Top Banner
1 Galaxies at Cosmic Dawn Revealed in the First Year of the Hubble Frontier Fields Initiative Dr. Gabriel Brammer (ESA/AURA, STScI) Hubble Science Briefing / November 6, 2014 A Look Back: 1
35

1 Galaxies at Cosmic Dawn Revealed in the First Year of the Hubble Frontier Fields Initiative Dr. Gabriel Brammer (ESA/AURA, STScI) Hubble Science Briefing.

Dec 28, 2015

Download

Documents

Timothy Cook
Welcome message from author
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
Page 1: 1 Galaxies at Cosmic Dawn Revealed in the First Year of the Hubble Frontier Fields Initiative Dr. Gabriel Brammer (ESA/AURA, STScI) Hubble Science Briefing.

1

Galaxies at Cosmic Dawn Revealed in the First Year of the Hubble Frontier Fields Initiative

Galaxies at Cosmic Dawn Revealed in the First Year of the Hubble Frontier Fields Initiative

Dr. Gabriel Brammer (ESA/AURA, STScI)

Hubble Science Briefing / November 6, 2014

Dr. Gabriel Brammer (ESA/AURA, STScI)

Hubble Science Briefing / November 6, 2014

A Look Back:  A Look Back:  

1

Page 2: 1 Galaxies at Cosmic Dawn Revealed in the First Year of the Hubble Frontier Fields Initiative Dr. Gabriel Brammer (ESA/AURA, STScI) Hubble Science Briefing.

2

The Early UniverseAs observed in the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation (CMBR), structure in the universe 300,000 years after the Big Bang

consisted of tiny density fluctuations (1 in 100,000)

Graphic credit: Le Figaro

Page 3: 1 Galaxies at Cosmic Dawn Revealed in the First Year of the Hubble Frontier Fields Initiative Dr. Gabriel Brammer (ESA/AURA, STScI) Hubble Science Briefing.

3

A universe in a boxStart with the initial conditions determined from the cosmic

microwave background and let gravity do its thing….

http://www.illustris-project.org

z=4 z=2 z=1 z=0 (today)time ⇒

Dark M

atte

rG

as

Page 4: 1 Galaxies at Cosmic Dawn Revealed in the First Year of the Hubble Frontier Fields Initiative Dr. Gabriel Brammer (ESA/AURA, STScI) Hubble Science Briefing.

4

z=4 z=2 z=1 z=0 (today)

time ⇒

Galaxies todayD

ark M

atte

rG

as

Page 5: 1 Galaxies at Cosmic Dawn Revealed in the First Year of the Hubble Frontier Fields Initiative Dr. Gabriel Brammer (ESA/AURA, STScI) Hubble Science Briefing.

5

z=4 z=2 z=1 z=0 (today)

time ⇒

Galaxies todayThe local galaxy population:

Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS)

ESA PR 53808

Dark M

atte

rG

as

Page 6: 1 Galaxies at Cosmic Dawn Revealed in the First Year of the Hubble Frontier Fields Initiative Dr. Gabriel Brammer (ESA/AURA, STScI) Hubble Science Briefing.

6

Cosmology and galaxy evolution

• Galaxies in the expanding universe flying apart (E. Hubble) causing the wavelengths of light from distant galaxies to be shifted redward ⇒ “redshift”, or “z”

• Given the cosmological model supported by the CMBR and many other observations (e.g., supernovae), the measurement of a galaxy’s redshift is both a ruler (how far is it from us?) and a clock (what was the age of the universe when the light we observe was emitted?)

• To build up an understanding of how galaxies form and evolve, we observe and characterize the galaxy population at different redshifts, which correspond to different epochs in the history of the universe

Page 7: 1 Galaxies at Cosmic Dawn Revealed in the First Year of the Hubble Frontier Fields Initiative Dr. Gabriel Brammer (ESA/AURA, STScI) Hubble Science Briefing.

7

Galaxy evolution

A problem: distant galaxies are faint and small!

Rela

tive

surf

ace

brig

htne

ss(S

DSS

@ z

=0.1

≡ 1

)

Redshift, z

Angu

lar s

ize

of th

e Su

n’s

orb

it in

th

e M

ilky

Way

(8 k

pc, i

n ar

csec

onds

)

Redshift, zz = 0, today13.7 Gyr after Big Bang 900 Myr after Big Bang

(Gyr: giga/billions, Myr: mega/millions of years)

Page 8: 1 Galaxies at Cosmic Dawn Revealed in the First Year of the Hubble Frontier Fields Initiative Dr. Gabriel Brammer (ESA/AURA, STScI) Hubble Science Briefing.

8

Galaxy evolutionThe Hubble Space Telescope provides the needed sensitivity and image quality to detect distant galaxies

1995

Page 9: 1 Galaxies at Cosmic Dawn Revealed in the First Year of the Hubble Frontier Fields Initiative Dr. Gabriel Brammer (ESA/AURA, STScI) Hubble Science Briefing.

9

1995

We can measure the total star formation history of the universe in deep Hubble observations!

