1 LE 4000 ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES STEP 3 Documenting academic sources Documenting academic sources The APA Style Of Referencing References : The.

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LE 4000 LE 4000 ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC

PURPOSESPURPOSES

STEP 3STEP 3 Documenting academic sourcesDocumenting academic sources

The APA Style Of ReferencingThe APA Style Of ReferencingReferences :References :

The Purdue University Writing LabThe Purdue University Writing Lab

Postgraduate Thesis Dissertation Manual, International Islamic University MalaysiaPostgraduate Thesis Dissertation Manual, International Islamic University Malaysia

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By now, you should have By now, you should have referred to a number of referred to a number of

academic sources.academic sources.

Let us proceed to theLet us proceed to the

APA STYLE OF REFERENCINGAPA STYLE OF REFERENCING

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What is What is APA ?APA ?

American Psychological American Psychological Association. (2001). Association. (2001). Publication Manual of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological American Psychological Association (5th ed.). Association (5th ed.). Washington, Washington, DC: Author. DC: Author.

For the latest and For the latest and official APA official APA “Electronic Reference “Electronic Reference Formats" document : Formats" document : 

Go toGo to

    http://www.apastyle.ohttp://www.apastyle.orgrg  

OWL website: OWL website: owl.english.purdue.edowl.english.purdue.eduu

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Warning : Warning : This part takes an This part takes an

eye for detail.eye for detail.

In your research academic In your research academic writing, writing,

proper documentationproper documentation should be a priority!should be a priority!

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APA Style: Two Main APA Style: Two Main ConcernsConcerns

The Reference The Reference Page /ListPage /List

(week 3 onwards)(week 3 onwards)

Parenthetical Parenthetical Citations Citations

(week 7 onwards)(week 7 onwards)

Why Use APA Format?

1. Allows readers to cross-reference your sources easily

2. Provides consistent format within a discipline

3. Gives you credibility as a writer

4. Protects yourself from plagiarism

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1. 1. Cross-Referencing Your Cross-Referencing Your SourcesSources

Cross-referencing Cross-referencing allows readers to allows readers to locate the locate the publication publication information of source information of source material. This is of material. This is of great value for great value for researchers who may researchers who may want to locate your want to locate your sources for their own sources for their own research projects.research projects.

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2.2. Using a Consistent Using a Consistent FormatFormat

Using a Using a consistent format consistent format helps your reader helps your reader understand your understand your arguments and arguments and the sources the sources they’re built on. they’re built on.

It also helps you It also helps you keep track of your keep track of your sources as you sources as you build arguments. build arguments.

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3.3. Establishing Credibility Establishing Credibility

The proper use of The proper use of APA style shows APA style shows the credibility of the credibility of writers; such writers; such writers show writers show accountability to accountability to their source their source material.material.

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4.4. Avoiding Plagiarism Avoiding Plagiarism

Proper citation of Proper citation of your sources in APA your sources in APA style can help you style can help you avoid plagiarism, avoid plagiarism, which is a serious which is a serious offense. It may offense. It may result in anything result in anything from failure of the from failure of the assignment to assignment to expulsion from the expulsion from the university.university.

The Reference Page /ListThe Reference Page /List

Your reference list should appear on a new page, at the end of your paper.

It is a list of every source that you make reference to in your essay (each retrievable source cited in the essay must appear on the reference list, and vice versa).

It provides the information necessary for a reader to locate and retrieve any sources cited in your essay.

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A sample of a reference A sample of a reference page/listpage/list

ReferencesReferences

Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss. New York: Basic Book.Festinger, L., Riecken, H., & Schacher, S. (2000). When prophecy fails. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Johnson, J.E., & Yule, A. (1994). Play and early childhood

development. New York: Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.

Klein, J. (1998, October 5). Dizzy days. The New Yorker, 40-45.

Shay, J. (1994). Achilles in Vietnam: Combat trauma and the undoing of character. New York: Touchstone.

Shaykh Abd. Rahman Ibn Abd. Latif. (1972). Masahi ulama najd. Al-Riyad: Dar-al-Yamamah.

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The reference list (APA STYLE)POINTS TO REMEMBER:

Entries must be arranged in alphabetical order. Typing must be double-spaced. Entries should have a hanging indent. Entries must not be categorized. Entries must not be numbered. Only the first word of the title of the book, the word

after a colon and proper names should be capitalized. Titles of books and names of journals, magazines and

newspapers should be typed in italics. Don’t underline. Use the colon to separate the place of publication and

the publisher.

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The reference list (APA STYLE) Use full stop at the end of every entry and after every part

of the entry for example after year, after title etc. Write the surnames in full but use only the initials for first

and middle names. Write muslim names in full. Alphabetize group authors, such as associations or

government agencies, by the first significant word of the name.

If the work is signed “anonymous” the entry begins with the word anonymous spelled out, and the entry is alphabetized as if anonymous were a true name.

If there is no author, the title moves to the author position, and the entry is alphabetized by the first significant word of the title.

