeholders at the workshop convened
by UNU-PREP and UNU IAS in Brazil in October 2003 expressed their willingness to draft a treaty for the
sustainable management of the Pantanal wetland.
"The challenge now is to translate this will into action."
SEA TURTLES ARE GLOBALhttp://www.costaricaturtles.org/costa_new_seatu
rtles.html
Although each species has their own preference for
nesting grounds, migration patterns and diet, they
also have similar characteristics and unfortunately
share the same threats.
Migration & Navigation
There has been extensive research conducted
regarding the sea turtles’ abilities to return to their
nesting regions. They may migrate hundreds or even
thousands of miles. In the water, their path is
greatly affected by powerful currents. Despite their
limited vision, and lack of landmarks in the open
water, turtles are able to retrace their migratory
paths. One explanation of this phenomenon is that
sea turtles use the earth’s magnetic fields to
navigate.
General Behavior
Sea turtles are generally solitary and usually interact with one another only for courting and mating. Sexual maturity
varies with species, ranging early with the hawksbill at three years and age twenty to fifty for the leatherback. During
mating season, two or more males may court a female and the male attaches himself to the back of the female's shell
and then folds his long tail under her shell to copulate. Fertilization is internal and copulation takes place on the
surface or underwater, often close to shore. Females may mate with several males just prior to nesting season andstore the sperm for several months. When she finally lays her eggs, they will have been fertilized by a variety of males.
This behavior may help keep genetic diversity high in the population.
Nesting & Reproduction
Sea turtles usually nest in intervals of two to three years although some nest yearly. Depending on the species,
females may nest from one to ten times during a nesting season. Only the females come ashore to the beach to lay
their eggs a few weeks after mating.
When the female Leatherback is ready to nest, she will choose a beach without a coral reef, one close to the deep
water, such as ’s Beach. Crawling up from the ocean, she will locate a dry area and begin the arduous task of nest
excavation. Using her flippers and the rotation of her body, she will dig an egg cavity that is approximately 70centimeters deep. She will then lay 80 to 100 eggs, a process that can take over two hours. Eggs are often referred to
as the size of billiard balls: she lays an average of 80 fertilized eggs and 30 smaller, unfertilized eggs in each nest. After
she is finished, she will carefully cover and camouflage the clutch, and may even construct false nests to fool
predators. Her role now complete, she will depart to the ocean, leaving her eggs to their fate.
Remarkably, most female turtles share a nesting instinct that drives them to return to the beach of their birth, or natal
beach, in order to lay eggs. In fact, her ability to successfully reproduce depends on the ecological health of this
original habitat. However, recent satellite tracking data indicates that the Leatherback, unique among turtles in many
ways, may return to a range area or region, rather than a natal beach. The Caribbean coastline of Costa Rica is an
example of one of the most important Leatherback nesting regions in the world.
When the female turtle comes ashore at night to lay her eggs, she will first dig a body cavity with her front flippers,and then use her back flippers to dig out the nest. Depending upon the species, 80-120 eggs will be deposited in the
cavity. Afterwards the female will laboriously cover the nest with sand and often even create another false nest to
confuse predators, before she finally crawls back to the sea. Incubation varies with species, clutch size (number of
eggs) and temperature, but averages from 45-70 days.
Hatchlings
Hatchlings use a caruncle, a temporary egg tooth to break open their shells. It may take several days for a group of
hatchlings to dig their way up out of the nest cavity. Although they usually emerge at night, coolness of sand
temperature and other factors influence their emergence. The hatchlings crawl towards the ocean in small groups.
They must make it to the ocean quickly so they don’t die from dehydration or predators. When a hatchling reachesthe surf, it swims continuously for 24-48 hours to get to deeper water away from predators. The turtles must survive
several years in a relatively protected area away from predators and one with ample food supply. Juveniles will spend
time eating and growing in habitats near the shore. Once they reach adulthood, they migrate to find a primary feeding
ground. During mating season, the sea turtles will migrate closer to their nesting beach.
Why Sea Turtles Are Endangered
Unfortunately, there are many reasons why sea turtles are now at risk
Human harvesting of turtles and their eggs.
Destruction of nesting habitats.
Commercial fisheries who use longline fishing practices or gill nets and do not use Turtle Excluder Devices
(TEDS),
Pollution affecting nesting habitats and/or species: such as entanglement in marine debris; plastic debris,
and commercial and industrial ocean water pollution from oil spills and chemical waste.
Global Warming.
Why They Are Vital to the Eco-system
Sea turtles contribute to the delicate balance of ecosystems in our oceans and on the beaches where they nest. Their
presence helps replenish both sea and beach nutrients and helps maintain the equilibrium of marine vegetation. For
example, without Green turtles to feed on sea grass, the grasses would become overgrown and diseased which would
have a negative impact on the many species that rely on this vegetation for sustenance. Sea turtles also play a
significant role in balancing the oceans’ food chain. Leatherbacks for instance, consume large quantities of jellyfish,
which feed on fish larvae. Some scientists are now looking at the possibility that the severe decline of Leatherback
turtles over recent decades may have allowed for a proliferation of jellyfish, thus contributing to the drop in fish
populations in the world’s oceans.
