1 Professor Rosenheim EENS/EBIO 223 Intoductory Oceanography Introductory Oceanography (EENS/EBIO 223) Prof. Rosenheim Blessey 210 862-3196 [email protected]Textbook: Introductory Oceanography, 10 th Edition. Thurman and Trujillo Book Use: Required readings, test questions – you will do better with the book! History of Oceanography Chapter 1 Professor Rosenheim EENS/EBIO 223 Intoductory Oceanography Science of Oceanography • Physical Oceanography • Chemical Oceanography • Biological Oceanography • Marine Geology and Geological Oceanography (Paleoceanography)
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1 History of Oceanography - Tulane Universitybrosenhe/Oceanography/1_History_of_Oceanography.pdfIntroductory Oceanography (EENS/EBIO 223) Prof. Rosenheim Blessey 210 862-3196 [email protected]
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Introductory Oceanography, 10th Edition. Thurman and Trujillo
Book Use: Required readings, test questions – you will do better with the book!
History of Oceanography
Chapter 1
Professor Rosenheim EENS/EBIO 223
Intoductory Oceanography
Science of Oceanography
• Physical Oceanography• Chemical Oceanography• Biological Oceanography• Marine Geology and Geological
Oceanography (Paleoceanography)
2
Professor Rosenheim EENS/EBIO 223
Intoductory Oceanography
What is Oceanography?
• Study of our oceans– The basins that are the oceans– The water in those basins– The life in that water– Interactions between the water and the
atmosphere– The remnants of life collecting on the bottom
of the basins
Professor Rosenheim EENS/EBIO 223
Intoductory Oceanography
How We View the Oceans
• Resource – time immemorial
• Travel and commerce – 2000 B.C. to present
• Integral part of our environment – 20th
century - present
Professor Rosenheim EENS/EBIO 223
Intoductory Oceanography
The Beginnings
• Commerce & Exploration• Navigational Needs
3
Professor Rosenheim EENS/EBIO 223
Intoductory Oceanography
Early Navigation
• Pacific Islanders
Professor Rosenheim EENS/EBIO 223
Intoductory Oceanography
PolynesiansUsed astute observations to construct charts and inhabit dispersed Pacific Islands from Asia
Professor Rosenheim EENS/EBIO 223
Intoductory Oceanography
Age of Exploration
• Early Exploration– Pheonicians 2000-450 B.C.– Greeks
• Pytheas – measured latitude and sailed to Iceland• Eratosthenes – Spherical Earth of r = 6366km
– Today, r = 6370km
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Professor Rosenheim EENS/EBIO 223
Intoductory Oceanography
Pheonicians
• Mediterranean explorers and traders
Professor Rosenheim EENS/EBIO 223
Intoductory Oceanography
Middle Ages, Dark Ages
• Much was forgotten during the Middle Ages – religious suppression of science
Professor Rosenheim EENS/EBIO 223
Intoductory Oceanography
Vikings• Vikings
– 9th Century A.D. – Vikings explore Eastern Europe
– 900 A.D. – Discovered Greenland, Iceland, and N. America (did not colonize the latter)
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Professor Rosenheim EENS/EBIO 223
Intoductory Oceanography
Age of Exploration
• Renaissance and beyond– Chinese – diplomatic missions as far as Africa– Spanish – Re-discovery of N. America,
Magellan’s circumnavigation of the world– British – growing marine power by the end of
the 16th century
Professor Rosenheim EENS/EBIO 223
Intoductory Oceanography
Notable Explorers
• Prince Henry the Navigator – Explored outside of Europe
• Bartholomeu Diaz – sailed to tip of Africa• Vasco de Gama – sailed around Africa• Columbus – sailed west to find the “East”• John Cabot – landed on N. America• Vasco Nunez de Balboa – crossed
Panama and saw Pacific
Professor Rosenheim EENS/EBIO 223
Intoductory Oceanography
Magellan’s Circumnavigation5 ships and 288 sailors to 1 ship and 18 sailors,
1519-1521
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Professor Rosenheim EENS/EBIO 223
Intoductory Oceanography
Navigation for Further Exploration
• Polynesians– Navigated small distances using known wave
patterns and wind direction• Latitude
– Measured by early navigators using sun and stars
Professor Rosenheim EENS/EBIO 223
Intoductory Oceanography
Navigation for Further Exploration
• Longitude– Related to time – time couldn’t be kept on
board a ship!– John Harrison invented a sea-going clock in
1735, perfected in 1761.
Professor Rosenheim EENS/EBIO 223
Intoductory Oceanography
Modern Oceanography
• Ben Franklin – 1700’s– Published map of Gulf Stream based on