P. Madau et al. (1996)

Redshift, z

Sta

rs f

orm

ed

per

year,

per

un

it v

olu

me

Page 10: 1 Galaxies at Cosmic Dawn Revealed in the First Year of the Hubble Frontier Fields Initiative Dr. Gabriel Brammer (ESA/AURA, STScI) Hubble Science Briefing.

10

Servicing HST: pushing ever further from “cosmic high noon” to “cosmic dawn”

Installing Wide-Field Camera 3, 2009 (NASA) 10

Page 11: 1 Galaxies at Cosmic Dawn Revealed in the First Year of the Hubble Frontier Fields Initiative Dr. Gabriel Brammer (ESA/AURA, STScI) Hubble Science Briefing.

11

2004

1995

Redshift, z

Sta

rs f

orm

ed

per

year,

per

un

it v

olu

me

Page 12: 1 Galaxies at Cosmic Dawn Revealed in the First Year of the Hubble Frontier Fields Initiative Dr. Gabriel Brammer (ESA/AURA, STScI) Hubble Science Briefing.

12

2009-2012

2004

1995

Redshift, z

P. Oesch et al. (2014)

Sta

rs f

orm

ed

per

year,

per

un

it v

olu

me

Page 13: 1 Galaxies at Cosmic Dawn Revealed in the First Year of the Hubble Frontier Fields Initiative Dr. Gabriel Brammer (ESA/AURA, STScI) Hubble Science Briefing.

13

2009-2012

2004

1995

Redshift, z

P. Oesch et al. (2014)

Sta

rs f

orm

ed

per

year,

per

un

it v

olu

me

“High noon” “Dawn”

Page 14: 1 Galaxies at Cosmic Dawn Revealed in the First Year of the Hubble Frontier Fields Initiative Dr. Gabriel Brammer (ESA/AURA, STScI) Hubble Science Briefing.

14⇐ time 14

Page 15: 1 Galaxies at Cosmic Dawn Revealed in the First Year of the Hubble Frontier Fields Initiative Dr. Gabriel Brammer (ESA/AURA, STScI) Hubble Science Briefing.

15

The next step?

⇐ time

How can we use Hubble to efficiently and significantly go beyond the large investments of the existing deep fields

today, before the launch of the James Webb Space Telescope in 2018?

15

Page 16: 1 Galaxies at Cosmic Dawn Revealed in the First Year of the Hubble Frontier Fields Initiative Dr. Gabriel Brammer (ESA/AURA, STScI) Hubble Science Briefing.

16

Natural telescopes: gravitational lenses

Illustration by D. Coe, Z. Levay

The Hubble Ultra Deep Field Massive galaxy cluster (A million-billion times the mass of the sun in stars+gas+dark matter)

+

Page 17: 1 Galaxies at Cosmic Dawn Revealed in the First Year of the Hubble Frontier Fields Initiative Dr. Gabriel Brammer (ESA/AURA, STScI) Hubble Science Briefing.

17

Natural telescopes: gravitational lenses

Illustration by D. Coe, Z. Levay

Distortion and magnification of the distant galaxies behind the cluster=

Page 18: 1 Galaxies at Cosmic Dawn Revealed in the First Year of the Hubble Frontier Fields Initiative Dr. Gabriel Brammer (ESA/AURA, STScI) Hubble Science Briefing.

18

The HST Frontier Fields, year 1

18

Page 19: 1 Galaxies at Cosmic Dawn Revealed in the First Year of the Hubble Frontier Fields Initiative Dr. Gabriel Brammer (ESA/AURA, STScI) Hubble Science Briefing.

19

Page 20: 1 Galaxies at Cosmic Dawn Revealed in the First Year of the Hubble Frontier Fields Initiative Dr. Gabriel Brammer (ESA/AURA, STScI) Hubble Science Briefing.

20

Abell 2744Cluster

Page 21: 1 Galaxies at Cosmic Dawn Revealed in the First Year of the Hubble Frontier Fields Initiative Dr. Gabriel Brammer (ESA/AURA, STScI) Hubble Science Briefing.

21

Abell 2744Cluster “Parallel”

Page 22: 1 Galaxies at Cosmic Dawn Revealed in the First Year of the Hubble Frontier Fields Initiative Dr. Gabriel Brammer (ESA/AURA, STScI) Hubble Science Briefing.

22

Scientific collaborationThe first year of Frontier Fields observations has formed the basis of more than 30 publications

with coauthors from 18 countries

22

Page 23: 1 Galaxies at Cosmic Dawn Revealed in the First Year of the Hubble Frontier Fields Initiative Dr. Gabriel Brammer (ESA/AURA, STScI) Hubble Science Briefing.

23

Science highlights

1. Improved determination of the dark matter distribution and total mass of the clusters themselves

2. “Ghost light” from galaxies torn apart in the Abell 2744 cluster

3. Numerous galaxy candidates at z > 7

4. A robust, multiply-imaged galaxy candidate at z ~ 10

Page 24: 1 Galaxies at Cosmic Dawn Revealed in the First Year of the Hubble Frontier Fields Initiative Dr. Gabriel Brammer (ESA/AURA, STScI) Hubble Science Briefing.

