th 105 FoCARS Foundation Course For Agricultural Research Service Digital Repository of Course Materials • International and National Agricultural Research System in India • Challenges and Management of Agricultural Extension in the New Millennium • Production Systems Approach • Economic Policies and Agricultural Development • WTO and Agriculture Research and Development • Intellectual Property Rights in Indian Agriculture • Copyrights • Designs as Ips • Geographical Indicators • Patents • Trade Secrets • Trademarks • Application of Bioinformatics in Agriculture
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th105 FoCARSFoundation Course For Agricultural Research Service
Digital Repository of Course Materials
• International and National Agricultural Research System in India
• Challenges and Management of Agricultural Extension in the New Millennium
• Production Systems Approach
• Economic Policies and Agricultural Development
• WTO and Agriculture Research and Development
• Intellectual Property Rights in Indian Agriculture
• Copyrights
• Designs as Ips
• Geographical Indicators
• Patents
• Trade Secrets
• Trademarks
• Application of Bioinformatics in Agriculture
Course Coordinators K. Kareemulla and S. Ravichandran
Support Team P. Krishnan and P. Namdev
1
INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL
AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH
SYSTEM IN INDIA
K. Kareemulla1
1. Introduction
Over three billion people which is almost half of the world’s
population live in rural areas. Roughly 2.5 billion of these rural people
derive their livelihoods from agriculture. For many economies,
especially those of developing countries, agriculture can be an
important engine of economic growth. In many poor developing
countries, primary activities such as agriculture still constitute the
backbone of the economy. Another dimension scope and opportunity
for agriculture is that almost 12.5 per cent of the global population is
under nourished. Vast majority of them are in developing countries.
Traditionally agriculture was the prime occupation and contributed to
major national economies’ share. As the other industries – mining,
communications, transport and other industries emerged with
inventions paving way for commercialization, this sector was relegated
to the second and with the services sector like banking and software
emerging in the last five decades the services sector occupied the prime
share in global economy. This paper deals with the global and Indian
agriculture economies with focus on veterinary / animal sciences.
The agriculture sector does not provide a large part of global GDP –
which continues to be dominated in all regions by services with almost
70 per cent share followed by about 20 per cent in industry and
agriculture contributes about 5 per cent. However, agriculture plays an
important role, especially because approximately one-third of the
world’s population still obtains its livelihood from agriculture. In
developing countries its share is certainly higher in the range of 14 –
56 per cent.
1 Principal Scientist, RSM Division, NAARM
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In the Indian context agriculture is the driving force and fulcrum for
the country’s economy. It may be a global phenomenon that as the
growth and development takes centre stage more of contribution comes
from services and manufacturing and agriculture and forestry get
relegated to the third place. The situation in India is no different but
with slight modification. Indian agriculture has performed remarkably
well in terms of output growth, despite weather and price shocks in the
past few years. Indian agriculture contributes to 8% global agricultural
gross domestic product to support 18% of world population on only
9% of world’s arable land and 2.3% of geographical Area. Although
agriculture, including allied activities, accounted for only 13.9 per cent
of the GDP in 2013-14, its role in the country's economy is much
bigger with its share in total employment as high as 53 per cent during
2005-10. The declining share of the agriculture and allied sector in the
country's GDP is consistent with the normal development trajectory of
any fast growing economy. This does not mean that the contribution of
the sector is by any means a mean value. The multiplicative and
complementary effect it has on other sectors is much more than what
the data speak.
Therefore, it is in this context that the growth and development of
agriculture has to be viewed through the lens of research and
development since the primary stakeholders of the sector viz. farmers
are the determinants and decide the very survival of any such system.
The foundations for the organized contributions for research and
technology to agriculture were probably laid in with the starting of
agriculture departments in the states followed by higher education
colleges, famine commission (in 1880s), then Imperial (Indian)
Agricultural Research Institute (1905), Royal Commission on
Agriculture (1926) and so on till the latest World Bank assisted
National Agricultural Innovation Project. Several institutions promoted
by government, corporate and NGOs have come up in the past century
or so that set the mandate to conduct research and development leading
to technologies for sustainable agriculture. These institutions although
might be owned by different agencies but have the common broad
agenda to generate and transfer technologies for the better of Indian
agriculture. The Indian Council for Agriculture Research (ICAR) has
taken upon itself the onus of coordinating and driving these institutions
forward. Therefore, the future of agriculture and the agriculturists lies
in the hands of national agricultural Research System (NARS).
2. International Agricultural Research System
The global agricultural research system is driven by the Consultative
group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR). CGIAR is a
global partnership that unites organizations engaged in research for a
National Academy of Agricultural Research Management
3
food secure future. CGIAR research is focused on reducing rural
poverty, increasing food security, improving human health and
nutrition, and ensuring sustainable management of natural resources.
Initiated in the year 1971, it had only four Centres and eight members,
representing national research systems. At present agricultural research
is carried out by 15 of CGIAR Centers that are members of the CGIAR
Consortium along with 64 country members and it works in close
collaboration with hundreds of partners, including national and
regional research institutes, civil society organizations, academia,
development organizations and the private sector. The CGIAR Fund is
a multi-donor trust fund that finances CGIAR research guided by
the Strategy and Results Framework. The CGIAR Fund is administered
by the World Bank, as Trustee, and governed by the Fund Council, a
representative body of Fund donors and other stakeholders.
The CGIAR Consortium is an international organization that, together
with the CGIAR Fund, advances international agricultural research for
a food secure future by integrating and coordinating the efforts of those
who fund research and those who do the research. The CGIAR
Consortium is made up of The Consortium Board; The Consortium
Office; and The Research Centers which are members of the CGIAR
Consortium. The following are the 15 CGIAR Institutes/Centres.