Sea turtles also support the health of our terrestrial ecosystem. The nutrients from their eggs bring food energy to
species on beaches and sand dunes, which has an out-rippling effect to species in surrounding areas. The truth is that
our planetary ecosystems are so intricately intertwined that it is difficult to predict just how far ranging the
implications are when a global species such as the sea turtle, declines or is lost forever.
SEA TURTLES ARE GLOBALhttp://www.costaricaturtles.org/costa_new_seatu
rtles.html
Although each species has their own preference for
nesting grounds, migration patterns and diet, they
also have similar characteristics and unfortunately
share the same threats.
Migration & Navigation
There has been extensive research conducted
regarding the sea turtles’ abilities to return to their
nesting regions. They may migrate hundreds or even
thousands of miles. In the water, their path is
greatly affected by powerful currents. Despite their
limited vision, and lack of landmarks in the open
water, turtles are able to retrace their migratory
paths. One explanation of this phenomenon is that
sea turtles use the earth’s magnetic fields to
navigate.
General Behavior
Sea turtles are generally solitary and usually interact with one another only for courting and mating. Sexual maturity
varies with species, ranging early with the hawksbill at three years and age twenty to fifty for the leatherback. During
mating season, two or more males may court a female and the male attaches himself to the back of the female's shell
and then folds his long tail under her shell to copulate. Fertilization is internal and copulation takes place on the
surface or underwater, often close to shore. Females may mate with several males just prior to nesting season andstore the sperm for several months. When she finally lays her eggs, they will have been fertilized by a variety of males.
This behavior may help keep genetic diversity high in the population.
Nesting & Reproduction
Sea turtles usually nest in intervals of two to three years although some nest yearly. Depending on the species,
females may nest from one to ten times during a nesting season. Only the females come ashore to the beach to lay
their eggs a few weeks after mating.
When the female Leatherback is ready to nest, she will choose a beach without a coral reef, one close to the deep
water, such as ’s Beach. Crawling up from the ocean, she will locate a dry area and begin the arduous task of nest
excavation. Using her flippers and the rotation of her body, she will dig an egg cavity that is approximately 70centimeters deep. She will then lay 80 to 100 eggs, a process that can take over two hours. Eggs are often referred to
as the size of billiard balls: she lays an average of 80 fertilized eggs and 30 smaller, unfertilized eggs in each nest. After
she is finished, she will carefully cover and camouflage the clutch, and may even construct false nests to fool
predators. Her role now complete, she will depart to the ocean, leaving her eggs to their fate.
Remarkably, most female turtles share a nesting instinct that drives them to return to the beach of their birth, or natal
beach, in order to lay eggs. In fact, her ability to successfully reproduce depends on the ecological health of this
original habitat. However, recent satellite tracking data indicates that the Leatherback, unique among turtles in many
ways, may return to a range area or region, rather than a natal beach. The Caribbean coastline of Costa Rica is an
example of one of the most important Leatherback nesting regions in the world.
When the female turtle comes ashore at night to lay her eggs, she will first dig a body cavity with her front flippers,and then use her back flippers to dig out the nest. Depending upon the species, 80-120 eggs will be deposited in the
cavity. Afterwards the female will laboriously cover the nest with sand and often even create another false nest to
confuse predators, before she finally crawls back to the sea. Incubation varies with species, clutch size (number of
eggs) and temperature, but averages from 45-70 days.
Hatchlings
Hatchlings use a caruncle, a temporary egg tooth to break open their shells. It may take several days for a group of
hatchlings to dig their way up out of the nest cavity. Although they usually emerge at night, coolness of sand
temperature and other factors influence their emergence. The hatchlings crawl towards the ocean in small groups.
They must make it to the ocean quickly so they don’t die from dehydration or predators. When a hatchling reachesthe surf, it swims continuously for 24-48 hours to get to deeper water away from predators. The turtles must survive
several years in a relatively protected area away from predators and one with ample food supply. Juveniles will spend
time eating and growing in habitats near the shore. Once they reach adulthood, they migrate to find a primary feeding
ground. During mating season, the sea turtles will migrate closer to their nesting beach.
Why Sea Turtles Are Endangered
Unfortunately, there are many reasons why sea turtles are now at risk
Human harvesting of turtles and their eggs.
Destruction of nesting habitats.
Commercial fisheries who use longline fishing practices or gill nets and do not use Turtle Excluder Devices
(TEDS),
Pollution affecting nesting habitats and/or species: such as entanglement in marine debris; plastic debris,
and commercial and industrial ocean water pollution from oil spills and chemical waste.
Global Warming.
Why They Are Vital to the Eco-system
Sea turtles contribute to the delicate balance of ecosystems in our oceans and on the beaches where they nest. Their
presence helps replenish both sea and beach nutrients and helps maintain the equilibrium of marine vegetation. For
example, without Green turtles to feed on sea grass, the grasses would become overgrown and diseased which would
have a negative impact on the many species that rely on this vegetation for sustenance. Sea turtles also play a
significant role in balancing the oceans’ food chain. Leatherbacks for instance, consume large quantities of jellyfish,
which feed on fish larvae. Some scientists are now looking at the possibility that the severe decline of Leatherback
turtles over recent decades may have allowed for a proliferation of jellyfish, thus contributing to the drop in fish
populations in the world’s oceans.