24

1. Cluster mass models

A reminder: only about 5% of the “stuff” in the universe (energy density) is composed of matter we know and understand, like stars, gas, and neutrinos.

Galaxy clusters are extremely massive (1014 M⊙ in stars, or, > 10 the GDP of the USA, in $) ⨉and dominated by dark matter.

Page 25: 1 Galaxies at Cosmic Dawn Revealed in the First Year of the Hubble Frontier Fields Initiative Dr. Gabriel Brammer (ESA/AURA, STScI) Hubble Science Briefing.

25

1. Cluster mass models

• Many multiply imaged lens arcs identified in the deep Frontier Fields imaging of the Abell 2744 and MACS 0416 clusters

• The arcs put strong constraints on the mass distribution in the clusters (e.g., stars plus dark matter)

• The total mass of the cluster constrained with a precision of only a few percent!

• The improved mass model also yields more reliable determination of the magnification map, which is necessary for interpreting the distant background galaxies

Page 26: 1 Galaxies at Cosmic Dawn Revealed in the First Year of the Hubble Frontier Fields Initiative Dr. Gabriel Brammer (ESA/AURA, STScI) Hubble Science Briefing.

26

1. Cluster mass models

Dozens of multipleimage pairs

Jauzac et al. (2014)

Page 27: 1 Galaxies at Cosmic Dawn Revealed in the First Year of the Hubble Frontier Fields Initiative Dr. Gabriel Brammer (ESA/AURA, STScI) Hubble Science Briefing.

27

1. Cluster mass models1. Cluster mass models

27

Dozens of multiple image pairs

Jauzac et al. (2014)

Magnification map

Page 28: 1 Galaxies at Cosmic Dawn Revealed in the First Year of the Hubble Frontier Fields Initiative Dr. Gabriel Brammer (ESA/AURA, STScI) Hubble Science Briefing.

28

2. “Ghost light” of shredded cluster galaxies

Trujillo et al. (2014)

Galaxy clusters are a violent environment, with galaxies rushing around at thousands of kilometers per second.

Cluster galaxies can get shredded in the process, with the stellar remains strewn about the cluster

Page 29: 1 Galaxies at Cosmic Dawn Revealed in the First Year of the Hubble Frontier Fields Initiative Dr. Gabriel Brammer (ESA/AURA, STScI) Hubble Science Briefing.

29

3. Dozens of galaxies at z > 7

Ishikagi et al. (2014)Atek et al. (2014), Zheng et al. (2014)

Page 30: 1 Galaxies at Cosmic Dawn Revealed in the First Year of the Hubble Frontier Fields Initiative Dr. Gabriel Brammer (ESA/AURA, STScI) Hubble Science Briefing.

30

3. Dozens of galaxies at z > 7

Ishikagi et al. (2014)Atek et al. (2014), Zheng et al. (2014)

Page 31: 1 Galaxies at Cosmic Dawn Revealed in the First Year of the Hubble Frontier Fields Initiative Dr. Gabriel Brammer (ESA/AURA, STScI) Hubble Science Briefing.

31

4. A multiply-imaged galaxy at z~10

Detections only in the reddest HST infrared filters suggest a redshift of z~10.

Detecting multiple lensed images greatly increases the likelihood that the object is truly at high redshift and not rather a nearby interloper.

b c

a

a

b

c

Zitrin et al. (2010)

Page 32: 1 Galaxies at Cosmic Dawn Revealed in the First Year of the Hubble Frontier Fields Initiative Dr. Gabriel Brammer (ESA/AURA, STScI) Hubble Science Briefing.

32

Such faint objects can only be detected in the very long full Frontier Fields exposures!

4. A multiply-imaged galaxy at z~10

An HST orbit

Page 33: 1 Galaxies at Cosmic Dawn Revealed in the First Year of the Hubble Frontier Fields Initiative Dr. Gabriel Brammer (ESA/AURA, STScI) Hubble Science Briefing.

33

Such faint objects can only be detected in the very long full Frontier Fields exposures!

4. A multiply-imaged galaxy at z~10

1 orbit 2 orbits 8 orbits 24 orbits

a

b

Page 34: 1 Galaxies at Cosmic Dawn Revealed in the First Year of the Hubble Frontier Fields Initiative Dr. Gabriel Brammer (ESA/AURA, STScI) Hubble Science Briefing.

34

Working as a team

Hubble Space Telescope Spitzer Space Telescope Chandra X-ray Observatory

W.M Keck Observatory (Mauna Kea, HI)

European Southern Observatory, Very Large Telescope (Cerro Paranal, Chile)

Gemini Observatory (Mauna Kea, HI, and Cerro Pachón, Chile)

NASA’s Great

Observatories

Page 35: 1 Galaxies at Cosmic Dawn Revealed in the First Year of the Hubble Frontier Fields Initiative Dr. Gabriel Brammer (ESA/AURA, STScI) Hubble Science Briefing.

35

Many more exciting results to Many more exciting results to come! come!

35