1) Introduction to Inter Tidal Ecosystem

BAT 213: SCHEDULE OF LECTURESDate26 Feb 27 Feb 28 Feb 5 Mar 6 Mar 7 Mar 12 Mar 13 Mar 14 Mar

Lecture1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Date19 Mar 20 Mar 21 Mar 26 Mar 27 Mar 28 Mar

Lecture10 Test 11 12 13 14

SCHEDULE OF LABORATORIES FIELD WORK

Date 1 Mar 11 or 12 March 15 Mar

Lab/Field Work Lab 1 Field Work Lab 2

Activities Introduction and preparation for Field Work Field Work at Teluk Aling Analysis of samples collected during Field Work

LECTURES TO BE CONDUCTED Intertidal Ecosystem Rocky Shore Communities Soft Bottom Intertidal Communities Mud Flats Estuarine Environment Subtidal Ecosystem Soft Bottom Subtidal Communities Hard Bottom Subtidal Communities Impacts of Natural and Human Factors on Coastal and Marine Ecosystems

INTERTIDAL ECOSYSTEM: Intertidal Zone also known as the littoral zone exposed to the air at low tide and submerged at high tide the area between tide marks

EXTERNAL PHYSICAL FACTORS INFLUENCING CONDITIONS IN A TIDAL ZONE Tide Wave Wind/Current Rainfall Exposure to Sunlight

TIDE FLUCTUATIONS

WHAT CAUSES TIDE? MAINLY FORCES OF GRAVITY FROM THE MOON AND SUN AS WELL AS CENTRIFUGAL FORCE OF EARTH ROTATION

Example of tidal fluctuation in Penang

TIDAL STATISTICS AT KEDAH PIER, PENANG

Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) Mean High Water Spring (MHWS) Mean High Water Neap (MHWN) Mean Sea Level (MSL) Mean Low Water Neap (MLWN) Mean Low Water Spring (MLWS) Lowest Astronomical Tide (LAT)

= = = = = = =

3.20m ACD 2.54m ACD 1.81m ACD 1.55m ACD 1.30m ACD 0.56m ACD 0.00m ACD

WAVE ACTION

Impact of Waves on Intertidal Zone Main factor that determines whether we have a rocky shore, sandy shore, or mud flats

Behavior of Waves Can be reflected and refracted Other behaviour:

WAVE REFRACTION

Results of Offshore Wave Climate for the Annual, Southwest Monsoon and North east Monsoon Periods (1949 to 1988) Source : JPS Malaysia

EXPOSURE OF VARIOUS LOCATION IN PENANG TO WAVE ACTION

7 1

6 5 8

2

4

9

3 10

Ten Reaches of the Coastal Area of Penang

Wave Energy Factor < 0.05 0.05 0.1 0.1 0.2 > 0.2

Sea Condition Calm Medium wave Strong wave Very strong waveWave Energy

0.35

0.3

Wave Energy

0.25

0.2 W ave Energy 0.15

0.1

0.05

0 1 2 3 4 5 Reach 6 7 8 9 10

Wave Energy Factor for the 10 Reaches

7 1

6 5 8

2

4

9

3 10

Ten Reaches of the Coastal Area of Penang Showing Locations Where Strong Waves are Expected

Kawasan-kawasan Sensitif Ekologi Pulau Pinang

Pulau Pinang Seberang Perai

Hutan Paya Bakau Kawasan Persinggahan Burung Kawasan Ternakan Kerang Datar Lumpur Kawasan Pendaratan Penyu Kawasan Terumbu Karang Pulau Pinang

N W S E

SANDY BEACH: PANTAI CENANG, LANGKAWI

ROCKY SHORE: TIOMAN ISLAND

ROCKY SHORE: TANJUNG MAK CANTIK, P. REDANG

MUDDY SHORE IDEAL FOR MANGROVE FOUND ALONG PROTECTED COASTLINE

WIND AND CURRENT

Annual Wind Rose for Pulau Burung, Penang

RAINFALL

400 350 300 Mean Rainfall (mm) 250 200 150 100 50 0 January February March April May June Month 5303053 (1970-1990) 5403042 (1955-1990) July August September October November December

Figure 5 .6 Mean Monthly Rainfall for Project Area and Its Vicinity

SUNLIGHT