Sea turtles also support the health of our terrestrial ecosystem. The nutrients from their eggs bring food energy to
species on beaches and sand dunes, which has an out-rippling effect to species in surrounding areas. The truth is that
our planetary ecosystems are so intricately intertwined that it is difficult to predict just how far ranging the
implications are when a global species such as the sea turtle, declines or is lost forever.
Brazil invested R$ 2.89 billion in international cooperation projects over five years
13/01/2011 16:44 - Portal Brasil
Study identifies international development projects and programs Brazil was involved in
Brazil invested about R$ 2.89 billion in international cooperation projects with other countries between 2005 and
2009. According to a survey by the Institute of Applied Economic Research (IPEA) in partnership with the Brazilian
Cooperation Agency (ABC), linked to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the bulk of investment (79%) went to projects
run by international organizations and regional banks. The purpose of the study was to identify, collate and
systematize the data and information on public investment in activities, projects and programs involving Brazilian
Cooperation in International Development, 2005-2009.
The United Nations (UN) and World Health Organization (WHO) received R$ 1.38 billion in the period. Brazil
contributed actively to the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), given the rising number of refugees thecountry has taken in and its work in international humanitarian assistance.
Brazil also contributes about 70% of the annual budget for the Mercosur Structural Convergence and Institutional
Strengthening Fund (FOCEM). In the period analysed, over R$ 430 million was given to the fund, accounting for 30%
of Brazil's contributions to international organizations. Created in 2004, FOCEM increases the competitiveness of the
four members of the Southern Common Market - Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay and Paraguay.
Brazil gave over R$ 800 million over five years to regional development banks. The money went to paying in capital
to funds run by regional banks that Brazil is party to.
The study also analysed investment in humanitarian assistance, which was made mainly in Latin America and theCaribbean. These regions got 76.27% of direct aid, which represents, by value, R$ 107.81 million in the period.
Among the main beneficiaries of Brazil's humanitarian aid are Cuba, Haiti and the Palestinian territories, which
together received 53% of the total, making R$ 83.307 million.
The granting of scholarships for foreign students studying in Brazil or abroad accounted for about 10% of Brazilian
cooperation (R$ 284.07 million). Most of these grants went to training and qualifications. Fifty percent of them are
granted by the Ministry of Science and Technology, through the National Council for Scientific and Technological
Development (CNPq). The remainder is divided between the Coordination of Improvement of Higher Level Personnel
(Capes), which passed on 28% of the resources, and the Department of Higher Education at the Ministry of
Education, which distributed 20%. The remaining 2% was managed by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Federal resources applied to technical, scientific and technological cooperation projects and programs amounted to
R$ 252.6 million. In bilateral cooperation, Brazil focused on horizontal technical cooperation projects aimed at
structural changes in countries' economies and sustainable growth, to ensure equal levels of social inclusion and
respect for the environment. This type of cooperation is associated with the South-South axis.
Triangular cooperation with developed countries and international organizations is another form entered into.
Brazil's main partners in trilateral cooperation are Japan, the United States, Germany, France, Canada, Argentina and
Spain. Areas of focus range from combating child labor, to civil aviation, education, healthcare, prevention and
control of malaria by the modernization of legislative processes, public administration, the information society, labor
relations and strengthening infrastructure.
» Read the full study on Brazilian Cooperation in International Development 2005-2009 (content in Portuguese)
TEXT A [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-14806100]
Libya's long-term prosperity depends on one thing above all others
Freeing up tens of billions of dollars of frozen assets may be key to the country's short-term reconstruction, butwithout oil it cannot build a stable economy upon which democracy can flourish.
Libya's oil industry, therefore, holds the key to the success of Libya's fledgling regime and the wealth of its people.
Oil accounts for a quarter of the country's total economic output, and 95% of its export earnings.
But the bloody civil war has reduced Libya's gushing oil fields to a trickle, with production running at little more than
50,000 barrels a day, compared with 1.6 million before hostilities broke out.
As John Hamilton at research group Cross Border Information says: "Libya cannot afford to sit on its sovereign
wealth. The bill for rebuilding the country will be enormous, and to meet the vast demands of its population, it hasto get oil production up and running again".
MAC 1
Support Text 2
TEXT B [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-14806100]
Global impact
But the rehabilitation of the Libyan oil industry has a wider impact still.
Although it accounts for little more than 2% of global production, Libya sits on a special kind of oil only a handful of
countries, such as Nigeria and Azerbaijan, produce.
"Libyan crude is very high quality and the world needs [it]. It's used in transportation, energy production and high-
value products," says Mr Huseynov.
He argues that the return of Libyan production to the international oil markets will "put downward pressure on the
price of Brent crude, easing inflationary pressure.
"This will be a positive for the global economy."
Indeed, the high oil price has underpinned many of the price rises seen in most economies in the past year.
Not only, then, do Libyans and oil executives have a stake in getting Libya's oil flowing again a quickly as possible -
TEXT C [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-14806100]
Contracts
The sooner production is restored the better, not just for Libya, but for the rest of the world.
