1 Jointness & its importance to National Security.

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Jointness & its importance to National

Security

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Colonel (Ret.) Pinhas Yehezkeally – Ph.D.

• Co-founder and President of TECI, & the

Knowledge Manager of the Israel

National Defense College, IDF (INDC).

• An expert in organization’s effectiveness

and a researcher of networks, complex

systems and organizational networks (not

IT).

• Previously, Head of Strategic and Policy

Research in INSC.

• Police Commander emeritus.

• Ministry of Police R&D reward (1993).

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I am honored to be here with you

!

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This presentation is very detailed, so that you will be able to use it when you get back home ...

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Understanding Jointness

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Partnerships – between & inside Agencies – is the most important area in the field of national security

Demonstration 1

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Especially when it is a question of survival

Demonstration 1a

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Jointness

• The term “Jointness"

was born in the US

Department of

Defense.

• It express the

highest level of

Cooperation.

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Jointness is the military term for cooperation

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• In the recent days you learned that a complex system is

characterized by the dependence between its

components!

• Therefore, Jointness has a critical impact on its

effectiveness.

• However, for its components is an option only. They can

act in a selfish way too!

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Today and tomorrow, we will try to understand why!

We will investigate Jointness in many areas of

National Security.

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The purpose of Jointness is synergy:

"the whole is greater

than the sum of its

parts."

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Like a basketball team

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Jointness can be created

Top Down, Proactively

In self organizatio

n

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The first one describes a natural reaction to changes;

The other: a condition imposed from above, often against the interests of the sub-system

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Jointness in nature

Self Organization

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As if the system knows how to 'do its own thing.'

Self Organization

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The outcome of Self Organization is Emergence

Hi, I'm bald!

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המחשה

Demonstration 2

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Self Organization is one of the most important processes in Complex Systems!

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It is very important to National Security too!

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An intersection in Hanoi

Demonstration 3

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Unwillingness to clash and the relative ease to follow someone else

Pattern that attracts more and more people and vehicles that followed

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Is it significantly different from the way ants move?

Demonstration 4

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The book that describes many self- organizations between various elements in nature:

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Complex systems in nature behave similarly to human’s complex systems

Therefore, we will find self-organizing, both in the wild and in organizations

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They collaborate and influence each other in several ways; Affect the external environment and are affected by it

The classic example is the Self Organization of the genes

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Without self-organization, A single ant can not reach the industry from the floor...

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Dawkins calls Self Organization in nature “amutually beneficial relationship between two different species”

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An Example from nature of self-organization

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Demonstration 5

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30Another example: the ants and the fungi ...

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• The Ants grow a fungus garden and

nurture it. They even protect them from

bacteria.

• In return, the fungi deconstruct for ants

leaves the cellular proteins and sugars,

and neutralize the toxins of protection of

the tree from which the leaves were

taken. In addition, they grow doughy

lumps, that feed the ants.

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During this symbiosis, which began fifty million years ago, the ants have lost their enzymes and digestive juices are completely dependent on the fungi;

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• And the fungi become dependent

in terms of their defense, diets

and even its distribution.

• As evidence, when a colony of

ants split in two, the retiring

camp takes with him a pinch of

fungi, to grow a new fungus

garden…

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One more…

Demonstration 6

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There are also examples of self-organization between humans and other creatures in nature

Demonstration 7

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Back to Organizations…

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Departments & Individuals in an organization are interconnected, and conduct joint activities between them

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The connections are the infrastructure (the pipes) that pass messages between the system components, such as information, materials and energy.

They determine the strength and quality of the joint activities!

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Increasing the Jointness between essential departments raises the organization productivity

Deps. with low connectivity

Connected only to management

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Organizations are artificial systemsThey create joint actions through the hierarchy connections

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But the working connections reflect self organizations

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the working connections are the Immune System of the organization…

… because, self-organization is the best

ways to recover from surprises!

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The amount of work connections usually ranges between 25% to

60% of the potential connections, depending on the type and size

organization

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, , ל כלל בדרך זקוקים עבודה תנאי קשרילפעול סף מנת על מתאימים

באפקטיביות

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• ; נמוכות היררכיות• ; ארגוני חופש• ; שהוא סוג מכל ארגונית חרדה היעדר• ; יחסית גדול משתתפים היקף• ; גבוהה השתתפות רמת

ובחוסר באקראיות המאופיינים אלה תנאיםדטרמיניזם.

