© Oxford University Press 2011 Digital Image Processing Digital Image Processing S. Sridhar S. Sridhar , Associat e Professor , Department of Information Science and Technoo!y, "oe!e of #n!ineerin! $%indy "amp%s, Anna Univer sity, "hennai
7/23/2019 1 Introduction Image Processing Chapter1 Digital Image Processing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1-introduction-image-processing-chapter1-digital-image-processing 1/42
© Oxford University Press 2011
Digital Image ProcessingDigital Image Processing
S. Sridhar S. Sridhar , Associate Professor,Department of Information Science and
Technoo!y, "oe!e of #n!ineerin!$%indy "amp%s, Anna University,
"hennai
7/23/2019 1 Introduction Image Processing Chapter1 Digital Image Processing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1-introduction-image-processing-chapter1-digital-image-processing 2/42
© Oxford University Press 2011
Chapter 1Chapter 1
Introduction to Image ProcessingIntroduction to Image Processing
7/23/2019 1 Introduction Image Processing Chapter1 Digital Image Processing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1-introduction-image-processing-chapter1-digital-image-processing 3/42
© Oxford University Press 2011
&at%re of Ima!e Processin!
' Ima!es are every(here) So%rces of Ima!es arepaintin!s, photo!raphs in ma!a*ines, +o%rnas, Ima!e!aeries, di!ita i-raries, ne(spapers, advertisement-oards, teevision and Internet.
' Ima!es are imitations of Ima!es.
' In ima!e processin!, the term /ima!e is %sed to denote
the ima!e data that is samped, %anti*ed, and readiyavaia-e in a form s%ita-e for f%rther processin! -ydi!ita comp%ters.
7/23/2019 1 Introduction Image Processing Chapter1 Digital Image Processing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1-introduction-image-processing-chapter1-digital-image-processing 4/42
© Oxford University Press 2011
IMAGE PROCESSIG
#&I3O&4#&T
7/23/2019 1 Introduction Image Processing Chapter1 Digital Image Processing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1-introduction-image-processing-chapter1-digital-image-processing 5/42
© Oxford University Press 2011
3efective mode Ima!in!
' Reflective mode imaging represents the
simpest form of ima!in! and %ses asensor to ac%ire the di!ita ima!e. A
video cameras, di!ita cameras, and
scanners %se some types of sensors for
capt%rin! the ima!e.
7/23/2019 1 Introduction Image Processing Chapter1 Digital Image Processing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1-introduction-image-processing-chapter1-digital-image-processing 6/42
© Oxford University Press 2011
Emissive type imaging
' Emissive type imaging is the second type, (here
the ima!es are ac%ired from sef5%mino%s
o-6ects (itho%t the hep of a radiation so%rce. Inemissive type ima!in!, the o-6ects are sef5
%mino%s. The radiation emitted -y the o-6ect is
directy capt%red -y the sensor to form an
ima!e. Therma ima!in! is an exampe of
emissive type ima!in!.
7/23/2019 1 Introduction Image Processing Chapter1 Digital Image Processing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1-introduction-image-processing-chapter1-digital-image-processing 7/42© Oxford University Press 2011
Transmissive imaging
' Transmissive imaging is the third type,
(here the radiation so%rce i%minates theo-6ect. The a-sorption of radiation -y the
o-6ects depends %pon the nat%re of the
materia. Some of the radiation passes
thro%!h the o-6ects. The atten%atedradiation is sensed into an ima!e.
7/23/2019 1 Introduction Image Processing Chapter1 Digital Image Processing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1-introduction-image-processing-chapter1-digital-image-processing 8/42© Oxford University Press 2011
Ima!e Processin!
' Optical image processing is an area that deas(ith the o-6ect, optics, and ho( processes areappied to an ima!e that is avaia-e in the form
of refected or transmitted
' Analog image processing is an area that deas(ith the processin! of anao! eectrica si!nas
%sin! anao! circ%its. The ima!in! systems that%se fim for recordin! ima!es are aso 7no(n asanao! ima!in! systems.