Major oil companies are itching to get back in - Italy's ENI, for example, has already returned to assess the damage. Italian oil group ENI appears well placed to prosper from the reconstruction effort
Libya's new ruling body, the National Transitional Council, has said it will honour all contracts signed with the
Gaddafi regime - and the sooner the oil majors return, the sooner they can start generating profits from idle assets.
More interestingly, the new regime will at some point start looking to offer new contracts. An auction scheduled for
this year is unlikely to take place, but the likes of ENI, Repsol, Gazprom, Total, China National Petroleum Corporation,
BP, and Exxon Mobil are already jostling to be in pole position when the contracts are doled out.
And those that operate in countries that helped the rebels in ousting Muammar Gaddafi could be at an advantage.
On this basis, ENI, Total and BP could steal a march on their rivals.
MAC 1
Support Text 2
TEXT D [http://ibde.org/component/content/article/95-the-transformation-of-diplomacy-why-do-diplomats-need-to-understand-how-the-business-world-
operates.html]
The role of diplomats
Nowadays, diplomacy is characterised by networking that includes all levels of cooperation, within which business-related
issues play an increasingly important role. When looking at the
work of many foreign services today, one can see a trend that they are increasingly starting to function as coordinators of
foreign policy implementation. Business is playing a rapidly expanding role in the daily life of diplomats.
Although the diplomatic mission, which is a participation in the country's foreign policy formulation and implementation,
remains unchanged, diplomatic functions have become more diverse. In addition to the usual features (for example,
compiling and evaluating available information, communication, negotiations and dispute resolutions, participation in
multilateral institutions, economic development), a diplomat must also be a kind of entrepreneur, manager and
coordinator. In short, there is clear orientation and adaptation to diplomacy which could be described as “the model of
coordinated synergy”. One could highlight the following components of this model:
• The delegation of functions of share representation to other actors;
• An increasing role of foreign ministry in conducting the foreign policy activities;
• Movement to redefinition of the balance between generalists and specialists;• Active cooperation between businesspeople and diplomats;
• The growing role of specialists in fields such as business, power industry and IT;
• The global information environment is defining the work of the foreign office;
• The ways of communication have been diversified;
• Development of innovative information technologies;
• Fast exchange of information minimizes the importance of previously planned policy;
• The focus on immediate solutions, growing importance of multilateral cooperation formats.
As it is known, diplomats have profound knowledge of foreign languages, cultures, local customs and changing politics.
In addition, business-oriented knowledge would open channels for better and more efficient dialogue between business
people from both at home and abroad. Thus, diplomats could offer support to business people from their home country in
pursuit of commercial success abroad, and assist direct foreign investment into their home country.
Moreover, their knowledge of international trade, investment and business norms would be useful to settle diplomaticdisputes affecting international business. Both the active cooperation of entrepreneurs and the support given to various
business projects will allow diplomats to see more clearly the results of their work.
(1)_________ tens of billions of dollars of frozen assets (2)___________ the country's short-termreconstruction, but without oil it cannot build (3)_________ upon which democracy can flourish.
Libya's (4) _________, therefore, (5) _________ Libya's fledgling regime and the wealth of its people.
Oil (6) ____________ the country's total (7) ____________, and 95% of its export earnings.
But the bloody civil war has reduced Libya's gushing oil fields to a trickle, with production running atlittle more than 50,000 barrels a day, compared with 1.6 million before hostilities broke out.
As John Hamilton at research group Cross Border Information says: "Libya (8) _____________ its
sovereign wealth. The bill for rebuilding the country will be enormous, and (9) __________itspopulation, it has to get oil production up and running again".
MAC 1
Language Work
But the rehabilitation of the Libyan (1)_________ has a (2) ___________ still.
Although it (3) ____________ little more than 2% of global production, Libya (4) __________ aspecial kind of oil only a handful of countries, such as Nigeria and Azerbaijan, produce.
"Libyan crude is very high quality and the world needs [it]. It's used in transportation, energyproduction and high-value products," says Mr Huseynov.
He argues that the return of Libyan production to the international oil markets will "(5) ____________the price of Brent crude, (6) __________________.
"This will be a positive for the global economy."
Indeed, the high oil price has underpinned many of the price rises seen in most economies in the pastyear.
Not only, then, do Libyans and oil executives (7) ______________ getting Libya's oil flowing again aquickly as possible - but consumers the world over.
cannot afford to sit on oil industry freeing up to meet the demands of economic output
may be key to accounts for a quarter of holds the key to the success of stable economy
easing inflationary pressure oil industry have a stake in sits on
put downward pressure on wider impact it accounts for
(1) ____________ production is restored (2) ____________, not just for Libya, but for the rest of the
world.
Major oil companies are itching to get back in - Italy's ENI, for example, has already returned to assess thedamage.Italian oil group ENI appears well placed to prosper from the reconstruction effort
Libya's new ruling body, the National Transitional Council, has said it will (3) ____________
(4)___________ the Gaddafi regime - and the sooner the oil majors return, the sooner they can start(5) _______________ from idle assets.More interestingly, the new regime will at some point start looking to offer new contracts. An auction
scheduled for this year (6) _____________, but the likes of ENI, Repsol, Gazprom, Total, China NationalPetroleum Corporation, BP, and Exxon Mobil are already
(7) _______________________ when the contracts are doled out.
