1 GEM IWG INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2009 `` PRECARIOUS WORK, PRECARIOUS LIFE: INTERACTIONS BETWEEN PAID AND UNPAID WORK FOR WOMEN IN ECUADOR BEFORE AND.

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GEM IWG INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2009

``

PRECARIOUS WORK, PRECARIOUS LIFE:

INTERACTIONS BETWEEN PAID AND UNPAID WORK

FOR WOMEN IN ECUADOR BEFORE AND

DURING RECENT ECONOMIC CRISISAlison Vásconez

Rodríguez

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Feminist economics describes the relationship between Feminist economics describes the relationship between labour precariousness and the accumulation regime as a labour precariousness and the accumulation regime as a conflictive process between production and reproduction conflictive process between production and reproduction

spheres. spheres.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKCONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Reproduction of the labour force

- Sexual division of work

- Time poverty

- Unequal decisions

- Unequal power/entitlements

Reproduction of the labour force

- Sexual division of work

- Time poverty

- Unequal decisions

- Unequal power/entitlements

Labour Force(includes unpaid

transferred value)

Labour Force(includes unpaid

transferred value)

Longer unemployment spells

Longer unemployment spellsHigher mobilityHigher mobility

< Op. Cost< Op. Cost

Expensive demands on employers

Expensive demands on employers

SubsistenceWage under its real value

No labour supply of domestic workers

No labour supply of domestic workers

“Non-active” in lab. market

- Entrance barriers-Precarious conditions-Discrimination

Transferred assumed roles

Transferred assumed roles

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HISTORIAL FACTSHISTORIAL FACTS

WomenWomen’’s s participatiparticipati

on and on and employmeemployme

nt nt variations variations

more more unstableunstable

Ecuador: Participación laboral

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

Tasa g

lob

al

MUJERES HOMBRES

Ecuador: Evolución de la Participación Laboral

-15%

-10%

-5%

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

Cre

cim

ien

to p

arit

icip

ació

n

-8%

-6%

-4%

-2%

0%

2%

4%

6%

Cre

cim

ien

to P

IB

MUJERES HOMBRES PIB

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HISTORICAL FACTSHISTORICAL FACTS

Underemployment Underemployment raised on crisis. It raised on crisis. It differs between differs between women and men women and men since then.since then.Economic Economic stabilization via stabilization via precarious precarious employmentemployment

Ecuador: Subempleo

35%

40%

45%

50%

55%

60%

65%

Mujeres Hombres

Ecuador: Unemployment

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%Ta

sa d

esem

pleo

0

0,5

1

1,5

2

2,5

3

Des

empl

eo M

/H

MUJERES HOMBRES brecha

5

Ecuador: unemployment

0,0%

2,0%

4,0%

6,0%

8,0%

10,0%

12,0%

dec_07 mar_08 jun_08 sep_08 dic_08 mar_09

Unemployment Men

Unemployment Women

CRISIS PERIODCRISIS PERIOD

Ecuador: labour supply

0,0%10,0%20,0%30,0%40,0%50,0%60,0%70,0%80,0%90,0%

100,0%

dec_07 mar_08 jun_08 sep_08 dic_08 mar_09

Supply Men

Supply Women

Ecuador: Underemployment

0,0%

10,0%

20,0%

30,0%

40,0%

50,0%

60,0%

70,0%

dec_07 mar_08 jun_08 sep_08 dic_08 mar_09

Underemployment Men

Underemployment Women

Gapwidens

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FACTSFACTSDOMESTIC UNPAID CARE WORKDOMESTIC UNPAID CARE WORK

•97% are women, 60% >15 is also involved in market labour. •hours-per week: women’s domestic care work is 3 times that of men.•Women dedicate more time to work (paid and unpaid domestic) during their whole lifetime.

•97% are women, 60% >15 is also involved in market labour. •hours-per week: women’s domestic care work is 3 times that of men.•Women dedicate more time to work (paid and unpaid domestic) during their whole lifetime.