7/23/2019 1 Introduction Image Processing Chapter1 Digital Image Processing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1-introduction-image-processing-chapter1-digital-image-processing 9/42© Oxford University Press 2011
8hat is Di!ita Ima!e Processin!9
' Digital image processing is an area that
%ses di!ita circ%its, systems, and soft(are
a!orithms to carry o%t the ima!e
processin! operations. The ima!e
processin! operations may inc%de %aity
enhancement of an ima!e, co%ntin! ofo-6ects, and ima!e anaysis.
7/23/2019 1 Introduction Image Processing Chapter1 Digital Image Processing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1-introduction-image-processing-chapter1-digital-image-processing 10/42© Oxford University Press 2011
Reasons !or Popularit" o! DIP
1. It is easy to post5process the ima!e. Sma correctionscan -e made in the capt%red ima!e %sin! soft(are.
2. It is easy to store the ima!e in the di!ita memory.
:. It is possi-e to transmit the ima!e over net(or7s. Sosharin! an ima!e is %ite easy.
;. A di!ita ima!e does not re%ire any chemicaprocess. So it is very environment friendy, as harmf%fim chemicas are not re%ired or %sed.
<. It is easy to operate a di!ita camera.
7/23/2019 1 Introduction Image Processing Chapter1 Digital Image Processing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1-introduction-image-processing-chapter1-digital-image-processing 11/42© Oxford University Press 2011
IMAGE PROCESSIG AD
RE#A$ED %IE#DS
7/23/2019 1 Introduction Image Processing Chapter1 Digital Image Processing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1-introduction-image-processing-chapter1-digital-image-processing 12/42© Oxford University Press 2011
3eations (ith other -ranches
' Ima!e processin! deas (ith raster data or-itmaps, (hereas comp%ter !raphics primariy
deas (ith vector data.
' In di!ita si!na processin!, one often deas (iththe processin! of a one5dimensiona si!na. In
the domain of ima!e processin!, one deas (ithvis%a information that is often in t(o or moredimensions.
7/23/2019 1 Introduction Image Processing Chapter1 Digital Image Processing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1-introduction-image-processing-chapter1-digital-image-processing 13/42© Oxford University Press 2011
3eations (ith other -ranches
' The main !oa of machine vision is to
interpret the ima!e and to extract its
physica, !eometric, or topoo!ica
properties. Th%s, the o%tp%t of ima!e
processin! operations can -e s%-6ected to
more techni%es, to prod%ce additionainformation for interpretation.
7/23/2019 1 Introduction Image Processing Chapter1 Digital Image Processing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1-introduction-image-processing-chapter1-digital-image-processing 14/42© Oxford University Press 2011
3eations (ith other -ranches
' Ima!e processin! is a-o%t sti ima!es.
Th%s, video processin! is an extension of
ima!e processin!. In addition, ima!es are
stron!y reated to m%timedia, as the fied
of m%timedia -roady inc%des the st%dy of
a%dio, video, ima!es, !raphics, andanimation.
7/23/2019 1 Introduction Image Processing Chapter1 Digital Image Processing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1-introduction-image-processing-chapter1-digital-image-processing 15/42© Oxford University Press 2011
3eations (ith other -ranches
' Optica ima!e processin! deas (ith
enses, i!ht, i!htin! conditions, and
associated optica circ%its. The st%dy of
enses and i!htin! conditions has an
important roe in the st%dy of ima!e
processin!.
7/23/2019 1 Introduction Image Processing Chapter1 Digital Image Processing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1-introduction-image-processing-chapter1-digital-image-processing 16/42© Oxford University Press 2011
3eations (ith other -ranches
' Ima!e anaysis is an area that concernsthe extraction and anaysis of o-6ect
information from the ima!e. Ima!in!appications invove -oth simpe statisticss%ch as co%ntin! and mens%ration and
compex statistics s%ch as advancedstatistica inference. So statistics pay animportant roe in ima!in! appications.
7/23/2019 1 Introduction Image Processing Chapter1 Digital Image Processing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1-introduction-image-processing-chapter1-digital-image-processing 17/42© Oxford University Press 2011
Di!ita Ima!e
' An ima!e can -e defined as a 2D si!na
that varies over the spatia coordinates x
and y , and can -e (ritten mathematicay
as f = x , y >.
