1 Introduction Introduction Introduction To Introduction To Accounting Accounting
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IntroductionIntroduction
Performance Objectives:Performance Objectives:
1.1. Define accountingDefine accounting
2.2. Explain the importance of Explain the importance of accounting informationaccounting information
3.3. Describe the various career Describe the various career opportunities in accountingopportunities in accounting
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Why do we want to learn Why do we want to learn Accounting?Accounting?
Language of BusinessLanguage of Business
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Definition of AccountingDefinition of Accounting
Keep track of receiptsKeep track of receipts Revenue or dollars inRevenue or dollars in Expenses or dollars outExpenses or dollars out
Keep track of debtKeep track of debt Keep track of investmentsKeep track of investments Keep track of assets (stuff you own)Keep track of assets (stuff you own) Calculate profit (earnings)Calculate profit (earnings) Cash FlowCash Flow
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Define AccountingDefine Accounting
AccountingAccounting The process of analyzing, classifying, The process of analyzing, classifying,
recording, summarizing, and recording, summarizing, and interpreting business transactions in interpreting business transactions in financial or monetary terms; sometimes financial or monetary terms; sometimes mistakenly called bookkeepingmistakenly called bookkeeping
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Process of analyzing, classifying, Process of analyzing, classifying, recording, summarizing, and recording, summarizing, and
interpreting business transactions in interpreting business transactions in financial or monetary termsfinancial or monetary terms
Define: Business Define: Business Transactions (page Transactions (page 1)1)
A business A business transaction is an transaction is an event that has a event that has a direct effect on the direct effect on the operation of an operation of an economic unit, is economic unit, is expressed in terms expressed in terms of money, and is of money, and is recordedrecorded
Examples of Examples of Economic Unit:Economic Unit: Business EntityBusiness Entity Sole Sole
ProprietorshipProprietorship CorporationCorporation CollegeCollege Government Government
AgenciesAgencies ChurchesChurches ClubsClubs
Common terms:Common terms: FirmFirm CompanyCompany
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Process of analyzing, classifying, Process of analyzing, classifying, recording, summarizing, and recording, summarizing, and
interpreting business transactions in interpreting business transactions in financial or monetary termsfinancial or monetary terms
Analyzing?Analyzing? Look at receiptsLook at receipts Look at loan documentsLook at loan documents Etc….Etc….
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Process of analyzing, classifying, Process of analyzing, classifying, recording, summarizing, and recording, summarizing, and
interpreting business transactions in interpreting business transactions in financial or monetary termsfinancial or monetary terms
Classifying?Classifying? Is it cash in?Is it cash in? Is it cash out?Is it cash out? Is it an expense?Is it an expense? Is it debt?Is it debt? Etc….Etc….
Classifying?Classifying? AssetAsset
Things you ownThings you own LiabilityLiability
DebtDebt Owners’ EquityOwners’ Equity
Assets - LiabilitiesAssets - Liabilities
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Process of analyzing, classifying, Process of analyzing, classifying, recording, summarizing, and recording, summarizing, and
interpreting business transactions in interpreting business transactions in financial or monetary termsfinancial or monetary terms
Recording?Recording? Write it downWrite it down Etc….Etc….
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Process of analyzing, classifying, Process of analyzing, classifying, recording, summarizing, and recording, summarizing, and
interpreting business transactions in interpreting business transactions in financial or monetary termsfinancial or monetary terms
Summarizing?Summarizing? Add it upAdd it up Create a reportCreate a report Etc….Etc….
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Process of analyzing, classifying, Process of analyzing, classifying, recording, summarizing, and recording, summarizing, and
interpreting business transactions in interpreting business transactions in financial or monetary termsfinancial or monetary terms
Interpreting?Interpreting? Look at reports and make decisionsLook at reports and make decisions Etc….Etc….
