1 LANG 4402 INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF LANGUAGE 2nd Term, 2004-2005 Phonetics & Phonology Phonetics The study of the physical properties of speech sounds.

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LANG 4402

INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF LANGUAGE

2nd Term, 2004-2005

Phonetics & Phonology

PhoneticsThe study of the physical properties of speech sounds

PhonologyThe study of the sound system - how sounds

relate to and interact with each other in a language

Instructor: Huang Yue Yuan

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Phonetics and Phonology

I. Required readings

1. Finegan, Edward (Ed.) (2004). Language – Its Structure and Use (4th edition). Wadsworth, Thomson.

• Chapter 3: the sounds of languages: Phonetics• Chapter 4: Sound systems of language: Phonology

2. Hung, Tong (1997). Structure of Modern English: I. Phonology. The Open University.

3. Roach, Peter (2000). English Phonetics and Phonology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

• Chapter 8: Syllables

• Chapter 9: Strong and weak syllables

• Chapter 10: Stress in simple words

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II. Other readings on phonology (read for interest)Cruttenden. A. (1997). Intonation (2nd Edition). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (HKBU Library: 414C889I2)

Jenkins, J. (2000). The Phonology of English as an Intenational Language. Oxford University Press. (HKBU Library: 421.5 J417P)

Ladefoged, P. (2000). A Course in Phonetics (4th Edition). Harcourt. (HKBU library has the 3rd edition)

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III. Outline*

Lecture contents Major readings (F = Finegan H = Hung Roach =

R)

Part 1: Organs of speech, classification of F3speech sounds, phonetic transcription

Part 2: Distinctive feature, natural classes F4, H3Part 3: Phonemic analysis, underlying representations F4, H4Part 4: Phonological processes H5Part 5: Syllable structure, word stress R8-10Part 6: Tone, intonation H8Part 7: Phonological research, phonological acquisition H9

*The outline and teaching materials of this component are based on Dr. Tony Hung’s teaching notes on phonetics and phonology (2nd Term, 2003-2004)

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Part One

Organs of speech, classification of speech soundsand phonetic transcription

(March 1)

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Questions

1. How many sounds/segments in the following words?

Computer

Spring

Autumn

Desk

Compounding

Phonetics

Sphinx

Doctor

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2. How do you pronounce the following words?

Direct

Simultaneous

Adult

Colleague

Social

Pleasure

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PHONETICS:

The scientific study of speech sounds – their description, classification and transcription

(i) Articulatory phonetics: How speech sounds are articulated -- i.e. what speech organs are involved, and what physical gestures or configurations are required to produce the sounds in question.(ii) Acoustic phonetics: The physical properties of the sound waves generated by speech -- e.g. the frequency of oscillation (how many cycles per second), amplitude (how loud), and duration (for how long). (iii) Auditory phonetics: How speech sounds are perceived by the hearer as having certain auditory properties that differentiate them from each other, such as the quality of the sound (is it [i] or [e]?), the pitch (high or low), loudness, length, and so on.

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Spectrograms for heat and hit in HKE:

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HKE

Speaker

Native RP

Speaker

HKE

Speaker

Native RP

Speaker

heat 60% 53% hit 60% 67%

bet 40% 47% bat 67% 60%

hoot 87% 73% hood 93% 33%

cot 67% 80% caught 73% 87%

heart 93% 87% hut 87% 67%

hurt 100% 100%

Perception of English vowels by Hong Kong learners of English

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PHONETIC CLASSIFICATION Two broad distinctions:(i) Vowels: sounds which are made with a smooth,

continuous, unobstructed airflow through the oral cavity (e.g. [i:] as in see or [u:] as in too)

(ii)Consonants: sounds which are made with some obstruction to the airflow in the oral cavity (e.g. [s] as in see or [t] as in too)

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CONSONANTSI. MANNER OF ARTICULATION

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II. PLACE OF ARTICULATION

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Vowels: (1) the height to which the body of the tongue is raised,

whether it is high, low, or in between (mid);

(2) how forward the body of the tongue is, whether it is front (advanced), central, or back (retracted);

(3) whether the lips are rounded or unrounded.