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Working connections need usually minimum suitable conditions to act effectively

• Low hierarchies;

• Freedom of enterprise;

• Lack of organizational anxiety of any kind;

• Relatively large number of participants;

• High participation;

National security organizations are different!

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Therefore, bureaucratic organizations suppress self-organization!

Typically, only bureaucratic organizations with existential anxiety will cooperate!

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Therefore, we can find self-organization in military & bureaucratic organizations (in matters of essence) usually, far from the center ...

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But, when there are exceptions and the system allows self-organization

It saves them many

times, from lost

situations ... For

example, Napoleon &

Marshal Dabo and the

impossible victory of

Jena & Auerstedt

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China's transition to a capitalist economy became possible, because the leader, Deng, did not stop the process of self organization – the privatization of communes

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In Cuba, poverty forced the government to allow citizens to open restaurants. The result: a huge self-organization!

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The two commanders of the Israeli army, the north and the south, in the Yom Kippur war..

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Community policing - our next lecture topic - was an attempt to motivate self-organization in the community

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We call different qualities of joint activities in separate terms

Co-

opetiti

on

Cooperati

on

-

Joi

nt

ness

Coordi

nati

on

Synchronizati

on

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outside the rules

The relations’ Nature

openness

closeness

flexibilityinside the rules

Jointness

Coordination

There is a substantial difference between the activities

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Synchronization is adding the dimension of time to the cooperation

(“Cooperation On – Line” ...)

Demonstration 8

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Co-opetition is the combination of:

• Cooperation &

• Competition

Business firms have fought for decades for creating an advantage, & in the same time, they collaborated.

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Brandenburger Adam M. ,

Nalebuff Barry J. (1996),

Co-Opetition

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This is a very good book!

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Demonstration 9

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Criminal organizations cooperate in competition;

And so law

enforcement

organizations

(when they

cooperate ...)

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Banks (ATMs)…

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Apple and Microsoft

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Dan Lewin – Microsoft’s vice President

• 96% of Microsoft’s revenue

is driven through our

partners, and for every $1

of our revenue, our partners

make $7 to $8. We know

venture-backed startups are

fundamental to Microsoft’s

long-term success

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“… We have between 7 - 11 business partners in each product. It's our business model, this is why we are so big: there are so many people and organizations who work with us. "

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Even enemy states cooperate under a survival...

באוגוסט 23הסכם ריבנטרופ מולוטוב, ה- 1939

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In World War II, the allies collaborated with the Italian Mafia and its branches in the U.S., for the invasion of Sicily ...

באוגוסט 23הסכם ריבנטרופ מולוטוב, ה- 1939

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Internet Era

Social Network

Analysis – SNA

Organizational

Network Analysis - ONA

Today, thanks to the leapfrogging that Internet has created

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We can use Organizational Network Analysis to measure Jointness

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Bet

ween

organi

zati

ons

Bet

ween depart

ments

Inside

depart

ments

Bet

ween

workers

Basic conditions to establish Jointness

Jointness can be measured at different levels

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Selfishness and betrayal

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Results

Level of cohesion

Joint operations are essential to the success of organizations

positive

negative

No-Jointness

Jointness

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Conversely, the absence of joint activities is destructive to the system and prevents effectiveness!

I am so pleased that the hole is not on our

side...

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Atmosphere

Hydrosphere

Biosphere

Lithosphere

For example, restricting oxygen to the biosphere ...

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Creating Jointness is an effective way to increase strength

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To win, Hitler, Churchill was willing to ally with the devil

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But in complex systems, any purpose has a positive aspect (to gain power) and a negative aspect (to prevent power from others) ...

Therefore, powerful

factors are

reluctant to

cooperate!

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Is this true?

No!

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Only the strong one will eat!

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Preventing Jointness is the way thatPower is manifested in organizations

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How does it look on the network?

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פעולה חלש שיתוף פנימיNo Jointness

between managers

No connections between the teams

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Using Jointness for

bad purposes

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Self-organization greatly improves the organization’s immune system!

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It makes the organization powerful, flexible and Agile!

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But, Jointness can be used for bad purposes too!

Cartels, price fixing, etc.

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Factors in the organization can joint forces to prevent outputs’ uploading or changing norms of work!

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Live and let live - World War I

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I hope I was helpful

!

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