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Process of analyzing, Process of analyzing, classifying, recording, classifying, recording,
summarizing, and interpreting summarizing, and interpreting business transactions in business transactions in
financial or monetary termsfinancial or monetary terms
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DefinitionsDefinitions
Generally accepted accounting Generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP)principles (GAAP) The rules or guidelines used for carrying The rules or guidelines used for carrying
out the accounting processout the accounting process
Who creates the rules?Who creates the rules? Voters Voters Congress Congress SEC SEC PCAOB PCAOB
FASB FASB GAAP GAAP Congress (107Congress (107thth)) PCAOB PCAOB
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DefinitionsDefinitions
There is not an exact distinction There is not an exact distinction between bookkeeping & accountingbetween bookkeeping & accounting
In General:In General: BookkeepingBookkeeping
Systematic recording of business Systematic recording of business transactions in financial termstransactions in financial terms
AccountingAccounting Create accounting system, audit accounting Create accounting system, audit accounting
system, or create official reportssystem, or create official reports
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Purpose of AccountingPurpose of Accounting
To provide useful information to To provide useful information to people who make business decisionspeople who make business decisions
Who makes business decisions?Who makes business decisions? Users of Accounting Information:Users of Accounting Information:
Owners/InvestorsOwners/Investors ManagersManagers CreditorsCreditors Government AgenciesGovernment Agencies
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OwnersOwners
Owners have invested their money or Owners have invested their money or goods in a business organizationgoods in a business organization
Owners desire information regarding:Owners desire information regarding: Company’s earningsCompany’s earnings Prospects for future earningsProspects for future earnings Company’s ability to pay debtsCompany’s ability to pay debts
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ManagersManagers
Managers must know the language of Managers must know the language of business so that they can manage business so that they can manage the economic unitthe economic unit
Managers use or create accounting Managers use or create accounting information in order to:information in order to: Prepare financial reportsPrepare financial reports Understand reports and budgetsUnderstand reports and budgets Express future plans in financial termsExpress future plans in financial terms
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CreditorsCreditors Creditors lend money or extend Creditors lend money or extend
credit to the companycredit to the company Creditors look at accounting Creditors look at accounting
information to assess the company’s information to assess the company’s ability to pay its debtsability to pay its debts
Examples of creditors:Examples of creditors: BanksBanks SuppliersSuppliers Lending InstitutionsLending Institutions
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Government AgenciesGovernment Agencies
Taxing authorities must verify Taxing authorities must verify information submitted by companiesinformation submitted by companies Examples of taxes:Examples of taxes:
Income taxesIncome taxes Sales taxesSales taxes Employment taxesEmployment taxes
Public companies must submit the Public companies must submit the correct reports to regulatory agenciescorrect reports to regulatory agencies
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Career Opportunities In Career Opportunities In AccountingAccounting
Accounting Clerk/TechnicianAccounting Clerk/Technician BookkeeperBookkeeper Paraprofessional AccountantParaprofessional Accountant AccountantAccountant
CPACPA Managerial/PrivateManagerial/Private Not-for-profitNot-for-profit
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Accounting Clerk/TechnicianAccounting Clerk/Technician Routine recording of financial informationRoutine recording of financial information Generally, accounting clerks work with Generally, accounting clerks work with
one part of the accounting system such one part of the accounting system such as:as: Accounts ReceivableAccounts Receivable Accounts PayableAccounts Payable PayrollPayroll
Minimum requirements:Minimum requirements: One semester of an accounting course (book)One semester of an accounting course (book) Reality 2004: (1 – 2 year accounting certificate)Reality 2004: (1 – 2 year accounting certificate)
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BookkeeperBookkeeper
Supervises accounting clerks or Supervises accounting clerks or accounting system in small- to accounting system in small- to medium-sized companymedium-sized company
Minimum requirements:Minimum requirements: One to two years of accounting as well One to two years of accounting as well
as experience as an accounting clerkas experience as an accounting clerk
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Paraprofessional AccountantParaprofessional Accountant
In-between a bookkeeper & an In-between a bookkeeper & an accountantaccountant
A person who is qualified in A person who is qualified in accounting to assume the duties of a accounting to assume the duties of a general bookkeeper as well as some general bookkeeper as well as some of those of a professional accountant of those of a professional accountant under that accountant’s supervision under that accountant’s supervision
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AccountantAccountant
CPA (Certified Public Accountant)CPA (Certified Public Accountant) Design and audit accounting systemsDesign and audit accounting systems Provide financial advice about business Provide financial advice about business
operationsoperations Prepare tax returnsPrepare tax returns
Minimum Requirements:Minimum Requirements: College degree (150 units – 5 years of college)College degree (150 units – 5 years of college) Pass CPA examPass CPA exam Accounting experienceAccounting experience
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AccountantAccountant
Managerial/PrivateManagerial/Private Manage and create Manage and create
accounting systemaccounting system Prepare budgetsPrepare budgets Determine costsDetermine costs Prepare financial Prepare financial
reportsreports
Not-for-profitNot-for-profit Accountants that Accountants that
work for business work for business entities such as:entities such as:
Government Government agenciesagencies
HospitalsHospitals ChurchesChurches SchoolsSchools