1. Introduction

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T chc ngnh
Phn 1: Tng quan v mn hc

PGS. TS. T Thy Anh

TS. inh Th Thanh Bnh

Khoa Kinh t Quc t, i hc Ngoi thng H ni

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Tng quan v mn hc

T chc ngnh l g?

T chc ngnh nghin cu v cch thc t chc v hot ng ca nhng th trng cnh tranh khng hon ho (th trng c quyn- monopoly, th trng cnh tranh nhm oligopoly) v hnh vi ca cc doanh nghip (firms) trong cc th trng ny.

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What markets in Vietnam are not perfectly competitive?

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Tng quan v mn hc (cont.)

Nhng cu hi v tho lun sau y gip chng ta hiu nhng ni dung ca mn hc IO.

1. Nhng yu t no quyt nh cch thc t chc v c cu ca mt th trng?

a. Phm vi hot ng ca cc doanh nghip

Ti sao cc doanh nghip khng sn xut tt c cc sn phm, ti sao c s chuyn mn ha?

Mi quan h gia nh sn xut v ngi bn l.

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b. S tp trung ca cc nh sn xut

S tp trung ca cc nh sn xut o mc phn tn v s lng v kch c ca cc DN.

Ti sao c nhiu DN nh sn xut la my?

Ti sao nhiu qun pizza v nh hng tp trung thnh ph ln?

Ti sao ng ch c bn bi cng ty Roger min Ty Canada?

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c. S a dng v sn phm

S a dng v sn phm tn ti khi nhng sn phm c sn xut bi cc DN m khc nhau khng phi l nhng sp thay th hon ho.

Nhng yu t no quyt nh s a dng v sn phm?

Ti sao c rt nhiu loi kem nh rng hay ko trn th trng?

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d. Nhng iu kin ra nhp th trng

Nhng yu t no khin mt hng tn ti nhiu nm trn th trng c th c quyn lc trn th trng?

Liu cc DN c th to ra nhng ro cn cn tr vic ra nhp th trng ca cc DN mi, bo v quyn lc th trng cng nh li nhun t cc i th cnh tranh?

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2. Cch thc t chc th trng nh hng n hnh vi ca DN v vic vn hnh ca th trng nh th no?

Vic vn hnh cc hng hng khng M khng cn tun th nhng quy nh ca chnh ph vo nhng nm 1970 dn n iu g?

Nhng nn tng kinh t ca vic ra i nhng qui nh ca chnh ph v chnh sch chng c quyn?

Ti sao chnh ph li to ra v kim sot quyn s hu ti sn?

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3. Hnh vi ca cc DN nh hng nh th no n cch thc t chc v vn hnh ca th trng?

Cnh tranh khng da vo gi (i.e. nghin cu v pht trin) c th nh hng n cch thc t chc ca th trng trong tng lai.

S a dng v sn phm khng ch ph thuc vo cc yu t ngoi sinh (th hiu ca ngi mua) m cn ph thuc vo cch thc m DN la chn c tnh, tnh a dng v cht lng ca sn phm.

Chin lc ca cc DN tr thnh c quyn.

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V d 1: Cc cng ty cung cp dch v in thoi di ng Vit Nam

3 DN cung cp dch v in thoi di ng: Vinafone, Mobifone, Viettel.

Th phn ca cc DN ny ?

Mc cnh tranh ca cc DN ny?

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V d 2: Ngnh hng khng Vit Nam

Trong nm 2011, Vit Nam Airline chim 80% th phn th trng hng khng ni a v khong 40% th phn khch du lch bay n v ri Vit Nam.

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Ti liu mn hc

Jeffrey Church and Roger Ware (2000), Industrial Organization: A Strategic Approach, McGraw-Hill.

Enterprise Surveys

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Phng php nh gi sinh vin

Thi cui k: 60% tng s im.

Tiu lun: 30% tng s im (vit v trnh by).

Chuyn cn: 10% tng s im (bao gm vic tham gia lp hc, lm bi tp trn lp, v tch cc trong lp).

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C cu mn hc

Tng quan v mn hc

Nhng cch o v sc mnh th trng

[3-12, 428-429 ]

c quyn

Gi c quyn

nh thu mt cng ty c quyn

Nhng doanh nghip chim u th

[124-30]

Hnh vi ca cng ty c quyn
[155-178]

c quyn t nhin

[183-190]

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C cu mn hc (cont.)