Ecuador: Dedication to domestic unpaid care work

05

101520

2530

3540

2005 Dec_07 Jun_08 Dec_08 Mar_09

ho

urs

pe

r w

ee

k

Men

Women

Ecuador: Dedication to market labour

32

34

36

38

40

42

44

46

2005 Dec_07 Jun_08 Dec_08 Mar_09

ho

urs

per

wee

k

Men

Women

2005 Dec_07 Jun_08 Dec_08 Mar_09Exclusive

care work>15Exclusive care work/

inactive

Exclusive care work>15

Exclusive care work/

inactive

Exclusive care work>15

Exclusive care work/

inactive

Exclusive care work>15

Exclusive care work/

inactive

Exclusive care work>15

Exclusive care work/

inactiveMen 0% 1% 0,23% 1,35% 0,09% 0,56% 0,11% 0,58% 0,08% 0,34%women 32% 63% 30,63% 66,11% 27,81% 62,86% 27,63% 63,51% 28,03% 56,80%

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Ecuador: Dedicación al trabajo no pagado (no exclusivo) por carga de

trabajo mercantil

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Menos de 20 20-40 horas 40-50 horas Mas de 50horas

Horas por semana (Mencantil)

Ho

ras

po

r se

man

a (T

NP

)

Mujeres

Hombres

Not clear trade-off

Not clear trade-off

FACTSFACTSDOMESTIC UNPAID CARE WORKDOMESTIC UNPAID CARE WORK

Ecuador: Dedicación al trabajo por nivel de ingreso del hogar

05

101520253035404550

1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5

Doméstico no remunerado Del mercado

Quintil de ingreso

Ho

ras p

or

sem

an

a

Hombres

Mujeres

Ecuador: Dedication to work per income level

Income QuintilesMarket work

Unpaid domestic

Hou

rs p

er

week

Relation with poverty

Relation with poverty

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Determinants of domestic work load (1)Determinants of domestic work load (1)

2 Models (dependent):1. Distribution of work load: gap carer /others2. Own time restriction: work load/disposable time

Especification 1 Especification 2 Especification 3Labour and income With human capital With demographic

unemploy_carer unemploy_carer unemploy_carerformal_carer formal_carer formal_carerformal_head formal_head formal_headunder_carer under_carer under_carerunder_head under_head under_heademployment_child_16 employment_child_16 employment_child_16Quintil1_Y_hh Quintil1_Y_hh Quintil1_Y_hhQuintil2_Y_hh Quintil2_Y_hh Quintil2_Y_hhQuintil5_Y_hh Quintil5_Y_hh Quintil5_Y_hhIncome_carer Income_carer Income_careragriculture_head agriculture_head agriculture_headagriculture_carer agriculture_carer agriculture_carerindustry_carer industry_carer industry_carercommerce_carer commerce_carer commerce_carerpers_service_carer pers_service_carer pers_service_carerhouse_worker_carer house_worker_carer house_worker_carernoplace_worker_carer noplace_worker_carer noplace_worker_carerhouse_worker_head house_worker_head house_worker_headnoplace_worker_head noplace_worker_head noplace_worker_head

high_educ_carer high_educ_carerhigh_educ_head high_educ_head

Age_carerage2_carermenor_5_summonoparentalurbancoastindigenous

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Determinants of domestic work load (2)Determinants of domestic work load (2)Model 1: Dependent= Distribution of work Model 1: Dependent= Distribution of work

loadloadGAP (0-1)GAP (0-1)

Especification 12005 Dec_07 Jun_08 Sept_08 Mar_09

(Constant) 0,692 0,717 0,720 0,7218 0,694unemploy_carer 0,012 0,075 0,063 0,0648 0,040formal_carer -0,107 -0,123 -0,117 -0,1015 -0,113formal_head -0,006 0,031 0,031 0,0153 0,031under_carer 0,015 0,002 -0,0144 -0,040under_head -0,015 -0,022 -0,041 -0,0269 -0,034employment_child_16 -0,041 -0,031 0,042 0,0597 0,059Quintil1_Y_hh 0,020 0,020 0,0299 0,024Quintil2_Y_hh 0,019 0,019 0,0106 0,008Quintil5_Y_hh 0,011 -0,019 -0,0367 -0,014Income_carer 0,000 -0,002 -0,0016 -0,007agriculture_head 0,054 0,066 0,066 0,0697 0,105agriculture_carer -0,068 -0,086 -0,107 -0,1436 -0,017house_worker_carer 0,027 0,030 0,040 0,0712 0,062noplace_worker_carer -0,044 -0,007 0,0323 0,022house_worker_head -0,045 0,056 0,024 -0,0379 -0,011noplace_worker_head 0,012 0,051 0,0421 0,063