1. Africa Rice Center
2. Bioversity International
3. Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)
4. International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas
(ICARDA)
5. International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT)
6. International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid
Tropics (ICRISAT)
7. International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI)
8. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA)
9. International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI)
10. International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center
(CIMMYT)
11. International Potato Center (CIP)
12. International Rice Research Institute (IRRI)
13. International Water Management Institute (IWMI)
14. World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF)
15. World Fish
In order to assess the efforts of CGIAR a study done (CGIAR, 2011)
revealed that the overall impact of CGIAR research on three cereals
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alone that too only in Asia amounts to $10.8 billion for Rice, $2.5
billion for wheat and $ 0.8 billion for maize.
3. National Agricultural Research System (NARS)
The prominence of agricultural research was realized globally due to
frequent weather vagaries like famines and epidemics. The
developments in USA stand out in terms of initiatives like setting up of
USDA as early as 1862 and the historic Morrill Land-Grant College
Act authorized public land grants for colleges to teach agriculture and
mechanic arts. It was probably based on this model that the famine
commission recommended setting up of state departments of
agriculture in India and much later i.e. almost after one century India
adopted the land grant scheme to start agriculture universities.
Institutions with Union and state support were started across regions
and covering various systems and commodities. Thus, the agricultural
research in India has built up a fairly advanced system with good
network. The Indian NARS is one of the largest systems in the world.
The effective functioning of this system, in close association with
education and extension systems, has greatly contributed to the rapid
growth of agriculture after independence.
The ICAR and the national agricultural research system have played a
pioneering role in ushering Green Revolution and subsequent
developments in agriculture in India through its research and
technology development that has enabled the country to increase the
production of food grains by 4 times, horticultural crops by 6
times, fish by 9 times (marine 5 times and inland 17 times), milk 6
times and eggs 27 times since 1950-51, thus making a visible impact
on the national food and nutritional security. It has played a major role
in promoting excellence in higher education in agriculture. It is
engaged in cutting edge areas of science and technology development
and its scientists are internationally acknowledged in their fields.
Therefore, it is essential to know the structure and functioning of
NARS in detail.
3.1 The Present System
India has one of the largest agricultural research systems in the world
with the largest number of scientific personnel of any developing
country engaged in research and education relating to agriculture and
allied areas. The research system includes approximately
30,000scientists and more than 100,000 supporting staff actively
engaged in research related to agriculture. Although the total number
of scientists engaged in agricultural research in India looks very
National Academy of Agricultural Research Management
5
impressive, it compares less favourably with many developed nations
in the world. The research system has evolved over years of innovation
and experimentation, and it has withstood the test of time remarkably
well. The present agricultural research system comprises essentially
two main streams, viz. the ICAR at the national level and the
Agricultural Universities at the state level. Besides, several other
agencies such as the Conventional / General Universities, Scientific
Organizations, and various Ministries / Departments at the Center, and
also Private or Voluntary Organizations participate directly or
indirectly in research activities related to agriculture (Figure 1).
Among the major scientific organizations in the country, ICAR is
unique in having on current responsibility for both research and
education. As an apex body at the national level, ICAR is mainly
responsible for the promotion and coordination of agricultural research
in the various branches of agriculture and allied sciences in the
country. In addition to its promoting and coordinating roles, ICAR is
also directly involved in undertaking research at the national level,
basic as well as applied, on diverse problems facing production of
crops, animals, fisheries, etc., with the objective of evolving new
production technologies suited to different agro-climatic conditions.
Just as the University Grants Commission (UGC) plays a major role
for the general education in the country, ICAR plays a similar role in
the area of agricultural education. The Charter of the ICAR also
includes extension education, which is carried out through a network of
projects and other mechanisms.
3.1.1 Organizational Structure
The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) is an autonomous
organization under the Department of Agricultural Research and
Education (DARE), Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India.
Formerly known as Imperial Council of Agricultural Research, it was
established on 16 July 1929 as a registered society under the Societies
Registration Act, 1860, in pursuance of the report of the Royal
Commission on Agriculture.
The Council is the apex body for coordinating, guiding and managing
research and education in agriculture including horticulture, fisheries
and animal sciences in the entire country (fig.1). With 102 ICAR
institutes (including four deemed universities) and 65 Agricultural
Universities spread across the country this is one of the largest
national agricultural systems in the world.
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3.1.2. Research Infrastructure ICAR
Although agriculture is a State subject, ICAR has established many
Central Research Institutions over the years to meet the agricultural
research needs of the country. They are:
Deemed Universities - 4
1. Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 2. National Dairy
Research Institute, Karnal 3. Indian Veterinary Research Institute,
Izatnagar 4. Central Institute on Fisheries Education, Mumbai
Institutions – 64
1. ICAR-Central Island Agricultural Research Institute, Port Blair
2. ICAR-Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur
3. ICAR-Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar
4. ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore
5. ICAR-Central Institute Brackishwater Aquaculture, Chennai
6. ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes, Hissar
7. ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom
8. ICAR-Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal
9. ICAR-Central Institute for Arid Horticulture, Bikaner
10. ICAR-Central Institute of Cotton Research, Nagpur
11. ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Cochin
12. ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bhubneshwar
13. ICAR-Central Institute of Research on Cotton Technology,
Mumbai
14. ICAR-Central Institute of Sub Tropical Horticulture, Lucknow
15. ICAR-Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture, Srinagar
16. ICAR-Central Institute on Post harvest Engineering and