Treat legal reference like with no author; that is, alphabetize legal references by the first significant item in the entry.

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The reference list (APA STYLE)

NOW, PLEASE FOCUS ON THE SPECIFIC RULES INVOLVED.

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BOOKS – SINGLE (1) AUTHOR

Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss. New York: Basic Book.

Shaykh Abd. Rahman Ibn Abd. Latif. (1972). Masahi ulama najd. Al-Riyad: Dar-al-Yamamah.

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BOOKS - 2 AUTHORS

Johnson, J.E., & Yule, A. (1994). Play and early childhood development. New York: Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.

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BOOKS - 3 to 6 AUTHORS

Kernis, M. H., Cornell, D. P., Sun, C. R., Berry, A., & Harlow, T. (1993). There's more to self-esteem than whether it is high or low: The importance of stability of self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 1190-1204.

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BOOKS – MORE THAN 6 AUTHORS

Harris, M., Karper, E., Stacks, G., Hoffman,

D., DeNiro, R., Cruz, P., et al. (2001).

Writing labs and the Hollywood connection. Journal of Film and Writing,44(3), 213-245.

Note: If there are more than six

authors,

list the first six as above and then "et al.,“

which stands for "and others." Remember

not to place a period after "et" in "et al

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BOOKS - EDITED COLLECTION

Higgins, J. (Ed). (1989). Psychology. New York: Norton.

Grice, H.P., & Gregory, R.L. (Eds.). (1986). Early language development. New

York: McGraw Hill.

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BOOKS –A SPECIFIC EDITION

Brocket, O. (1967). History of the theatre (5th ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

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BOOKS- SECOND WORK BY THE SAME AUTHOR

Brown, R. (1985). Words and things. New York: Macmillan.

Brown, R. (1997). Social psychology. New York: Macmillan.

Note:

list the entries by the year (earliest comes first).

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BOOKS- SECOND WORK BY THE SAME AUTHOR IN THE SAME YEAR

Berndt, T. J. (1981a). Age changes and changes over time in prosocial intentions and behavior between friends. Developmental Psychology, 17, 408-416.

Berndt, T. J. (1981b). Effects of friendship on prosocial intentions and behavior. Child Development, 52, 636-643.

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BOOKS - UNKNOWN AUTHOR

Experimental psychology. (1988). New York: Holt Publication.

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CORPORATE AND GOVERNMENT AUTHORSHIP

International Islamic University Malaysia. (1992). Islamization of knowledge. Malaysia: Research Centre Publishing.

Institution of Financial Education. (1982). Managing personal funds. Chicago: Author.

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RELIGIOUS SOURCES

Al-Quran, Surah Al-Baqarah: 152-153.

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THESIS

Ahmad Zaini Zahid. (1991). A study of sleep of sleep deprivation and its effects on teenagers. (Doctoral dissertation, University of Nebraska).

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WEB PAGES

Chou, L. (1999). Technology and education. Retrieved August 24, 2000, from http://www.ilt.columbia.html.

New child vaccine gets funding boost. (2000). Retrieved March 21, 2000, from http://news/health

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JOURNAL, E-JOURNAL AND NEWSPAPER ARTICLES

Faisal Othman. ( October 6, 1996). Islam and development. The Star, p. 12.

Fredickson, B.L. (2000). Cultivation of positive emotions to optimize health and well-being. Prevention and

treatment (3), 2000. Retrieved 20th June 2001, from http://www.journals.apa

Sawyer, J. (1996). Measurement and prediction. Psychological Bulletin (3), p. 178-200.

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JOURNAL, E-JOURNAL AND NEWSPAPER ARTICLES - NO AUTHOR

Clinton puts human face on health-care plan. (1993, September 16). The New York

Times, p. 11.Cultivation of positive emotions to optimize

health and well-being. (2000). Prevention and treatment (3), 2000. Retrieved 20th June 2001, from http://www.journals.apa.

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LEGAL CASESLEGAL CASES

Faridah Dato’ Talib v Mohd Habibullah. (1990). 1 MLJ 74.

Ngieng Shiat Yen v Phang Wai Ann. (1995). 3 MLJ 130.

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ACTSACTS

Mental Health System Act, (1988)Mental Health System Act, (1988)

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Rubenstein, J.P. (1997). The effects of television violence on small children. In B.F. Kane (Ed.) Television and juvenile psychological development. New York: American Psychological Society.

ITEMS IN ANTHOLOGY

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TELEVISION AND RADIO TELEVISION AND RADIO PROGRAMMESPROGRAMMES

Keillor, G. (Producer), & Smith, L. (Director). (2 Oct., 1993). A prairie home companion (Radio Program). St. Louis: KMOX

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INTERVIEWS AND LETTERSINTERVIEWS AND LETTERS

NOT INCLUDED in references BUT NOT INCLUDED in references BUT acknowledged in the text.acknowledged in the text.

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COMPREHENSION COMPREHENSION QUESTIONSQUESTIONS