7/23/2019 1 Introduction Image Processing Chapter1 Digital Image Processing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1-introduction-image-processing-chapter1-digital-image-processing 18/42© Oxford University Press 2011
Di!ita Ima!e
' The va%e of the f%nction f = x , y > at every pointindexed -y a ro( and a co%mn is caed greyvalue or intensity of the ima!e.
' 3eso%tion is an important characteristic of anima!in! system. It is the a-iity of the ima!in!system to prod%ce the smaest discerna-edetais, i.e., the smaest si*ed o-6ect ceary, anddifferentiate it from the nei!h-o%rin! smao-6ects that are present in the ima!e.
7/23/2019 1 Introduction Image Processing Chapter1 Digital Image Processing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1-introduction-image-processing-chapter1-digital-image-processing 19/42© Oxford University Press 2011
Usef% definitions
' Ima!e reso%tion depends on t(o factors?optica reso%tion of the ens and spatiareso%tion. A %sef% (ay to define reso%tion isthe smaest n%m-er of ine pairs per %nitdistance.
' Spatia reso%tion depends on t(o parameters?the n%m-er of pixes of the ima!e and then%m-er of -its necessary for ade%ate intensityreso%tion, referred to as the -it depth.
7/23/2019 1 Introduction Image Processing Chapter1 Digital Image Processing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1-introduction-image-processing-chapter1-digital-image-processing 20/42© Oxford University Press 2011
Usef% definitions
' The n%m-er of -its necessary to encodethe pixe va%e is caed bit depth. @it depth
is a po(er of t(o it can -e (ritten aspo(ers of 2.
' So the tota n%m-er of -its necessary to
represent the ima!e is' &%m-er of ro(s B &%m-er of co%mns C
@it depth
7/23/2019 1 Introduction Image Processing Chapter1 Digital Image Processing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1-introduction-image-processing-chapter1-digital-image-processing 21/42© Oxford University Press 2011
$&PES O% IMAGES
7/23/2019 1 Introduction Image Processing Chapter1 Digital Image Processing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1-introduction-image-processing-chapter1-digital-image-processing 22/42© Oxford University Press 2011
$"pes o! Images 'ased on
Colour
$rey scae ima!es are different from-inary ima!es as they have many shades
of !rey -et(een -ac7 and (hite. Theseima!es are aso caed monochromatic asthere is no coo%r component in the
ima!e, i7e in -inary ima!es. Grey scale isthe term that refers to the ran!e of shades-et(een (hite and -ac7 or vice versa.
7/23/2019 1 Introduction Image Processing Chapter1 Digital Image Processing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1-introduction-image-processing-chapter1-digital-image-processing 23/42© Oxford University Press 2011
Types of Ima!es
' In -inary ima!es, the pixes ass%me a va%e of 0or 1. So one -it is s%fficient to represent the pixeva%e. @inary ima!es are aso caed -i5eve
ima!es.
' In tr%e coo%r ima!es, the pixe has a coo%r thatis o-tained -y mixin! the primary coo%rs red,
!reen, and -%e. #ach coo%r component isrepresented i7e a !rey scae ima!e %sin! ei!ht-its. 4osty, tr%e coo%r ima!es %se 2; -its torepresent a the coo%rs.
7/23/2019 1 Introduction Image Processing Chapter1 Digital Image Processing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1-introduction-image-processing-chapter1-digital-image-processing 24/42© Oxford University Press 2011
Indexed Ima!e
' A specia cate!ory of coo%r ima!es is the
indexed ima!e. In most ima!es, the f%
ran!e of coo%rs is not %sed. So it is -etter
to red%ce the n%m-er of -its -ymaintainin! a coo%r map, !am%t, or
paette (ith the ima!e.