And those that operate in countries that helped the rebels in ousting Muammar Gaddafi(8) _________________.On this basis, ENI, Total and BP could steal a march on their rivals.
MAC 1
Language Work
Nowadays, diplomacy (1) ________________ networking that includes all levels of cooperation, within
which business-related issues (2) ________________. When looking at thework of many foreign services today, one can see a trend that they are increasingly starting to function ascoordinators of foreign policy implementation. Business is playing a rapidly expanding role in the daily life of
diplomats.Although the diplomatic mission, which is a participation in the country's foreign policy formulation and
implementation, (3) _________________, diplomatic functions have become more diverse. In addition tothe usual features (for example, compiling and evaluating available information, communication,
negotiations and dispute resolutions, participation in multilateral institutions, economic development), adiplomat must also be a kind of entrepreneur, manager and coordinator. In short, there is clear orientation
and adaptation to diplomacy which could be described as “the model of coordinated synergy”. One couldhighlight the following components of this model:
• The delegation of functions of share representation to other actors;• An increasing role of foreign ministry (4) ______________ the foreign policy activities;• Movement to redefinition of the balance between generalists and specialists;
• Active cooperation between businesspeople and diplomats;
• The growing role of specialists in fields such as business, power industry and IT;• The global information environment is defining the work of the foreign office;• The ways of communication have been diversified;
• Development of innovative information technologies;
• Fast exchange of information minimizes the importance of previously planned policy;• The focus on immediate solutions, (5) ______________ multilateral cooperation formats.
(6) _______________, diplomats (7) _________________ foreign languages, cultures, local customs and
changing politics.
In addition, business-oriented knowledge (8) ____________________ and more efficient dialogue betweenbusiness people from both at home and abroad. Thus, diplomats could offer support to business people fromtheir home country in pursuit of commercial success abroad, and assist direct foreign investment into their
home country.Moreover, their knowledge of international trade, investment and business norms would be useful to settle
diplomatic disputes affecting international business. Both the active cooperation of entrepreneurs and thesupport given to various business projects will (9) ________________ more clearly the results of their
work.
the better generating profits honour all contracts could be at an advantage
is unlikely to take place signed with the sooner jostling to be in pole position
remains unchanged growing importance of allow diplomats to see as it is known is characterised by
is conducting play an increasingly important role have profound knowledge of would open channels for better
A diplomat, or envoy, represents her country worldwide in a variety of positions and capacities. She is expected, as
inferred by her job title, to be diplomatic and maintain the utmost poise and decorum at all times. Much of the job
involves international travel and interaction with foreign dignitaries, as well as assisting citizens of her own country
visiting foreign countries, refugees and foreigners seeking sanctuary. All of this is done in the context of positively
characterizing and defending her country’s political and social positions. The diplomat must also report back to her
country of origin on the political climate of the countries she visits.
Diplomats not only have to be up to date on international current affairs, but also be savvy at discussing potentially
incendiary topics with everyone from world leaders to ordinary citizens. This position requires the ability to assist in
the development of foreign policy based on personal observances and carefully scrutinized political climates.
Diplomats regularly negotiate treaties and agreements that affect international relations.
Although no two diplomats have the same workday, some duties are common to all of them. A diplomat spends a lot
of time in meetings, some dealing with local issues and others that may affect world peace. Every meeting,
regardless of its importance in the realm of international relations, must be reported upon and fully documented.
Diplomats also commonly update foreign country leaders on trade policy changes and other issues that significantly
affect world relations.
A career in this field can be exciting and rewarding, as it involves meeting intelligent and intriguing people from
many cultures and lifestyles. It can, however, be stressful. Since envoys typically travel about 50% of the time,exhaustion is a common complaint, as is yearning for the company of friends and family and craving favorite foods
from home. Contributing to harmony among nations is rewarding, but can often pale in comparison to the strain of
feelings of loneliness and alienation.
Based on the intensity of the position and the required knowledge and education, landing a job as a diplomat is a
challenge. A bachelor’s or master’s degree in international relations, political science or a related field is a good start,
but being fluent in at least two languages is almost always a prerequisite. Extensive personality and character tests
are often part of the screening process, as a diplomat can rarely anticipate the situation on the horizon and must be
counted on for stability, discretion and integrity.
A diplomat has little down time; she must always be ready to step forward with confidence and charm regardless of her opinions or feelings. Working well under pressure and meeting constantly changing deadlines regardless of the
environment are requirements to be a successful diplomat. Most importantly, a love of adventure, meeting new
people and experiencing different cultures must be a large part of a diplomat’s personality.
Do you have a toilet for your number 2 needs? You’re lucky! Over 1 billion people don’t, and the consequences aredire. Let me tell you a story about my country:
At the beginning of the twentieth century, a Brazilian writer, Monteiro Lobato, wrote a series of short stories aboutcountry folk. He made some wrong assumptions about these people: he believed that their being constantly tired wasa natural trait of theirs, that they had been born this way. He later discovered the true reason for that apparentlaziness and apologized for his wrong assumptions in the preface of his first book. Those people were always tiredbecause they were ill. They had no access to any sanitation system and, as a result of that, they had worms, mainlythe hookworm, which causes, among other things, anaemia and malnutrition.
