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Page 1: 1. introduction & nomenclature dr. sinhasan, mdzah
Page 2: 1. introduction & nomenclature dr. sinhasan, mdzah

1. Neoplasia: New growth (Neoplasm);

* Oncology: ( Greek - Oncos - Tumor),

* Cancer: Malignant tumour (Crab)

* Tumor: Benign/ Malignant.

Definitions:

Page 3: 1. introduction & nomenclature dr. sinhasan, mdzah

2. NEOPLASM: ( Rupert Willis)

“A neoplasm is an abnormal mass of tissue, the growth of which exceeds and is uncoordinated with

that of the normal tissues and persists in the same excessive manner

even after cessation of the stimuli

which evoked the change”.

Page 4: 1. introduction & nomenclature dr. sinhasan, mdzah

Progressive,

Purposeless,

Pathologic,

Proliferation of cells characterized by loss of

control over (Uncontrolled) cell division.

Page 5: 1. introduction & nomenclature dr. sinhasan, mdzah

Cell Proliferation -

(Immortality/ Autonomous)

Cell Differentiation -

(Resemblance to the cell of origin)

Relationship between cells & their

surrounding stroma.

4. Neoplasia - Disturbance in:

Page 6: 1. introduction & nomenclature dr. sinhasan, mdzah

WHO Estimation – 2000 AD

10 Million new cases of cancer,

6 Million deaths;

1,500 Deaths / day !!

Worldwide :

Page 7: 1. introduction & nomenclature dr. sinhasan, mdzah
Page 8: 1. introduction & nomenclature dr. sinhasan, mdzah

1. Lungs 1. Lungs -- 24.7%24.7%

2. Breast 2. Breast -- 16%16%

3. Colon & 3. Colon &

Rectum Rectum -- 10.5%10.5%

4. 4. LeukemiasLeukemias &&

LymphomasLymphomas--8.2%8.2%

5. Pancreas 5. Pancreas -- 5.5%5.5%

Cancer Death Rates ( Females ):

Page 9: 1. introduction & nomenclature dr. sinhasan, mdzah

NOMENCLATURE

Page 10: 1. introduction & nomenclature dr. sinhasan, mdzah

CRITERIA USED:

Hybrid of

Histiogenesis,

Embryogenesis,

Biological behavior,

Eponyms,

Gross and microscopic structure &

Site of origin……………………… etc.,

Nomenclature :

All have suffix …. oma

Page 11: 1. introduction & nomenclature dr. sinhasan, mdzah

Biological behavior ** Benign** Malignant

Histogenesis Epithelial

Mesenchymal

Germ cell

Classification: Depending on

Page 12: 1. introduction & nomenclature dr. sinhasan, mdzah

Benign - Tissue of origin + …oma,

Adipose tissue = Lipoma,

Skeletal muscle = Rhabdomyoma

Smooth muscle cells= Leiomyoma

Bone = Osteoma

Cartilage = Chondroma

Nerve = Schwannoma

Nomenclature ( contd….)

Connective Tissue Tumors:

Page 13: 1. introduction & nomenclature dr. sinhasan, mdzah

Malignant - Tissue of origin + Sarcoma

Nomenclature ( contd...)

Connective Tissue Tumors:

Adipose Tissue Liposarcoma

Skeletal muscle Rhabdomyosarcoma

Smooth muscle Leiomyosarcoma

Bone Osteosarcoma

Cartilage Chondrosarcoma

Page 14: 1. introduction & nomenclature dr. sinhasan, mdzah

Benign - Papilloma = Squamous,

= Transitional,

- Adenoma = Glands,

Malignant - ……….Carcinoma,

*** Adeno……..

*** Squamous cell ……

*** Transitional cell ……

Page 15: 1. introduction & nomenclature dr. sinhasan, mdzah

Benign – Adenoma: benign gland-forming epithelial tumor or tumor derived from

glandular tissue

Glands or ducts - Adenoma,

- Cystadenoma,

- Papillary Cystadenoma;

Page 16: 1. introduction & nomenclature dr. sinhasan, mdzah

Skin.

Lip, Oral cavity, Tongue, Esophagus.

Uterine cervix.

Lung.

Penis.…….,etc.

Page 17: 1. introduction & nomenclature dr. sinhasan, mdzah
Page 18: 1. introduction & nomenclature dr. sinhasan, mdzah
Page 19: 1. introduction & nomenclature dr. sinhasan, mdzah

Stomach

Intestine

Gall Bladder

Lung

Kidney

Page 20: 1. introduction & nomenclature dr. sinhasan, mdzah

Renal Pelvis

Ureter

Urinary Bladder

Sites of TCC:

Page 21: 1. introduction & nomenclature dr. sinhasan, mdzah

Adenocarcinoma + Squamous cell Carcinoma=

Adenosquamous carcinoma.

Carcinoma + Sarcoma= Carcinosarcoma.

Combined tumors !

Page 22: 1. introduction & nomenclature dr. sinhasan, mdzah

Carcinosarcoma:

Page 23: 1. introduction & nomenclature dr. sinhasan, mdzah

Embryonal tumors:

Origin - Primitive tissue + Blastoma

Retinoblastoma,

Nephroblastoma,

Neuroblastoma,

Hepatoblastoma,

Medulloblastoma,

Nomenclature ( contd…)

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Blastomas : SRCT

Page 25: 1. introduction & nomenclature dr. sinhasan, mdzah

Eponyms

Burkitt’s Lymphoma

Ewing’s Sarcoma

Kaposi’s Sarcoma

Hodgkin lymphoma

Wilms tumor

Warthin’s tumor

Grawitz’s tumor

Kruckenberg’s tumor

Nomenclature ( contd…)

Page 26: 1. introduction & nomenclature dr. sinhasan, mdzah

Miscellaneous: Teratoma

Tissues of all 3 embryonic layers.

Behavior ranges from benign to aggressive. (Mature/

Immature)

Most common sites: Ovary and Testis.

Nomenclature ( contd…)

Page 27: 1. introduction & nomenclature dr. sinhasan, mdzah
Page 28: 1. introduction & nomenclature dr. sinhasan, mdzah

Mature teratoma

Page 29: 1. introduction & nomenclature dr. sinhasan, mdzah

Miscellaneous: Developmental anomalies:

Not true tumors, but clinically present as masses.

Hamartoma -(Hamar =Error), proliferation of tissue normally

found at that site.

Ex: Hemangioma.

Choristoma - Heterotopic tissues; collection of tissue not

normally found in that anatomic site.

Ex: Gastric tissue in Meckel’s diverticulum.

Nomenclature ( contd…)

Page 30: 1. introduction & nomenclature dr. sinhasan, mdzah

Misnomers:… Lymphoma,

Leukemia,

Hepatoma -(Hepatocellular carcinoma)

Melanoma -(Melanocarcinoma )

Seminoma,

Mesothelioma,

Myeloma,

Glioma,

Meningioma,

Nomenclature ( contd… )

Granuloma, Tuberculoma, …any other ??

Page 31: 1. introduction & nomenclature dr. sinhasan, mdzah