WHAT IS GIS WHAT IS GIS
WHAT IS GISWHAT IS GIS
GIS – SOME DEFINITIONS
• GIS may include manual systems, however, it usually refers to a computerised database system for capture, storage, retrieval, analysis and display of spatial data (Huxhold, 1991).
• GIS is capable of assisting the storage, retrieval and manipulation of spatially referenced data such as street address or a census tract (Nedovic-Budic, 1999).
• GIS is most useful when used to perform data analysis (Lee and Wong, 2001, viii)
GIS – SOME DEFINITIONS (cont.)GIS – SOME DEFINITIONS (cont.)
• application– acts as a problem solving solution– example: water pollution, traffic, land
management • toolbox
– emphasize on the generic aspect of GIS in it’s definition
– always used by vendors to maximize their market share
The History
• First developed in North America, particularly the U.S. and Canada in the mid-1960s
• Previously been used in natural resources and environmental research
Tutorial question• Briefly review the history of Geographic
Information System application in India.
GIS: OLD AND NEWGIS: OLD AND NEW
Traditional GIS
MAP TYPEWRITERMANUAL DRAFING TOOLS
New GIS
COMPUTER PLOTTER CD-ROM
THE NEED FOR GISTHE NEED FOR GIS
• the real world has a lot of spatial data– manipulation, analysis and modeling can be
effective and efficiently carried out with a GIS• the neighborhood of the intended purchase of house• the route for fire-fighting vehicles to the fire area• location of historical sites to visit• the earth surface for purposes of army
• the earth surface is a limited resource• rational decisions on space utilization• fast and quality information in decision making
... THE NEED FOR GIS... THE NEED FOR GIS
complexity of management– due to the need to combine and process many
sets of data, in addition to judge as many as possible, situation that might happen.
intense competition– the need to use technology in making decisions
and strategy in the world of intense competition.
TABULAR DATA MAP
A. DATA VISUALISATIONA. DATA VISUALISATION
Which one do you prefer: tabular data or map data?
State Population (1991)
Johor 2,074,297
Kedah 1,304,800
Kelantan 1,181,680
Melaka 504,502
P
SY
10 11 12
3
4
5
SO
UTH
EAST
1. WHERE IS OBJECT P?
ANSWER: P = 12S EAST
2. WHAT CAN BE FOUND AT A CERTAIN LOCATION ?
EXAMPLE: What can be found at 11y EAST?
ANSWER: Y
B. LOCATIONB. LOCATION
C. ATTRIBUTE QUESTION:
1. ATRIBUTE EXPLANATION
EXAMPLE: WHAT IS THE ATTRIBUTE FOR ITEM 2?
2. WHERE A CERTAIN SENARIO MIGHT HAPPEN?
EXAMPLE: WHO HAS THE HIGHEST QUALITY OF MINERALS ?
NO. AREA (HECTARE) OWNER TAX CODE MINERAL QUALITY
1 100,000 TALATU B HIGH
2 50,100 BRAUDO A MEDIUM
3 90,900 BRAUDO B LOW
4 40,800 ANUNKU A LOW
5 120,200 SILIMA B HIGH
3. SELECTION OF AN AREA (ACCORDING TO RULES)
EXAMPLE: WHICH ITEM HAS
a) AREA >40,000 HECTARE
b) OWNER: NOT SILIMA
c) TAX CODE: B
d) MINERAL QUALITY: HIGH
NO. AREA (HECTARE) OWNER TAX CODE MINERAL QUALITY
1 100,000 TALATU B HIGH
2 50,100 BRAUDO A MEDIUM
3 90,900 BRAUDO B LOW
4 40,800 ANUNKU A LOW
5 120,200 SILIMA B HIGH
….QUESTION: RELATIONAL DATABASE
QUESTION: PATTERN AND RELATIONSHIPQUESTION: PATTERN AND RELATIONSHIP
X
X
X
YY
Y
Z
Z
Z
Z
1. IS OBJECT X IN THE PATTERN?
YES, IN THE FORM OF LINE, FROM NORTHWEST TO SOUTHEAST
IN THE FORM OF A LINE
2. IS THERE A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN X AND Y?
YES, Y IS ALWAYS NEAR X
3. WHAT OTHER SPATIAL PATTERN EXISTS?
OBJECT Z IS ALWAYS NEAR THE BORDERS AND ITS SIZE INCREASES FROM LEFT TO RIGHT
TREND QUESTIONTREND QUESTION
A
BC
A B
DC
1980 19901. WHAT ARE THE CHANGES FOR A,B AND C FROM 1980 TO 1990?
A: INCREASE IN SIZE
B: DECREASE IN SIZE AND CHANGE IN LOCATION
C: CHANGES IN SHAPE
2. WHAT HAS CHANGED SINCE 1980?
A AND B HAVE CHANGED IN SIZE
B RELOCATES
C CHANGES IN SHAPE
ADDITION OF ITEM D
InformationSystem
Non-spatialInformation
Systems
SpatialInformation
Systems
ManagementInformation
Systems
GeographicInformation
Systems
OtherTypes
(CAD/CAM)
GIS AND OTHER INFORMATION GIS AND OTHER INFORMATION SYSTEMSSYSTEMS
GISUSES
VARIOUS DATASOURCES
VARIOUS DATAFORMATS
AND
MAPS IMAGE DIGITALPRODUCTS GPS TEXT
DATATABULAR
DATA
MAPS
DATABASE
REPORTS
1
2
4 43
GIS APPLICATION (I)GIS APPLICATION (I)
• environment– management of natural resources
• land, forest, marine, etc.– monitoring/control of environmental pollution– environment impact study
• infrastructure– transport and irrigation management and
maintenance– utility management and maintenance
• electric, water, gas, telephone, etc.
GIS APPLICATION (II)GIS APPLICATION (II)
• socio-economy– town and country planning– monitoring of population migration– disperse of resources/services
• clinics, schools, etc• military
– land form visualisation– visibility analysis
GIS USAGEGIS USAGE• Data recall
Land Ownership
MAJLIS DAERAH KULAI
Geomdk_id: 252
Area: 147: 147.477900
Geodmk_: 640
Account_no: A0546142
Owner: LAM MEE WONG
No_k_p: 2224567
Bangsa: CINA
Address: 142, JLN. BERJASA, TMN. TIMUR,
KULAI, JOHOR
Poscode: 81000
No_geran: GM 125
No_lot: PTD 12201
Area: BANDAR KULAI
Mukim: SENAI-KULAI
Holding: BEBAS
Usage: KEDIAMAN
Floors: 01
Assesment: 89000.00
Rate: 0.25
Tax: 222.50
• Modeling– predict information from data within the GIS using a certain model
Population Density
Year 2010
- High
- Medium
- Low
BENEFITS OF GISBENEFITS OF GIS• improves/enhances the effects of
physical/environmental growth• better management of resources• adding new value-added services• perform analysis on spatial and non spatial
components• fast recall of data• ability for complex analysis• recalling of non spatial data through object location• display of information in a different light/view• multiple scenario in planning can be performed
easily