-
1Structure and FunctionStructure and Function
BIO 3450BIO 3450
Introduction and TerminologyIntroduction and Terminology
Levels of OrganizationLevels of Organization ChemicalChemical
CellularCellular TissueTissue OrgansOrgans System LevelSystem Level
OrganismicOrganismic LevelLevel
Combine
SpecializeFunction
Process
GoalLIFE!
Organ Organ SystemsSystems Life ProcessesLife Processes
MetabolismMetabolism ResponsivenessResponsiveness
MovementMovement GrowthGrowth
DifferentiationDifferentiation ReproductionReproduction
-
2Basic Life ProcessesBasic Life Processes All living things have
certain characteristics that All living things have certain
characteristics that
distinguish them from nonliving things.distinguish them from
nonliving things.
Metabolism:Metabolism: is the sum of all chemical processes is
the sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body, including
catabolism and that occur in the body, including catabolism and
anabolism.anabolism. CatabolismCatabolismBreaking downBreaking down
AnabolismAnabolism. Building up. Building up
Basic Life Processes contBasic Life Processes cont
Responsiveness Responsiveness ::is the ability to detect and is
the ability to detect and respond to changes in the external or
internal respond to changes in the external or internal
environmentenvironment NeuronsNeurons--impulseimpulse
MuscleMuscle
Movement Movement ::includes motion of the whole includes motion
of the whole body, organs, single cells, or even organelles body,
organs, single cells, or even organelles inside cells.inside
cells.
Basic Life Processes contBasic Life Processes cont Growth:
Growth: increase in sizeincrease in size
Differentiation:Differentiation: unspecialized state to a
unspecialized state to a specialized state.specialized state.
Reproduction Reproduction refers either to the formation
ofrefers either to the formation of New cellsNew cells New
IndividualNew Individual
Stress and HomeostasisStress and HomeostasisWhere are we
headed?Where are we headed?
Homeostasis / StressHomeostasis / Stress Feedback LoopsFeedback
Loops
Control CenterControl Center ReceptorReceptor
EffectorEffector
-
3Control of HomeostasisControl of Homeostasis
Homeostasis is continually being disrupted Homeostasis is
continually being disrupted byby external stimuliexternal
stimuli
Temperature variation, noise, traumaTemperature variation,
noise, trauma internal stimuliinternal stimuli
psychological stressespsychological stresses Exercise, low blood
sugar, dehydration etcExercise, low blood sugar, dehydration
etc
Disruptions are Disruptions are usuallyusually mild &
temporarymild & temporary If homeostasis is not maintained,
death If homeostasis is not maintained, death
may resultmay result
CONTROL OF HOMEOSTASISCONTROL OF HOMEOSTASIS
HomeostasisHomeostasisisis regulated by the nervous regulated by
the nervous system and endocrine system, acting together or system
and endocrine system, acting together or
independently.independently. Nerve impulses cause rapid changes,
Nerve impulses cause rapid changes, Hormones usually work more
slowly.Hormones usually work more slowly.
Examples: Examples: Breathing centers monitor CO2 / O2 Breathing
centers monitor CO2 / O2 TemperatureTemperature pHpH blood
pressureblood pressure
Components of Feedback LoopComponents of Feedback Loop
Receptor Receptor Control Control
centercenter
EffectorEffector
Negative FeedbackNegative Feedback
Positive FeedbackPositive Feedback
Types of Feedback LoopsTypes of Feedback Loops
-
4Control of Homeostasis is byControl of Homeostasis is
byFeedback SystemsFeedback Systems
If a response If a response reversesreverses the original the
original stimulus, the system is a stimulus, the system is a
negative negative feedback system.feedback system.
If a response If a response enhancesenhances the original the
original stimulus, the system is stimulus, the system is a a
positive feedback positive feedback system.system.
Homeostasis of Blood PressureHomeostasis of Blood Pressure
NEGATIVE
FEEDBACK
LOOP
Stress
Increase BP
Barroreceptors
Interpretation
Effect
Negative Feedback SystemsNegative Feedback Systems
A negative feedback system A negative feedback system
reversesreverses a a change in a controlled condition.change in a
controlled condition.Example : Homeostasis of Blood Pressure (BP):
Example : Homeostasis of Blood Pressure (BP): Activity of the
Activity of the effectoreffector produces a result, produces a
result,
that..that.. OpposesOpposes the original stimulus, and results
in the original stimulus, and results in
a decrease in blood pressure.a decrease in blood pressure.