Since this book was published in 1918, you might be thinking, “Well, the situation must have improved”. Yes, ithas, but it is still deplorable. In Brazil, only 44% of the population has access to a sewer system. And to make
matters worse, only 28% of the cities treat wastewater before releasing it into lakes and oceans. That means 217,000workers on paid sick leave every year due to gastrointestinal problems caused by the lack of sanitation. Inadequatesanitation is a major cause of disease worldwide. In Brazil, 13 million people still defecate in the open.
And why is this still happening? The truth is: sanitation has never been a major concern to any of the 40 presidentsmy country has had. First, it is expensive to implement. And most importantly, pipes are not great campaigners. Everyfour years we hear words of improvement, words of change, and words of better days ahead. These arepromises we like to hear, but promises are not enough.
If the current investment rate is kept, Brazilians will only have full access to sewerage in the year 2122. 2122. That’swhy, in the mean time, septic tanks must be built, and they must be built now. This onsite treatment system for
domestic wastewater is a simple and cheap alternative to a sewer system. But the question is: who would build thesetanks? Private initiative.
Through their unions, workers living in deprived areas can work collaboratively with companies on the construction of septic tanks for their homes. If you own a company, financing the construction of septic tanks at low or zero interestrates is vital for your own economic prosperity, as it is a quick road to higher profits. And why is that? Well, it’ssimple. Healthy workers produce more.
A research by one of Brazil’s most respected institutions, the Getúlio Vargas Foundation, reveals that workers whohave access to sanitation produce 13% more. Also, there are 20% fewer absences from work as a cause of diarrhoea.That means that together, Brazilian companies would save around 186 million dollars on paid sick leave every year if all the population had access to sanitation. And the best thing is that this simple solution brings benefits to everyone:the workers, who need better sanitation; companies, which want to produce more, and governments, whichwant to spend less.
The problem of sanitation is not a Brazilian privilege. In the whole world, 2.6 billion people still don’t have access to it, the vast majority of them living in Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. Meanwhile, virtually the entire population of developedcountries has access to it. The Netherlands, for example, has 99% of its houses connected to a sewer system.
Cholera, diarrhoea, anaemia and typhoid fever are examples of diseases caused by the lack of sanitation. Diarrhoeais responsible for 4% of all deaths worldwide. At any given time, patients suffering from diseases caused byinadequate sanitation occupy half of the world’s hospital beds. In fact, every year, poor sanitation kills 2 millionchildren under the age of 5. I know septic tanks are a temporary solution, but they are the attainable one. They canhelp us to achieve a lot more than just empty words. To paraphrase President Kennedy, it’s time to stop asking whatothers can do for us, and start asking what we can do for ourselves.
Thank you.
Luis Antonio Fantozzi Alvarez
MAC1_LESSON 22 MATERIAL DE USO EXCLUSIVO DA ASSOCIAÇÃO CULTURA INGLESA – SP. É VETADA A REPRODUÇÃO
i l ( T a k e n f r o m : h t t p : / / e n . w i k i p e d i a . or g / w i k i / H
e a l t h _ c ar e _ s y s t e m # B r az i l
T h e Br a zi l i a nh e a l t h s y s t e m
i s c om p o s e d of a l a r g e , p u b l i c , g o v e r nm e n t m a n a g e d s y s t e m , t h e
S U S ( S i s t e m a Ú ni c o d e S a ú
d e ) , wh i c h s e r v e s t h e m a j or i t y of t h e
p o p ul a t i on , a n d a pr i v a t e
s e c t or ,m a n a g e d b yh e a l t h i n s ur a n c e f un d s a n d pr i v a t e e n t r e pr e n e
ur s .
T h e p u b l i c h e a l t h s y s t e m , S U S , w a s e s t a b l i s h e d i n1 9 8 8 b y t h e Br a zi l i a n C on s t i t u t i on , a n d
s i t s on 3 b a s i c pr i n c i pl e s of uni v e r s a l i t y , c om pr e h e n s i v e n e s s a n d
e q ui t y . Uni v e r s a l i t y s t a t e s
t h a t a l l c i t i z e n s m u s t h a v e a c c e s s t oh e a l t h c a r e s e r vi c e s , wi t h o u t
a n yf or m of d i s c r i mi n a t i on ,
r e g a r d i n g s k i n c ol or ,i n c om e , s o c i a l s t a t u s , g e n d e r or a n y o t h e r v a r i a b l e .