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Determinants of domestic work load (2)Determinants of domestic work load (2)Model 1: Dependent= Distribution of work Model 1: Dependent= Distribution of work

loadloadGAP (0-1)GAP (0-1)

• Women unemployment 1,2% - 4% peak September 6,5%• Formality of men: reduced gap in 2005, increases after,

deepen in crisis• Employment children (16-17): entering as substitute labour

force, increases gap: 5,9% (due to absence)• Underemployment: 3 – 4%

• Income: 2005, no differentiation, during crisis: reduction in 5th quintile (1,4%)

• Own income: reduces gap, consistent but low, 0,2-0,7%

• Agriculture head: increases in 10%(growing) – related with rural families and to precarious jobs of men

• Agriculture carer: decreases (but less in crisis)

• House work (woman): increases, consistently: 2 6%• No place: increases consistently

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Determinants of domestic work load (2)Determinants of domestic work load (2)Dependent: Distribution of work loadDependent: Distribution of work load

Especification 32005 Dec_07 Jun_08 Sept_08 Mar_09

(Constant) 0,686 0,660 0,603 0,6501 0,562unemploy_carer 0,012 0,042 0,044 0,0483 0,002formal_carer -0,101 -0,104 -0,106 -0,0919 -0,078formal_head -0,013 0,028 0,025 0,0049 0,026under_carer 0,021 0,011 -0,0109 -0,028under_head -0,007 -0,029 -0,039 -0,0326 -0,038employment_child_16 -0,042 0,041 0,048 0,0657 0,069Quintil1_Y_hh 0,001 0,003 0,0077 0,003Quintil2_Y_hh 0,003 0,004 -0,0079 -0,004Quintil5_Y_hh 0,025 0,005 -0,0222 0,035Income_carer 0,000 -0,002 -0,002 -0,0019 -0,006agriculture_head 0,019 0,032 0,044 0,0466 0,084agriculture_carer -0,066 -0,069 -0,104 -0,1157 -0,009house_worker_carer 0,020 0,028 0,0674 0,046noplace_worker_carer -0,039 0,011 0,0335 0,012house_worker_head -0,039 0,047 -0,0367 -0,017noplace_worker_head -0,003 0,033 0,032 0,0176 0,036high_educ_carer 0,000 -0,047 0,022 0,0141 -0,060high_educ_head 0,000 -0,013 -0,033 -0,1762 -0,034Age_carer 0,030 0,003 -0,018 0,0497 0,006age2_carer -0,121 -0,002 -0,043 0,0114 -0,001menor_5_sum -0,027 0,023 0,005 0,030 0,020monoparental 0,041 -0,140 0,000 -0,0272 -0,144urban -0,030 -0,037 0,030 0,0225coast -0,010 0,062 0,153 0,0037 0,088indigenous -0,023 -0,062 -0,041 -0,0354 -0,072

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Determinants of domestic work load (2)Determinants of domestic work load (2)Dependent: Distribution of work loadDependent: Distribution of work load

Adding cultural, location and demographic reduces impact but significance remains

• Women unemployment 1,2% - 4% peak September 5%• Formality of men: trends are the same, but effect reduces to

half• Employment children (16-17): entering as substitute labour

force, increases gap: 6,9% (due to absence), major effect when controlling for other situation variables (shows substitution and sharing)

• Income and Own income: reduces gap, consistent and effect are the same

• Agriculture head: increases in 10%(growing) – labour intensification

• Agriculture carer: decreases (but less in crisis)• Children under 5: same as in 2005 (structural factor

remains, services haven’t changed)• Coast: increases and growing (cultural factor, crisis-related?)• Indigenous: reduces and decreasing (communitary, time-

vision, data?)

