1 key terms and overview to movement of people

Depth Study One: Movement of People

Key Terms and

Unit Overview

Activity: Please start a “Glossary of Key Terms”

in the back of your book.

You will be asked to copy ten words and their definitions into this Glossary as we go through this overview of the unit.

THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION AND THE MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE

1700 - 1900

Industrialism Begins - 1700s Industrialism

New economic system Rely on machinery rather than animal and human power

Before industrialism most people lived in small farming villages Began urbanization

Began in the “textile” industry Manchester = machine woven cloth Development of Factories

The Beginnings of Industrialization Industrial Revolution Begins in Britain

Begins in the mid 1700s New Ways of Working

greatly increased output of machine-made goods Movement of people from rural areas to cities

The Agricultural Revolution Paves the Way Enclosures – large farm fields enclosed by fences Wealthy landowners buy & enclose land once owned

by village farmers pushing them off the land Enclosures allow experimentation with new agricultural

methods

Why did the IR begin in Britain?Britain had all of the factors of production

Land, labour, and capitalBritain had the necessary natural

resources Coal, iron, rivers, harbours

Expanding economy encouraged further development

Keyword: capitalismAn economic system based on private ownership and free-market enterprise.

Inventions Spur IndustrialisationChanges in the Textile Industry

Flying Shuttle (1733) John Kay Doubled the work a weaver could do in a day

Inventions Spur Industrialisation

Spinning Jenny (1764) James Hargreaves One spinner could work eight threads at a time

Inventions Spur Industrialisation Power Loom (1787)

Edmund Cartwright Sped up the weaving process

The First Factories

James Watt and the Steam Engine

Robert Fulton and the Clermont

Rapid Population Growth

Rapid Economic Growth

Percentage of World GDP Europe & U.S. vs. Asia

The economic centre of the world moved from Asia to Europe

The Railway Age BeginsRailroad Revolutionizes LifeThe Railroad System

Spurs industrial growth Creates jobs Cheaper transportation Boosts many industries People move to cities

Stephenson’s “Rocket” World’s best locomotive

'Industrial Manchester from Kersal Moor', William Wylde, 1851.

'Inaugural journey of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway',

A.B. Clayton, 1830

Examine these two paintings from the period.

In what sense do the two paintings differ from each other in the impression they give of 1800s Manchester?

Industrialisation-Social Impacts Industrialisation

Factory Work Pays more than farmwork Creates demand for more expensive goods

Urbanisation Movement of people to city Population growth provides increased work force and

bigger markets for goods Specialisation

Different cities develop to produce specific goods, e.g.Manchester (cotton), Newcastle (wool), Sheffield (cutlery), Durham (coal).

Negative Impacts of The Industrial RevolutionLiving ConditionsRapid Urbanisation caused:

Cities without adequate housing, education, and police protection

Urban slums Disease and sickness spread quickly Life span is only 17 years Lack of sanitary & building codes

Social Change –The Working Class

Working Conditions Average workday – 14-16 hours 6 days a week, year round Dirty, poorly lit, dangerous factories Numerous injuries and death No health insurance No labor laws Eventually replaced by machines Huge population means large unemployment

Social Change – The Rise of the Middle Class

The Middle Class Factories helped to create a new group of

people – the middle class Skilled workers, merchants, rich farmers, managers

and professionals Had a comfortable standard of living

Looked down upon by aristocrats and landowners

Empires & Colonies

European nations fought for control of

colonies to gain access to raw materials and

provide new lands for their expanding

populations

European Empires 1700

Keyword: empire(Adjective is imperial)

a geographically extensive group of states and peoples united and ruled by a Monarch

Keyword: colony

A territory under the immediate political control of a foreign Empire.

Social Change- Movement of People

Overcrowded conditions in Europe and the demand for land and labour pushed millions of people out of Europe and pulled them across the world – as • slaves, • indentured labourers, • assisted migrants or • free settlers.

New WorldThe Americas, and the new colonies in Australasia, Africa and Asia which provided raw materials

Keyword: middle passageThe travel route used to transport slaves from Africa to the Americas and the Carribean

The demand for labor in the ‘New World’ stimulated a profitable three-legged trading patternEuropean manufactured goods went to Africa where they were exchanged for slaves

The slaves were then shipped to the Caribbean and Americas where they were sold for cash or sometimes bartered for sugar or molasses

Then the ships returned to Europe loaded with American products

Social Change- Slavery and ‘Blackbirding” 12 million Africans were transported to the

Americas between 1700-1850 Slavery was abolished from the early 1800s

due to the ongoing opposition to this inhumane system.

Slavery was replaced by Indentured Labour. In Australia 62 500 Pacific Islanders were

‘blackbirded’ between 1750 and 1900. Blackbirding was abolished following public

pressure in Australia

Keyword: chattel slaveryA system in which people and their labour are bought and sold as property (chattels).

Keyword: blackbirdingThe kidnapping of Pacific Islander people through trickery or force to be used as labourers in the New World.

Movement of People – Convict Transportation to Australia

• Transportation of convicts came about due to overpopulation of Britain.

• Between 1788 and 1868, the British sent 162 000 convicts to Australia.

• These convicts provided the cheap labour for the European settlement of Australia.

Social Change – Assisted Migrants & Free Settlers

• The ‘new world’ promised riches on goldfields and streets “paved with gold”.

• Irish and Italians who faced starvation were forced to migrate

• Scots and British lost farmland in the Enclosure Acts.

• Jews and Protestants escaped religious persecution.

Keyword: indentured labourA system in which workers enter contracts to work at reduced wages for a certain period of time, usually far from home.

• Migration totally changed the lives and cultures of indigenous peoples throughout the Americas, Asia and the Pacific.

• Many died in conflicts or from new diseases and became excluded from their own land.

• In Australia, Aboriginal population declined from an estimated 4 000 000 in 1788 to as little as 100 000 by 1900.

Social Change– Impacts on Indigenous Peoples

Keyword: segregation Separation of people on the basis of race or ethnicity

Keyword: xenophobiaHaving a hatred or fear of foreigners or foreign cultures and customs

Positive Effects of the Industrial Revolution

Immediate Benefits Creates jobs Enriches nation Encourages technological progress Education expands Cheaper goods, including clothing

Long Term Effects Improved standard of living Improved working conditions Increase in taxes lead to urban improvements Increased global interconnection

Where to now?

Our focus will now turn to the stories of the movement of many different groups of people that occurred as part of the industrial revolution.

These stories will help us to understand the diversity of modern society and to better understand our different backgrounds and shared future

THE

END