1 I. Objectives and Methodology 1.Background The 2002 National R&D Survey was the first of its kind conducted by Institute of Science and Technology of the Royal Academy of Cambodia. The target groups were the researchers of the Government Agencies, Business Enterprises, and Higher Education as well as of the Non Governmental Organization. Since contract signing in September 2003 the Project leader (the national Expert) has set up a project office, collect secondary data from inside the country and from abroad, and ask another teams (e.g. Malaysia, Vietnam) to get experience in order to design questionnaire. The main result of 2002 National R&D Survey in Cambodia
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1 I. Objectives and Methodology 1.Background The 2002 National R&D Survey was the first of its kind conducted by Institute of Science and Technology of.
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I. Objectives and Methodology
1.Background
The 2002 National R&D Survey was the first of its kind conducted by Institute of Science and Technology of the Royal Academy of Cambodia. The target groups were the researchers of the Government Agencies, Business Enterprises, and Higher Education as well as of the Non Governmental Organization.
Since contract signing in September 2003 the Project leader (the national Expert) has set up a project office, collect secondary data from inside the country and from abroad, and ask another teams (e.g. Malaysia, Vietnam) to get experience in order to design questionnaire.
The main result of 2002 National R&D Survey in Cambodia
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Several discussions have been made among the staffs of the Institute of Science and Technology and others invited from other departments of the Royal Academy of Cambodia to improve the quality of the questionnaire.
2.Objectives of the Survey
The main objectives of the survey were:
• To provide and overview of the status of R&D in Cambodia.
• To identified and highlight strengths and priorities of R&D in Cambodia.
• To recommended strategies and action plans that need to be taken to enhance R&D in Cambodia.
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3.Survey TeamIn Cambodia, it is not possible to conduct a survey with other method than face-to-face interview. Therefore for the four sectors, 4 field teams (each 3 people) were formed, each team responsible for data collection of a sector (Government Institutions, Higher Education, Business Enterprise or Non Governmental Organizations). A secretary and a technical assistant were also appointed to insure the workflow.
4.Survey Questionnaire
After studying material provided from project experts, a questionnaire was draft, translated into Khmer language and two times tested before the monitoring visit of the Malaysian Experts in February 2004. A final questionnaire with 27 questions were revised and used to collect data from all sectors after comment of the experts.
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5.Survey Administration5.Survey Administration From the secondary document we From the secondary document we have collected all names and have collected all names and addresses of the possible addresses of the possible institutions that could conduct institutions that could conduct R&D. Face-to-face interview was R&D. Face-to-face interview was conducted to collect the data. Field conducted to collect the data. Field team leaders, sometimes the team leaders, sometimes the surveyors themselves contacted first surveyors themselves contacted first with the target institution in order with the target institution in order to make appointment for interview. to make appointment for interview. All surveyors were trained and All surveyors were trained and instructed by an experience instructed by an experience researcher.researcher.
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Summary of Main Results
Research and Development(R&D) Projects
Government Sector 15
Higher Education Sector 18
Business Enterprise Sector 23
Private Non Profit Sector 54
Total 110
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Organizations with R&D SurveyedOrganizations with R&D Surveyed CompaniesCompaniesGovernment SectorGovernment Sector 1414Higher Education SectorHigher Education Sector 1111Business Enterprise SectorBusiness Enterprise Sector 2121Private Non Profit SectorPrivate Non Profit Sector 4848
TotalTotal 9494
Expenditure
Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D (GERD) 8,357.01Mil.CR
The GERD/GDP Ratio 0.05%
Current Expenditure 6,840.87 Mil.CR
Labor Cost 3,516.74 Mil.CR
Operating Cost 3,324.13 Mil.CR
Capital Expenditure 1,516.16 Mil.CR
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Three Main Fields of Research (FOR)Three Main Fields of Research (FOR)i.i. F20100- F20100- Social ScienceSocial Science 4,097.844,097.84 Mil.CRMil.CRii.ii. F11000- F11000- Med. & Health ScienceMed. & Health Science 1,832.331,832.33 Mil.CRMil.CRiii.iii. F11100- Engineering Science F11100- Engineering Science 519.03519.03 Mil.CR Mil.CR
Three Main Socio-Economic Objectives (SEO)
i. S30300- Social Dev. and Com. Ser. 1,768.72 Mil.CR
ii. S30100- Health 1,325.23 Mil.CR
iii. S30200-Education and Training 1,287.69 Mil.CR
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ManpowerManpowerTotal R&D Research PersonnelTotal R&D Research Personnel1,6251,625Total Number of ResearchersTotal Number of Researchers
744 744Total FTE Research Personnel Total FTE Research Personnel 494.28494.28Total FTE ResearchersTotal FTE Researchers 223223FTE per Research Personnel 30.42%