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Determinants of domestic work load (3)Determinants of domestic work load (3)Model 2: Dependent= Own time restriction (%)Model 2: Dependent= Own time restriction (%)

Especification 12005 Dec_07 Jun_08 Sept_08 Mar_09

(Constant) 0,330 0,305 0,337 0,319 0,325unemploy_carer 0,007 0,024 0,011 0,014 0,023formal_carer -0,035 -0,032 -0,051 -0,039 -0,040formal_head 0,020 0,044 0,025 0,021 0,026under_carer 0,016 0,006 0,002 -0,009 -0,012under_head -0,019 0,002 0,005 0,012 0,002employment_child_16 -0,001 -0,015 -0,017 -0,016 -0,018Quintil1_Y_hh 0,043 0,044 0,033 0,075 0,051Quintil2_Y_hh 0,029 0,033 0,031 0,052 0,035Quintil5_Y_hh -0,046 -0,070 -0,053 -0,061 -0,065ingreso_cuidadora_sum 0,000 -0,003 -0,004 -0,008agriculture_head 0,022 0,015 0,002 0,019 -0,005agriculture_carer -0,051 -0,045 -0,065 -0,059 -0,050house_worker_carer 0,006 0,014 0,018 0,019 0,012noplace_worker_carer 0,006 0,000 0,012 0,020 0,017house_worker_head -0,042 -0,020 -0,017 0,004 -0,006noplace_worker_head 0,022 0,019 0,018 0,039 0,014

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Determinants of domestic work load (3)Determinants of domestic work load (3)Model 2: Dependent= Own time restriction (%)Model 2: Dependent= Own time restriction (%)

• In general: gap is more sensible to variables, own time restriction varies less (basic care load needed, assumed by women): they do not “switch” their time use easily, even other share it (hypothesis)

Major differences:• Income variables become more important: 5% increase by

being in a poor household, 0.8% increase for own income• Working of children reduces load (support for the mother?)• Head/spouse working at home increases load (before it was

ambiguous)

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Determinants of domestic work load (3)Determinants of domestic work load (3)Model 2: Dependent= Own time restrictionModel 2: Dependent= Own time restriction

Especification 32005 Dec_07 Jun_08 Sept_08 Mar_09

(Constant) 0,301 0,301 0,291 0,280 0,263unemploy_carer 0,006 0,022 0,030 0,026formal_carer -0,035 -0,036 -0,050 -0,036 -0,039formal_head 0,011 0,028 0,012 0,013 0,012under_carer 0,016 0,010 -0,007 -0,006under_head -0,008 0,003 0,007 -0,001employment_child_16 0,005 -0,009 -0,012 -0,016 -0,017Quintil1_Y_hh 0,021 0,016 0,034 0,021Quintil2_Y_hh 0,012 0,017 0,011 0,025 0,015Quintil5_Y_hh -0,027 -0,047 -0,029 -0,035 -0,040ingreso_cuidadora_sum 0,000 -0,007 -0,008 -0,008agriculture_head 0,009 0,011 -0,013 0,010 -0,005agriculture_carer -0,040 -0,046 -0,050 -0,016 -0,033house_worker_carer 0,006 0,022 0,019 -0,050 0,011noplace_worker_carer 0,004 -0,002 0,017 0,012 0,004house_worker_head -0,026 -0,010 0,014 0,000noplace_worker_head 0,011 0,013 0,002 0,001edad_cuidadora_first 0,002 0,001 0,028age2_carer 0,000 0,000 -0,011 0,002menor_5_sum 0,042 0,046 0,033 0,045 0,057monoparental -0,017 -0,037 0,000 0,046 -0,029urban 0,013 0,003 0,045 -0,026coast 0,019 0,004 -0,032 0,071indigenous -0,021 -0,035 -0,012 -0,038 -0,024high_educ_carer -0,016 -0,018 -0,049 -0,014 -0,015high_educ_head -0,005 -0,023 -0,019

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Determinants of domestic work load (3)Determinants of domestic work load (3)Model 2: Dependent= Own time restrictionModel 2: Dependent= Own time restriction

• Major differences:Urban and coast become irrelevant (effect of crisis)Income becomes more important 0.8% (own income), and

differences with rich women deepenHead/spouse Underemployment appears as important,

increasing load

In Crisis period:

• Unemployment highly associated with intrahousehold gaps and time restriction (transmission of market crisis): more intensity but less people dedicated (systemic crisis is a care crisis as well)

• Important poverty at household level (even more than own income).

• Domestic own load (in favor of disposable time) is hard to be reduced in critical periods. Cultural factors important for gaps mostly

Income related crisis, pollarization, potential precariousness circle (care crisis)

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Thank youThank you