G o v e r nm e n t s t a n d a r d s s t a t e
t h a t c i t i z e n' s h e a l t h i s t h e r e s ul t of m ul t i pl e v a r i a b l e s ,i n c l u d i n g
e m pl o ym e n t ,i n c om e , a c c e s s t ol a n d , s a ni t a t i on s e r vi c e s , a c c e s s a
n d q u a l i t y of h e a l t h
s e r vi c e s , e d u c a t i on , p s y c h i c , s o c i a l a n d f a mi l y c on d i t i on s , a n d a r e e n t i t l e d t of ul l a n d
c om pl e t e h e a l t h c a r e , c om pr i s i n g pr e v e n t i on , t r e a t m e n t a n d r e h a b
i l i t a t i on .E q ui t y s t a t e s t h a t
h e a l t h p ol i c i e s s h o ul d b e or i e n t e d t o w a r d s t h e r e d u c t i on of i n e q u a l i t i e s b e t w e e n p o p ul a t i on
gr o u p s a n d i n d i vi d u a l s , b e i n
g t h e m o s t n e e d e d t h e on e s f or wh om
p ol i c i e s s h o ul d b e f i r s t
d i r e c t e d .
S U S a l s oh a s g ui d e l i n e s f or
i t s i m pl e m e n t a t i on , t h e m o s t p e c ul i a r b e i n g p o p ul a r
p a r t i c i p a t i on , wh i c h d e f i n e s
t h a t a l l p ol i c i e s a r e t o b e pl a nn e d a n d
s u p e r vi s e d d i r e c t l y b y t h e
p o p ul a t i on , t h r o u gh l o c a l , c i t y , s t a t e a n d n a t i on a l h e a l t h c o un c i l s
a n d c onf e r e n c e s .T h i s i s
r e g a r d e d a s a v e r y a d v a n c e d
f or m of d i r e c t d e m o c r a c y a n d h a s e s
t a b l i s h e d t h e g ui d e l i n e s f or
m a n y s i mi l a r i ni t i a t i v e s i n s e c t or s o t h e r t h a nh e a l t h a l l o v e r Br a zi l i a n s o c i e t y .
T h e l e v e l of p u b l i c s p e n d i n g
i s p a r t i c ul a r l yh i gh i nr e l a t i on t o GD
P f or a c o un t r y of Br a zi l ’ s
i n c om e l e v e l a n d i n c om p a r i s on wi t h i t s e m e r gi n g-m a r k e t p e e r s . G o v e r nm e n t o u t l a y s on
h e a l t h c a r e a l on e a c c o un t f o
r n e a r l y 9 % of GDP , t h e s e c on d l a r g e
s t i t e m of s p e n d i n g
f ol l o wi n g s o c i a l pr o t e c t i on .
I nh e a l t h c a r e , a n um b e r of c on v e n t i o
n a l o u t p u t i n d i c a t or s a r e n o t
o u t of s t e p wi t h OE C D a v e r
a g e s .F ol l o wi n g t h e d e c e n t r a l i s a t i on of s e r vi c e d e l i v e r yi n t h e
e a r l y1 9 9 0 s ,i n c r e a s i n g e m p
h a s i s h a s a p pr o pr i a t e l y b e e n pl a c e d o
n e nh a n c i n g pr e v e n t i v e
c a r e .B u t ,i n a d e c e n t r a l i s e d
s e t t i n g , c o s t - e f f e c t i v e n e s s d e p e n d s a
gr e a t d e a l on t h e a b i l i t y of
s e r vi c e d e l i v e r e r s t o e x pl oi t
e c on omi e s of s c a l e a n d s c o p e .E x p e r i e n c e wi t h i n t e r -m uni c i p a l
i ni t i a t i v e s f or pr o c ur e m e n t , a s w e l l a s f l e xi b l e a r r a n g e m e n t s f or h
o s pi t a l a d mi ni s t r a t i on a n d
h um a n-r e s o ur c e m a n a g e m e n t ,i s b y a n d l a r g e p o s i t i v e .
P r i v a t e H e a l t h I n s ur a n c e i s wi d e l y a v a i l a b l e i nBr a zi l a n d m a y b e
p ur c h a s e d on a n
i n d i vi d u a l - b a s i s or o b t a i n e d
a s a w or k b e n e f i t ( m a j or e m pl o y e r s u s u a l l y of f e r pr i v a t e h e a l t h
i n s ur a n c e b e n e f i t s ) .P u b l i c h
e a l t h c a r e i s s t i l l a c c e s s i b l e f or t h o s e
wh o c h o o s e t o o b t a i n
pr i v a t e h e a l t h i n s ur a n c e .A s
of M a r c h ,2 0 0 7 ,m or e t h a n 3 7 mi l l i onBr a zi l i a n s h a d s om e s or t
of pr i v a t e h e a l t h i n s ur a n c e .
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_ s y s t e m # B r az i l
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a n a g e d s y s t e m , t h e
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h s e r v e s t h e m a j or i t y of t h e p o p ul a t i on , a n d a pr i v a t e
s e c t or ,m a n a g e d b yh e a l t h i n s ur a n c e
f un d s a n d pr i v a t e e n t r e pr e n e ur s .
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on s t i t u t i on , a n d
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ni v e r s a l i t y s t a t e s
t h a t a l l c i t i z e n s m u s t h a v e a c c e s s t oh
e a l t h c a r e s e r vi c e s , wi t h o u t a n yf or m
of d i s c r i mi n a t i on ,
r e g a r d i n g s k i n c ol or ,i n c om e , s o c i a l s t a t u s , g e n d e r or a n y o t h e r v a r i a b l e .