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Phonetic transcription

The representation of speech with phoneticsymbols: each symbol represents one andonly one sound

IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet) A universal inventory of phonetic symbolsRepresenting the sounds in all human languages

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ACTIVITY 1: Pronounce the following words to yourself before answering these questions: (i) Do the highlighted letters in each of the following sets of words represent the ‘same’ sound? a) city, cotton, species, cello.b) gold, ginger, gnaw, highc) can, can't, ancient, sofa.d) bus, news, vision, Asia.e) sit, site, machine, racial.f) rough, stuff, cough, through.g) kick, charisma, unique, cut.h) may, lame, fail, hey.i) chef, shell, mission, special. (ii) How many sounds do the highlighted letters represent in each of the following words?

tax, thing, schedule, school, are, though, chrome.

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ACTIVITY 2(i) Transcribe the following words, using the phonetic alphabet given above. Remember: don't confuse letters (or the spelling) with sounds. [NB. Some of you may pronounce certain words differently, which will naturally lead to differences in transcription. There's nothing wrong with that.] Compare your transcriptions with each other, and with those given in a standard dictionary (such as the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English).(1) rough, (2) debt, (3) psyche, (4) schedule, (5) judge, (6) yacht, (7) march, (8) useful, (9) queen, (10) chalk

ii) Given below are some phonetic transcriptions. Can you pronounce them aloud, and identify the words that they represent?

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ROMANIZED ALPHABET FOR CANTONESE (Jyutping 粤拼 )

CONSONANTS: Initialb baa1 (爸 ) p paa3 (怕 )d daa2 (打 ) t taa1 (他 )g gaa1 (家 ) k kaa1 (卡 )gw gwaa1 (瓜 ) kw kwaa1 (誇 )z zaa1 (渣 ) c caa1 (叉 )s saa1 (沙 ) f faa1 (花 )m maa1 (媽 ) n naa2 (那 )ng ngaa6 ( 牙 ) j jaa5 (也 )w waa1 (蛙 ) h haa1 (蝦 )l laa1 (啦 )

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CONSONANTS: Final

p sap1 (濕 ) m sam1 (心 )t sat1 (失 ) n san1 (新 )k sak1 (塞 ) ng sang1 (生 )

SYLLABIC NASALSm m6 (唔 ) ng ng4 (誤 )

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VOWELS

i si1 (詩 ), sing1 (星 ), sik1 (識 )e se1 (些 ), sek4 (石 ), seng1 (聲 )a san1 (新 ), sap1 (濕 )aa saa1 (沙 ), gaam1 (監 ), haak3 (客 )u fu1 (呼 ), fung1 (風 ), suk1 (叔 )o so1 (梳 ), do1 (多 )yu syu1 (書 ), syut3 (雪 )oe goe3 (鋸 ), soeng1 (商 )

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DIPHTHONGS

aai gaai1 (街 ), maai5 (買 )ai gai1 (雞 ), mai5 (米 )aau gaau1 (交 ), maau1 (貓 )au sau1 (收 ), gau2 (狗 )iu siu1 (燒 ), piu1 (漂 )ui fui1 (灰 ), bui1 (杯 )ei fei1 (飛 ), gei1 (機 )oi hoi1 (開 ), goi1 (該 )ou gou1 (高 ), dou1 (都 )oei soei1 (需 ), goei1 (居 )

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TONES[The numbers correspond to relative pitch levels, not

to traditional classification schemes.

Tone 1: high si1 (詩 ) fu1 (呼 ) sik1 (識 )

Tone 2: high rising si2 (使 ) fu2 (虎 )

Tone 3: mid-high si3 (試 ) fu3 (副 ) sit3 (洩 )

Tone 4: mid-low si4 (事 ) fu4 (父 ) sik4 (食 )

Tone 5: low rising si5 (市 ) fu5 (婦 )Tone 6: low si6 (時 ) fu6 (扶 )

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II. MANDARIN VOWELS 單韻母[a] 八 爸 發 怕[o] 我 窩 臥 囖[e] 鵝 餓 鰐 樂[i] 一 李 立 莉[u] 吳 鹿 圖 訴[ü] 語 魚 呂 去

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(ii) DIPHTHONGS, TRIPHTHONGS, & VOWEL+CONSONANT FINALS （複韻母） ia 家 , ie 貼 , iao 教 , iou 友 , ian 件 , in 新 , ing 星 , iang 向 , iong 雄

üe 月 , üan 元 , ün 云

ua 瓜 , uo 果 , uai 怪 , uei 鬼 , uan 短 , uang 光

ou 狗 , ong 洪

ai 買 , ao 好 , an 感 , ang 港

ei 美 , en 很 , eng 更