Cnh tranh theo nhm

Tr chi v sn lng

[231-274]

Tr chi v gi

[211-226]

L thuyt tr chi

[211-226]

M hnh ng

[13.2]

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C cu mn hc (cont.)

Hnh vi mang tnh chin lc

Gii thiu

[459-480]

ng dng

[543-556]

Qung co

[561-571]

Nghin cu v pht trin

[575-592]

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Mc tp trung ca th trng

Trong phn ln cc th trng, mc cnh tranh nm gia 2 mc l cnh tranh hon ho (mc tp trung thp nht) v c quyn (mc tp trung cao nht). Phng php o mc tp trung cung cp mt cch thc n gin o mc cnh tranh ca mt th trng.

Hai l do gii thch ti sao vic o mc tp trung ca th trng l quan trng:

so snh nhng th trng khc nhau (trong v ngoi nc).

gip to ra nhng quy nh cho th trng: cc nh to lp cc quy nh cn bit mc tp trung ca th trng bo m li ihcs ca ngi tiu dng.

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Mc tp trung ca th trng (cont.)

Nhng ch s o mc tp trung ca th trng cn:

Tnh ton d dng

c lp vi kch c ca th trng

Din gii d dng

Thng thng, ch s ny nm trong khong

c quyn

Cnh tranh hon ho

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Mc tp trung ca th trng (cont.)

Mc tp trung ca th trng phn nh s phn b v kch c v s lng ca cc DN. S lng DN t hn v kch c ln hn dn n s gia tng mc tp trung ca th trng.

Mi quan h gia mc tp trung ca th trng v sc mnh th trng:

Khi mc tp trung tng ln, cc nh sn xut c kh nng nhiu hn trong vic gim bt mc cnh tranh v hp tc vi nhau trong vic nh gi. Mc tp trung tng khin cho vic cu kt/ thng ng tr nn d dng hn.

L thuyt v cnh tranh nhm (oligopoly) gi mt mi quan h gia quyn lc th trng v mc cnh tranh ca cc nh sn xut.

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Ch s o mc tp trung ca th trng
Hirschman-Herfindahl Index

1. Ch s Hirschman-Herfindahl (HHI): l tng bnh phng ca th phn ca tt c cc DN trong mt ngnh cng nghip (N).

l th phn ca DN i trn th trng.

HHI nm trong khong 1/N n 1 (c quyn).

HHI nh th hin khng c mt DN no c quyn lc ni tri trn th trng.

HHI cng ln , mc tp trung trong ngnh cng nghip cng cao.

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HHI di 0.01 th hin th trng c tnh cnh tranh cao.

HHI di 0.15 th hin khng c s tp trung th trng.

HHI nm gia khong 0.15 ti 0.25 th hin mc tp trung va phi th trng.

HHI trn 0.25 th hin mc tp trung cao th trng.

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V d: C 2 trng hp trong 6 DN ln nht sn xut 90% sn phm trn th trng.

Trng hp 1: Mi hng sn xut 15%.

Trng hp 2: Mt DN sn xut 80%, nm DN cn li mi DN sn xut 2%.

Gi nh rng cc DN cn li sn xut 10% sn phm, c chia u cho 10 DN c cng kch c.

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T l tp trung ca 6 DN u l 90%. Nhng trong trng hp th nht, th trng tn ti tnh cnh tranh tng i gia cc DN. Trong khi , trng hp th 2 th hin s c quyn trn th trng.

HHI th hin r iu ny:

Trng hp 1:

HHI = 6 * 0.152 + 10 * 0.012 = 0.136 (13.6%)

Trng hp 2:

HHI = 0.802 + 5 * 0.022 + 10 * 0.012 = 0.643 (64.3%)

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T l tp trung (CR)

2. T l tp trung (CR): l tng th phn ca m doanh nghip ln nht thn th trng.

V d: Mt th trng c 6 doanh nghip ln nht vi th phn l 50, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10. Khi , CR4 l 0.80.

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ng cong th hin mc tp trung ca th trng

Th trng A c tp trung cao nht; th trng D c tp trung thp nht; ng cong B v C khng th kt lun iu g r rng (th trng B c t DN hn nhng mc khng cn bng v kch c DN cng nh hn).

Th phn

100

0

S lng DN

D

A

B

C

20

ng 450 th hin mc tp trung thp nht

5

10

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1. Introduction

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