FTE per Researcher 29.97%
Degree Holders (PhDs, Masters, Bachelors) 744
Number of Researchers per 10,000 Labor Force 1.2
R&D Cost per Research Personnel 5.14 Mil.CR
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COUNTRY: CAMBODIACOUNTRY: CAMBODIA
GDP (1,000USD)*GDP (1,000USD)* 3,992,000.003,992,000.00
GERD (mil.CR)GERD (mil.CR) 8,357.018,357.01
GERD (1,000USD)*GERD (1,000USD)* 2,129.372,129.37
GERD / GDP (%)GERD / GDP (%) 0.05%0.05%
Total R&D personnelTotal R&D personnel 1,6251,625
Female R&D personnelFemale R&D personnel 350350
* Average Exchange Rate in 2002 (1US$=3,924.65CR)* Average Exchange Rate in 2002 (1US$=3,924.65CR)
GROSS DOMESTIC EXPENDITURE ON R&D
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BERD, source of fund 1,000,000.00 CR1,000.00
USD%
Business enterprises 451.53 115.05 44.72%
Direct Government 0.00 0.00 0.00%
Higher education 0.00 0.00 0.00%
Private non-profit 113.60 28.95 11.25%
Funds from abroad 443.91 113.11 43.97%
Other 0.56 0.14 0.06%
Total BERD 1009.60 257.25 100.00%
Table M.1: GROSS DOMESTIC EXPENDITURE ON R&D(GERD) BY SECTOR OF PERFORMANCE AND SOURCE OF FUND
1. BUSINESS ENTERPRISE SECTOR (BERD)
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GOVERD, source of funds 1,000,000.00 CR 1,000.00 USD %
Business enterprises 0.00 0.00 0.00%
Direct Government 941.5632 239.91 44.48%
Higher education 0.00 0.00 0.00%
Private non-profit 323.02 82.31 15.26%
Funds from abroad 852.08 217.11 40.26%
Other 0.00 0.00 0.00%
Total GOVERD 2116.66 539.33 100.00%
2. GOVERNMENT SECTOR (GOVERD)
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HERD, source of funds 1,000,000 CR 1,000.00 USD %
Business enterprises 0.00 0.00 0.00%
Direct Government 373.00 95.04 37.83%
Higher education 95.22 24.26 9.66%
Private non-profit 329.00 83.83 33.37%
Funds from abroad 188.70 48.08 19.14%
Other 0.00 0.00 0.00%
Total HERD 985.92 251.21 100.00%
3. HIGHER EDUCATION SECTOR (HERD)
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PNP, source of funds 1,000,000.00 CR 1,000.00 USD %
Business enterprises 0.00 0.00 0.00%
Direct Government 220.00 56.06 5.18%
Higher education 0.00 0.00 0.00%
Private non-profit 3111.84 792.90 73.31%
Funds from abroad 892.44 227.39 21.02%
Other 20.55 5.24 0.48%
Total PNP 4244.83 1081.58 100.00%
4. PRIVATE NON-PROFIT SECTOR. (NON-GOVERD)
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GERD, source of funds 1,000,000.00 CR 1,000 USD %
Business enterprises 451.53 115.05 5.40%
Direct Government 1,534.56 391.01 18.36%
Higher education 95.22 24.26 1.14%
Private non-profit 3,877.46 987.98 46.40%
Funds from abroad 2,377.13 605.69 28.44%
Other 21.11 5.38 0.25%
Total GERD 8,357.01 2,129.37 100.00%
5. NATIONAL TOTAL (GERD)
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1. BUSINESS ENTERPRICE SECTOR
BERD by type of research 1,000,000.00R 1000 USD %
Basic research 27.30 6.96 2.70%
Applied research 856.71 218.29 84.86%
Experimental development 125.60 32.00 12.44%
Total BERD 1009.60 257.25 100.00%
Table M.2: GROSS DOMESTIC EXPENDITURE ON R&D(GERD) BY SECTOR OF PERFORMANCE AND TYPE OF RESEARCH
5.305.205.305.00NA Purchasing Power Parities (national currency perdollar)
C.
NA5.505.707.0010.80Implicit GDP Price Indices (1995 = 1.00)B.
22,324.6120,917.4919,417.3618,437.2617,531.35Gross Domestic Product (million current PPP $)A.2.
1672113015667200145436001380951013130980Gross Domestic Product (million national currency–for euro area, pre-EMU euro or EUR)
A.1.
Annex: Economic series:
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ConclusionConclusion
Cambodia does not have tradition in doing Research and Development. The result of the 2002 national survey on Research and Development has shown, that only 0.05% of the GDP has been spend on R&D.
The lack of financial resources is the main obstacle in implementing R&D activities in all the 4 sectors (government, higher education, private non profit institution, and business enterprise). On the other hand the lack of government incentive was considered as the major external limitation of doing the R&D.
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In compare to other ASEAN countries, Cambodia does not have much researcher, only 1.2 per 10,000 labor force (In 1999 Singapore has 69.6 and 2000 up to 83.5 per 10,000 labor force. Malaysia has 15.5 per 10,000-labor force in 2000).
The share of GERD of Cambodia looks different from the other development countries. The business enterprise sector performed only 12.08% of GERD, whereas in the United State spent 74% for the experimental development and 64% for applied research in 1999, in Singapore 62% in 2000 and in the same year the private sector in Malaysia contribute 57.9%.
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The Private Non Profit Sector performed most of the GERD (50.79%) and most of it for the applied research, which concentrates more in social science.
The first National Survey on R&D in Cambodia for the financial Year 2002 has generally shown Cambodia’s place internationally in R&D. In this respect, Cambodia needs to strengthen their R&D activities in all sectors. It should begin from the policy makers that they can make policy towards R&D.
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The private sector should concentrate on its own research and development instate of import on technology. The university and the other higher education institution should cooperate more with private or public institution in order to make their own students or researchers apply their theory into practice.