7/23/2019 1 Introduction Image Processing Chapter1 Digital Image Processing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1-introduction-image-processing-chapter1-digital-image-processing 25/42
© Oxford University Press 2011
7/23/2019 1 Introduction Image Processing Chapter1 Digital Image Processing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1-introduction-image-processing-chapter1-digital-image-processing 26/42
© Oxford University Press 2011
Pse%docoo%r Ima!e
' i7e tr%e coo%r ima!es, Pse%docoo%rima!es are aso %sed (idey in ima!e
processin!. Tr%e coo%r ima!es are caedthree5-and ima!es. o(ever, in remotesensin! appications, m%ti5-and ima!es
or m%ti5spectra ima!es are !eneray%sed. These ima!es, (hich are capt%red-y sateites, contain many -ands.
7/23/2019 1 Introduction Image Processing Chapter1 Digital Image Processing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1-introduction-image-processing-chapter1-digital-image-processing 27/42
© Oxford University Press 2011
Types of Ima!es -ased on
Dimensions
' $"pes o! Images 'ased on Dimensions
2D and :D' $"pes o! Images 'ased on Data $"pes
' Sin!e, do%-e, Si!ned or %nsi!ned.
7/23/2019 1 Introduction Image Processing Chapter1 Digital Image Processing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1-introduction-image-processing-chapter1-digital-image-processing 28/42
© Oxford University Press 2011
DIGI$A# IMAGE PROCESSIG
OPERA$IOS
7/23/2019 1 Introduction Image Processing Chapter1 Digital Image Processing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1-introduction-image-processing-chapter1-digital-image-processing 29/42
© Oxford University Press 2011
Ima!e Anaysis
7/23/2019 1 Introduction Image Processing Chapter1 Digital Image Processing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1-introduction-image-processing-chapter1-digital-image-processing 30/42
© Oxford University Press 2011
7/23/2019 1 Introduction Image Processing Chapter1 Digital Image Processing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1-introduction-image-processing-chapter1-digital-image-processing 31/42
© Oxford University Press 2011
7/23/2019 1 Introduction Image Processing Chapter1 Digital Image Processing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1-introduction-image-processing-chapter1-digital-image-processing 32/42
© Oxford University Press 2011
7/23/2019 1 Introduction Image Processing Chapter1 Digital Image Processing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1-introduction-image-processing-chapter1-digital-image-processing 33/42
© Oxford University Press 2011
7/23/2019 1 Introduction Image Processing Chapter1 Digital Image Processing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1-introduction-image-processing-chapter1-digital-image-processing 34/42
© Oxford University Press 2011
Ima!e #nhancement
7/23/2019 1 Introduction Image Processing Chapter1 Digital Image Processing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1-introduction-image-processing-chapter1-digital-image-processing 35/42
© Oxford University Press 2011
Ima!e 3estoration
7/23/2019 1 Introduction Image Processing Chapter1 Digital Image Processing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1-introduction-image-processing-chapter1-digital-image-processing 36/42
© Oxford University Press 2011
Ima!e "ompression
7/23/2019 1 Introduction Image Processing Chapter1 Digital Image Processing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1-introduction-image-processing-chapter1-digital-image-processing 37/42
© Oxford University Press 2011
Ima!e Anaysis
7/23/2019 1 Introduction Image Processing Chapter1 Digital Image Processing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1-introduction-image-processing-chapter1-digital-image-processing 38/42
© Oxford University Press 2011
Ima!e Synthesis
7/23/2019 1 Introduction Image Processing Chapter1 Digital Image Processing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1-introduction-image-processing-chapter1-digital-image-processing 39/42
© Oxford University Press 2011
Ima!e Processin! Appications
7/23/2019 1 Introduction Image Processing Chapter1 Digital Image Processing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1-introduction-image-processing-chapter1-digital-image-processing 40/42
© Oxford University Press 2011
Di!ita Ima!in! System
7/23/2019 1 Introduction Image Processing Chapter1 Digital Image Processing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1-introduction-image-processing-chapter1-digital-image-processing 41/42
© Oxford University Press 2011
"omponents
7/23/2019 1 Introduction Image Processing Chapter1 Digital Image Processing
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1-introduction-image-processing-chapter1-digital-image-processing 42/42