Positive Feedback during ChildbirthPositive Feedback during
Childbirth Stretch receptors in walls of the Stretch receptors in
walls of the
uterusuterus Brain releases a hormone Brain releases a
hormone
(oxytocin) into bloodstream (oxytocin) into bloodstream
targeting targeting
Uterine smooth muscle Uterine smooth muscle contracts more
forcefullycontracts more forcefully
More stretch More stretch more hormone more hormone more
contraction more contraction etc.etc.
The cycle ends with birth of the The cycle ends with birth of
the baby & decrease in stretchbaby & decrease in
stretch
-
5Positive Feedback SystemPositive Feedback System
The positive feedback system The positive feedback system
reinforcesreinforces a a change in a controlled condition.change in
a controlled condition.ExampleExample
Normal childbirth provides a good example of Normal childbirth
provides a good example of a positive feedback systema positive
feedback system
Activity of the Activity of the effectoreffector produces a
result, produces a result, that..that..
Reinforces Reinforces the original stimulus, an increase the
original stimulus, an increase in uterine contraction.in uterine
contraction.
Basic Anatomic TermsBasic Anatomic Terms
Anatomical PositionAnatomical Position
Anatomical PositionAnatomical Position uprightupright
facing the observer, facing the observer, head levelhead
level
eyes facing forwardeyes facing forward feet flat on the
floorfeet flat on the floor
arms at the sidesarms at the sides palms turned forward palms
turned forward
(ventral)(ventral)
Planes and SectionsPlanes and Sections Planes are imaginary flat
surfaces that are Planes are imaginary flat surfaces that are
used to divide the body or organs into used to divide the body
or organs into definite areas definite areas
Principal planes include: Principal planes include:
midsagittalmidsagittal (medial) and (medial) and
parasagittalparasagittal frontal (coronal)frontal (coronal)
transverse (crosstransverse (cross--sectional or horizontal)
sectional or horizontal) obliqueoblique
-
6Planes and Sections of the BrainPlanes and Sections of the
Brain(3(3--D anatomical relationships revealed)D anatomical
relationships revealed)
Transverse Transverse
FrontalFrontal
MidsagittalMidsagittal / / sagittalsagittal
Directional TermsDirectional Terms
Anterior / Posterior (Dorsal / Ventral)Anterior / Posterior
(Dorsal / Ventral) Superior / InferiorSuperior / Inferior Medial /
LateralMedial / Lateral IpsilateralIpsilateral / /
ContralateralContralateral Proximal / DistalProximal / Distal
Superficial / Deep Superficial / Deep
Dorsal or PosteriorDorsal or Posterior at the back of the bodyat
the back of the body The brain is posterior The brain is
posterior
to the forehead.to the forehead.
Ventral or AnteriorVentral or Anterior at the front of the at
the front of the
bodybody The sternum is The sternum is
anterior to the heart.anterior to the heart.
Dorsal or VentralDorsal or Ventral Proximal or DistalProximal or
Distal ProximalProximal
nearer to the attachment of nearer to the attachment of the limb
to the trunkthe limb to the trunk
Ex. The knee is proximal to Ex. The knee is proximal to the
ankle.the ankle.
DistalDistal farther from the attachment farther from the
attachment
of the limb to the trunkof the limb to the trunk
Ex. The wrist is distal to the Ex. The wrist is distal to the
elbow.elbow.
-
7Major Directional TermsMajor Directional Terms
See Definitions page See Definitions page 1414
Thoracic Region / CavityThoracic Region / Cavity
Encircled by ribs, sternum, vertebral column and muscleEncircled
by ribs, sternum, vertebral column and muscle Divided into 2
pleural cavities by mediastinum Divided into 2 pleural cavities by
mediastinum Mediastinum contains all thoracic organs except
lungsMediastinum contains all thoracic organs except lungs
AbdominopelvicAbdominopelvic Region / CavityRegion / Cavity
Inferior portion of ventral body cavity below Inferior portion
of ventral body cavity below diaphragmdiaphragm
Encircled by abdominal wall, bones & muscles of Encircled by
abdominal wall, bones & muscles of pelvispelvis
Abdominopelvic Abdominopelvic Regions & QuadrantsRegions
& Quadrants
Describe locations of organs or source of painDescribe locations
of organs or source of pain TicTic--tactac--toe grid or
intersecting lines through toe grid or intersecting lines
through
navelnavel
-
8Body RegionsBody Regions
Abdominal Quadrants (Med. Terminology)Abdominal Quadrants (Med.
Terminology) RUQRUQ LUQLUQ RLQRLQ LLQLLQ*Clinical
Application:*Clinical Application: AppendicitisAppendicitis