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r i a b l e s ,i n c l u d i n g
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s a ni t a t i on s e r vi c e s , a c c e s s a n d q u a l i t
y of h e a l t h
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t of ul l a n d
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v e n t i on , t r e a t m e n t a n d r e h a b i l i t a t i on .
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h e a l t h p ol i c i e s s h o ul d b e or i e n t e d t o w
a r d s t h e r e d u c t i on of i n e q u a l i t i e s b e t w e e n p o p ul a t i on
gr o u p s a n d i n d i vi d u a l s , b e i n g t h e m o
s t n e e d e d t h e on e s f or wh om p ol i c i e s
s h o ul d b e f i r s t
d i r e c t e d .
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m e n t a t i on , t h e m o s t p e c ul i a r b e i n g p o p ul a r
p a r t i c i p a t i on , wh i c h d e f i n e s t h a t a l l p
ol i c i e s a r e t o b e pl a nn e d a n d s u p e r vi s e d d i r e c t l y b y t h e
p o p ul a t i on , t h r o u gh l o c a l , c i t y , s t a t e a n d n a t i on a l h e a l t h c o un c i l s a n d c onf e r e n c e s .T h i s i s
r e g a r d e d a s a v e r y a d v a n c e d f or m of
d i r e c t d e m o c r a c y a n d h a s e s t a b l i s h e d
t h e g ui d e l i n e s f or
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ul a r l yh i gh i nr e l a t i on t o GDP f or a c
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i t s e m e r gi n g-m a r k e t p e e r s . G o v e r nm
e n t o u t l a y s on
h e a l t h c a r e a l on e a c c o un t f or n e a r l y 9 % of GDP , t h e s e c on d l a r g e s t i t e m o
f s p e n d i n g
f ol l o wi n g s o c i a l pr o t e c t i on .I nh e a l t h
c a r e , a n um b e r of c on v e n t i on a l o u t p u t i n d i c a t or s a r e n o t
o u t of s t e p wi t h OE C D a v e r a g e s .F ol l o wi n g t h e d e c e n t r a l i s a t i on of s e r vi c e
d e l i v e r yi n t h e
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a p pr o pr i a t e l y b e e n pl a c e d on e nh a n c
i n g pr e v e n t i v e
c a r e .B u t ,i n a d e c e n t r a l i s e d s e t t i n g , c o s t - e f f e c t i v e n e s s d e p e n d s a gr e a t d e a
l on t h e a b i l i t y of
s e r vi c e d e l i v e r e r s t o e x pl oi t e c on omi
e s of s c a l e a n d s c o p e .E x p e r i e n c e wi t h i n t e r -m uni c i p a l
i ni t i a t i v e s f or pr o c ur e m e n t , a s w e l l a s f l e xi b l e a r r a n g e m e n t s f or h o s pi t a l a d mi ni s t r a t i on a n d
h um a n-r e s o ur c e m a n a g e m e n t ,i s b y a
n d l a r g e p o s i t i v e .
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a i l a b l e i nBr a zi l a n d m a y b e p ur c h a s e d on a n
i n d i vi d u a l - b a s i s or o b t a i n e d a s a w or
k b e n e f i t ( m a j or e m pl o y e r s u s u a l l y of f e r pr i v a t e h e a l t h
i n s ur a n c e b e n e f i t s ) .P u b l i c h e a l t h c a r
e i s s t i l l a c c e s s i b l e f or t h o s e wh o c h o
o s e t o o b t a i n
pr i v a t e h e a l t h i n s ur a n c e .A s of M a r c h ,2 0 0 7 ,m or e t h a n 3 7 mi l l i onBr a zi l i a n s h a d s om e s or t
You could slice fruit over your cereal or just grab a banana before you leave the house. If your breakfast is
scrambled eggs, add some mushrooms or tomatoes.
For elevenses
Take apples, clementines, satsumas or pears to snack on at work. Or why not have some carrot or celery sticks
with reduced-fat houmous? This requires a little forward planning. Think about what you want to take to work
and buy it the next time you do your shopping.
At a sandwich bar for lunch
Can you add extra salad to your sandwich, roll or baguette? And have some fruit or a fresh, unsweetened 100%
fruit juice for dessert.
In a restaurant
Can you order a starter, side vegetable or salad, or add an extra ingredient – to a pizza for example – that will
count as one portion? Check the menu for starters and sides, and don’t be afraid to ask if the chef can add
steamed vegetables to a dish or fruit to a pudding. Instead of ordering chips, ask for a fresh salad or some
roasted vegetables.
When ordering a takeaway
How can you add a portion to a takeaway? If you have a Chinese, for example, add stir-fried vegetables. When
ordering a pizza, ask for extra mushrooms on top to help towards your 5 A DAY. If you're having a curry, order
a side vegetable dish.
Be aware that some vegetable dishes may be high in fat. Dishes that come in a tomato or vegetable-based sauce
are usually lower in fat than those in cream or cheese-based sauces. Steamed vegetables are normally lower in
fat than fried vegetables. Most takeaways and other fast foods contain high levels of fat, salt and sugar, soonly have them occasionally or in small amounts as part of a balanced diet.
When eating out
Why not order a salad filled with a variety of vegetables for your main course, and ask for lower-fat dressing?
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